第二节 基础写作技能

一、三大基础写作技能

新SAT写作评分标准对于这三项技能的要求如下：

"The response makes skillful use of textual evidence(quotations, paraphrases, or both), demonstrating a complete understanding of the source text."

考生对原文的理解程度体现在考生写作文时与原文结合的紧密程度。这一紧密程度又是通过对原文重点信息的直接引用或间接引用来展现的。

1．转述（Paraphrasing）

定义：用考生自己的话来重述原句，不改变、增加或删减原义。

Paraphrasing—recapitulating, point by point, using your own words.

2．归纳（Summary）

定义：用考生自己的话来简洁地概括原文的主要意思。

Summarizing—condensing the text into a relatively brief presentation of the main ideas.

3．直接引用（Quotation）

定义：在作文中直接摘录作者原文中的词或句子，一般要用双引号标出。

Quotation—including another person's exact words within your own writing.

注意

● 不能过度直接引用，不能通篇都由直接引用组成，完全没有自己的理解。

● 最好包括直接引用。如果全文都是间接引用，没有对一些特色词句的直接引用，那么分析就不够透彻。

● 归纳更常用在主体段分析、开头段和结尾段中。

让我们一起来看看官方给出的学生习作中对于基本技能的应用。

文章1（Scores：3/2/3）

1）阅读能力的得分为3分

2）片段赏析：

a. 直接引用的片段：

Goodman also uses reasoning to show readers that there can always be improvement. He says, "these are days in which newsrooms simply must be entrepreneurial and creative in pursuit of new means of reporting and paying for it." Goodman uses the argument that we have to take matters into our own hands to prepare and change the future. Goodman's advice to change now internet focused journalism is comes from a strong skill of reasoning.

得分解析：

The writer also makes use of appropriate textual evidence to demonstrate an understanding of key details. The response is free of errors' of fact or interpretation.

作者能够通过适当的直接引用来展现其对主要细节的理解，并且没有对原文的误读。

b. 转述归纳的片段：

Peter Goodman's purpose in writing "Foreign News at a Crisis Point" was to persuade his audience that the news should include more information about the world as a whole.

得分解析：

The writer accurately paraphrases the central claim of Goodman's text.

作者能够准确地转述原文的主旨。

文章2（Scores：4/3/3）

1）阅读能力的得分为满分4分

2）片段赏析：

a. 直接引用的片段:

The author uses the numbers "307" and "234" in the first paragraph. Next he shows how many news organizations no longer have "foreign bureaus." Again he throws out a number, "53 percent" to show how much foreign news has decreased within the United States.

得分解析：

The writer also demonstrates an understanding of the details of Goodman's text by direct use of raw statistics.

作者通过直接引用原文的统计数据，展现出了对文章的深刻理解。