第一章 考研英语（二）大纲新题型样题解析及应试技巧
第一节 考研英语（二）大纲新题型样题解析
一、阅读理解B部分概况
（一）命题的基本指导思想
根据考研英语（二）考试大纲，阅读理解B部分有两种备选题型，每次考试从这两种题型中选择其中的一种形式进行考查。
备选题型包括：
1 匹配题
本部分为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题的内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项，要求考生在阅读文章后根据文章内容从右侧一栏的7个选项中选出与题目对应的5项相关信息。
2 小标题对应题
本部分为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，文章前有7个概括句或小标题。这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括或阐述，要求考生根据文章内容和篇章结构从这7个选项中选出最恰当的5个概括句或小标题填入文章空白处。
（二）试题特点
阅读理解B部分试题主要考查考生对连贯性、一致性、逻辑性等语篇、语段整体性特征以及文章结构的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上把握文章的整体和微观结构。考生既要理解和掌握文章总体结构和写作思路，又要弄清上下文之间的逻辑关系。
这一新题型的增设，使文章长度从传统阅读理解的380词左右增加到450~550词，大大增加了阅读的总量。这就要求考生在提高阅读速度的同时，还要能够准确地猎取文章的具体信息，并概括出文章的主旨要义，尤其是要掌握作者的写作意图、观点，区分论点和论据，并能把握文章的写作结构和脉络层次。
新题型的考查要点是段落和篇章等较高层次的语言知识，更加突出阅读与写作之间的密切关系。英语文章在写作过程中有其表达上的语言规律和篇章结构上的层次安排，所以，如果在进行英文写作时能够做到主题突出、段落层次鲜明、行文自然流畅、衔接手法多样、文字连贯，在做此类阅读新题型时必然有所裨益。
（三）文章结构特点
要想准确迅速地解答阅读新题型，我们必须对英语文章的写作思路了然于心，了解并学习英语文章的篇章结构知识，因为它反映了新题型的出题原则。常见的英语篇章结构包括：
1 问题型：提出问题—分析问题—解决问题
这类文章的基本模式是：文章通常以某种现象或话题开篇，该现象或者话题可能涉及社会生活、文化教育等各个领域。接着，针对此话题或现象展开讨论分析，找出其存在或产生的根源，从而得出解决问题的方法。
2 议论型：提出论点—列举论据—得出结论
这一类型的文章与我们较为熟悉的议论文有很多共同之处，与问题型文章也不乏相似的地方，所以解答起来应该颇为容易。其基本模式是：在文章开始，作者列出自己的观点，接下来用所掌握的论据对此观点加以论证，最后得出结论。阅读这类文章时，考生只要知道哪些是论点，哪些是论据，结论是什么即可。
3 立论/驳论型：提出观点—表示赞同—认证观点
或：提出观点—发表异议—驳斥观点—建立观点—认证观点
这类文章虽然与前两类文章有很多共同之处，但相比较而言，颇为复杂，同时也是考试中出现可能性较大的一种。文章的基本模式是：在文章开始提出一种时下比较流行的观点或者现象，接着作者阐述自己对此观点或者现象的看法（也可能会涉及社会舆论）。在阐述自己看法的同时，作者会表明自己的态度，或赞成，或反对。如果作者持赞成态度，就会直接对它加以认证；如果持反对态度，则还会提出自己的观点，并给出充分的论据进行证明。遇到这一类型的文章时，考生首要的任务就是通读全文，弄清楚哪个是作者的观点，哪个是作者要驳斥的观点，以及哪些论据可以作为支撑就基本大功告成了。这类文章大多有明显的转折之处，因此考生可以找提示语，比如：But/Nevertheless/As a matter of fact。这些词或短语常常可以作为作者观点和其他观点的分水岭。
4 因果型：结果/现象—原因/成因
这一类型的文章接近于说明文。文章大多以一种现象或者一种结果开篇，然后进一步探讨导致这种现象或结果的原因或成因。（文章大多围绕社会生活、文化教育等领域展开。）
了解新题型所考查的要点，在阅读文章时有意识地加强对文章写作思路和结构组织安排的理解，对迅速增强此类新题型的应对能力还是非常有帮助的。因此考生可以在备考阶段选择文章，划掉几个重要句子，自己进行练习。
（四）解题线索
1 主题句
一篇英语文章在总体上有核心的观点或主题，每个段落又有其分主题，而文章其他部分都是通过举例、引用、列数字等说明或认证手段来详细阐释主题。因此，在解题时，关键要学会抓住主题或论点，或者根据主题或论点，选择相应的实例或引用的话语，或者根据所给的实例、引用的话语或数字，来总结归纳出与之相关的主题要点，从而选择相对应的论点或主题句。多项对应题型要采取就近原则，通过上下文的信息线索找出主题。
2 关联词/短语
考生应熟悉英语文章中起到起承转合作用的关联词和短语，以便尽快了解文章的写作思路和整体结构，为迅速找出正确答案打好基础。
转折：however,yet,but,anyhow,anyway,nevertheless,while,whereas,instead,instead of
并列、递进：and,indeed,almost,even,besides,further,moreover,most importantly,in addition,furthermore,too,also,and then,again
条件、让步：if,only if,in spite of,despite,though,although,even so,even though,rather,after all,regardless of
原因、结果：because,since,as,for,due to,so,therefore,thus,hence,accordingly,consequently,in that,as a result,as a consequence,in consequence,so that,to this end
比较、对比：likewise,similarly,at the same time,in the same way,in comparison,in contrast,like as,just as,conversely,on the contrary
列举、举例：first,second,etc.,in the first place,in the second place,next,another,finally,still,namely,that is,for instance,for example,as an example,specifically,in particular
时间关系：before,after,until,till,meanwhile
二、阅读理解B部分题型解析
下面就这两种新题型的解题思路和过程逐一进行解析。
（一）匹配题
要求考生在阅读文章后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息在右侧一栏中找出与之对应的相关信息。
大纲样题（Sample 1）
Directions:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）
The world economy has run into a brick wall.Despite countless warnings in recent years about the need to address a looming hunger crisis in poor countries and a looming energy crisis worldwide,world leaders failed to think ahead.The result is a global food crisis.Wheat,corn and rice prices have more than doubled in the past two years,and oil prices have more than tripled since the start of 2004.These food-price increases combined with soaring energy costs will slow if not stop economic growth in many parts of the world and will even undermine political stability,as evidenced by the protest riots that have erupted in places like Haiti,Bangladesh and Burkina Faso.Practical solutions to these growing woes do exist,but we'll have to start thinking ahead and acting globally.
The crisis has its roots in four interlinked trends.The first is the chronically low productivity of farmers in the poorest countries,caused by their inability to pay for seeds,fertilizers and irrigation.The second is the misguided policy in the U.S.and Europe of subsidizing the diversion of food crops to produce biofuels like corn-based ethanol.The third is climate change; take the recent droughts in Australia and Europe,which cut the global production of grain in 2005 and 2006.The fourth is the growing global demand for food and feed grains brought on by swelling populations and incomes.In short,rising demand has hit a limited supply,with the poor taking the hardest blow.
So,what should be done? Here are three steps to ease the current crisis and avert the potential for a global disaster.The first is to scale-up the dramatic success of Malawi,a famineprone country in southern Africa,which three years ago established a special fund to help its farmers get fertilizer and high-yield seeds.Malawi's harvest doubled after just one year.An international fund based on the Malawi model would cost a mere $10 per person annually in the rich world,or $10 billion in all.Such a fund could fight hunger as effectively as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS,TB and malaria is controlling those diseases.
Second,the U.S.and Europe should abandon their policies of subsidizing the conversion of food into biofuels.The U.S.government gives farmers a taxpayer-financed subsidy of 51 cents per gal of ethanol to divert corn from the food and feed-grain supply.There may be a case for biofuels produced on lands that do not produce foods—tree crops （like palm oil） ,grasses and wood products—but there's no case for doling out subsidies to put the world's dinner into the gas tank.Third,we urgently need to weatherproof the world's crops as soon and as effectively as possible.For a poor farmer,sometimes something as simple as a farm pond—which collects rainwater to be used for emergency irrigation in a dry spell—can make the difference between a bountiful crop and a famine.The world has already committed to establishing a Climate Adaptation Fund to help poor regions climate-proof vital economic activities such as food production and health care but has not yet acted upon the promise.
1.Anti-hunger campaigns are successful in______.
2.Production of biofuels are subsidized in______.
3.Protest riots occurred in______.
4.The efforts were not so successful with______.
5.Food shortage becomes more serious in______.
[A] poor countries
[B] all the world
[C] the Climate Adaptation Fund
[D] The Global Fund to Fight AIDS,TB and Malaria
[E] Bangladesh
[F] Malawi
[G] the U.S.and Europe
分析注解
1.Anti-hunger campaigns are successful in
2.Production of biofuels are subsidized in
3.Protest riots occurred in
4.The efforts were not so successful with
5.Food shortage becomes more serious in
（二）小标题对应题
要求考生在阅读文章后根据文章的篇章结构找出对应的各部分标题。
大纲样题（Sample 2）
Directions:Read the following text and answer questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs.There are two extra items in the subtitles.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）
[A] Follow Onlines
[B] Whisper: Keep It to Yourself
[C] Word of Experience: Stick to It
[D] Code of Success: Freed and Targeted
[E] Efficient Work to Promote Efficient Workers
[F] Recipe: Simplicity Means Everything
[G] Efficiency Comes from Order
Every decade has its defining self-help business book.In the 1940s it was How to Win Friends and Influence Peopl,in the 1990s The Seven Habits of Highly Successful People.These days we are worried about something much simpler: Getting Things Done.
1.______
That's the title of productivity guru David Allen's pithy 2001 treatise on working efficiently,which continues to resonate in this decade's overworked,overwhelmed,overteched workplace.Allen hasn't just sold 500,000 copies of his book.He has preached his message of focus,discipline and creativity everywhere from Sony and Novartis to the World Bank and the U.S.Air Force.He counsels swamped chief executives on coping with information overload.He ministers to some clients with an intensive,two-day,$6,000 private session in which he and his team organize their lives from top to bottom.And he has won the devotion of acolytes who document on their blogs how his Getting Things Done(GTD) program has changed their lives.
2.______
Allen admits that much of his basic recipe is common sense.Free your mind,and productivity will follow.Break down projects and goals into discrete,definable actions,and you won't be bothered by all those loose threads pulling at your attention.First make decisions about what needs to get done,and then fashion a plan for doing it.If you've cataloged everything you have to do and all your long-term goals,Allen says,you're less likely to wake up at 3 a.m.worrying about whether you have forgotten something: “Most people haven't realized how out of control their head is when they get 300 e-mails a day and each of them has potential meaning.”
3.______
When e-mails,phone calls and to-do lists are truly under control,Allen says,the real change begins.You will finally be able to use your mind to dream up great ideas and enjoy your life rather than just occupy it with all the things you have got to do.Allen himself,despite running a $5.5 million consulting practice,traveling 200 days a year and juggling a business that is growing 40% every year,finds time to joyride in his Mini Cooper and sculpt bonsai plants.Oh,and he has earned his black belt in karate.
4.______
Few companies have embraced Allen's philosophy as thoroughly as General Mills,the Minnesota-based maker of Cheerios and Lucy Charms.Allen began at the company with a couple of private coaching sessions for top executives,who raved about his guidance.Allen and his staff now hold six to eight two-day training sessions a year.The company has already put more than 2,000 employees through GTD training and plans to expand it company-wide.“Fads come and go,”says Kevin Wilde General Mills'CEO,“but this continues to work.”
5.______
The most fevered followers of Allen's organizational methodology gather online.Websites like gtdindex.marvelz.com parse Allen's every utterance.The 43 Folders blog ran an eight-part podcast interview with him.GTD enthusiasts like Frank Meeuwsen,on whatsthenextaction.com gather best practice techniques for implementing the book's ideas.More than 60 software tools have been built specifically to supplement Allen's system.
分析注解