第二章 独立写作

第1节 独立写作技巧与模板

1 审题

使用说明

1 写作环节的第一步是审题。这个环节考生只有1分钟，也就是60秒的时间。考生要做到快速反应题目类型，并且正确选择如何解题。如下面的“审题表格概览”所示，考生可以先浏览一下题目类型，本书会在后面进行详细讲解。

2 题目的前后会出现一些套话，例如下划线部分，而真正的题目是中间的文字。为了节省考试时间，下划线部分是不需要读的。

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Students should take at least a year to work or travel before beginning college? Use specific reasons and details tosupport your answer.

3 独立写作考试时间为30分钟，需写出350~400字。记住，虽然官方说至少写350字，考生们千万不要误以为就写350字。因为字数少于350字，很难充分展开观点。但是，多于400字又没有足够的时间检查。因此，写350~400字是最优选择。

审题表格概览

审题导图概览

阶段性学习目标

通过导图大致了解题目的分类、特点和标志词。然后通过真题演练，逐渐做到能够清晰地对题目进行分辨和归类。

讲解

如导图所示，审题的过程只有1分钟，也就是60秒的时间。在脑海中首先要留下的记忆是，题目分为两大类：一个是利弊类题目，一个是证明类题目。

1 利弊类题目解题思路：同意就说题目的利，不同意就说题目的弊。

比如问：学生应该上大学吗？如果同意，就给出三个上大学的利是什么。比如：

◇ 有利于学习知识。

◇ 有利于广交朋友。

◇ 有利于提高社会技能。

反之，如果不同意就说出三个上大学的弊是什么。

2 证明类题目解题思路：给理由证明，不需要探讨利弊。

比如问：这面墙是白色的吗？如果同意，给出三个理由证明为何是白色的。比如：

◇ 亲眼所见是白色。

◇ 朋友也都说是白色。

◇ 油漆桶上写的是白色。

反之，如果不同意就给出三个理由证明为何不是白色。

记住：无论同意还是不同意都是可以的，没有好坏之分，考生只要将自己的观点能够完整、准确地表达出来就是好的。托福考查的是交流的能力，所以只要不诋毁宗教、国家等，自己的观点能够自圆其说就都是可以的。

接下来，我们开始学习如何区分利弊类和证明类题目。

利弊类题目是问“该不该”或“好不好”，而证明类题目是问“是不是”。

第一类：利弊类题目

本质是问“该不该”或“好不好”。

1 Students should take at least a year to work or travel before beginning college.

译文：上大学之前，学生应该花至少一年的时间去工作或者旅行。【单一类题目】

▼解题思路：

Agree：谈work or travel的好。

Disagree：谈work or travel的不好。

2 In some countries, teenagers have jobs while they are still students. Do you think this is a good idea?

译文：在一些国家，青少年在上学期间去打工。你认为这是个好主意吗？【单一类题目】

▼解题思路： Agree：谈have jobs的好。

Disagree：谈have jobs的不好。

3 Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes.Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with?

译文：一些人认为大学生应该被要求进班上课。另外一些人认为也可以不进班上课。你赞同哪个观点？【比较类题目】

▼解题思路：

Agree：谈attend classes的好。

Disagree：谈attend classes的不好。

4 Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live in?

译文：有些人喜欢住在小镇。有些人喜欢在大城市生活。你更喜欢住在哪里？【比较类题目】

▼解题思路：

Prefer small town：谈small town的好，或big city的不好。

Prefer big city：谈big city的好，或small town的不好。

5 It is better for children to grow up in a big city than in the countryside.

译文：孩子在大城市成长比在农村成长好。【比较类题目】

▼解题思路：

Agree：谈big city的好，或countryside的不好。

Disagree：谈countryside的好，或big city的不好。

6 You have received a gift of money. The money is enough to buy either a piece of jewelry you like or tickets to a concert you want to attend. Which would you buy?

译文：你收到了作为礼物的一笔钱。这些钱足够买一件你喜欢的首饰或者你想要参加的音乐会的门票。你会买哪一个？ 【比较类题目】

▼解题思路：

虽然没有明显的关键词，但我们可以将题目还原。题目完整的问法是：Which would you prefer to buy? 所以，这类题目暗含“prefer”，属于利弊类题目。

Prefer jewelry: 谈jewelry的好，或concert的不好。

Prefer concert: 谈concert的好，或jewelry的不好。

7 During an economic crisis, governments usually reduce spending on certain public services. Which area do you think the governments should reduce spending on?

1. Education

2. Health care

3. Unemployment benefits

译文：在经济危机时期，政府通常对特定的公共服务减少开支。你认为政府应该减少下面哪项开支？

1. 教育

2. 医疗

3. 失业救济金【选项类题目】

▼解题思路：

出现“should”肯定是利弊类题目，同时给出了三个选项，所以，选说谁好的那一项，其余项谈不好。

8 It is not a good thing to move to a new town or country because you will lose contact with your old friends.

译文：搬去一个新的城镇或国家是不好的，因为你将会失去与老朋友的联系。【因果类题目】

▼解题思路：

题目中出现“good”肯定是利弊类题目，同时出现“because”又包含因果。因此，属于利弊因果类题目。类似题目还有出现“therefore”的，其本质是一样的。

Agree：同意因，同意果。

Disagree：反驳因，反驳果。

9 All students should be required to study art and music in secondary school.

译文：所有的中学生都应该上艺术课和音乐课。【绝对词类题目】

▼解题思路：

题目中出现“should”属于利弊类题目。同时，出现的“all”属于绝对词。类似的词还有：never, every, best, must, only等。因此，属于利弊绝对词类题目。首先不同意题目，然后采用让步方式反驳绝对词，谈题目的弊是什么。例如：

[1] Admittedly, 学习艺术和音乐挺好的。【先肯定】 However, to say that所有的中学生都应该上艺术课和音乐课is still an overstatement。【反驳绝对词】

[2] 学艺术增加课业压力。【弊】

[3] 学艺术增加家庭负担。【弊】

10 Teachers’ performance should be evaluated by students.

译文：老师的表现应该由学生来评价。【抽象类题目】

▼解题思路：

题目中出现“should”属于利弊类题目。同时，evaluate很抽象，不好具体描述。

首先，我们采取拆分举例的方法，拆分举例法会在后面的列提纲章节详解。

Depend on students’ ages...

From primary to high school students...

For college school students...

第二类：证明类题目

本质是问“是不是”。除了利弊类题目，其余都是证明类题目。

1 Playing sports can teach people important lessons about life.

译文：运动可以教会人们一些关于人生的重要教训。【单一类题目】

▼解题思路：

Agree：给理由证明运动教会人们什么样的教训。

Disagree：给理由证明运动为什么没有教会人们教训。

2 People who have learnt many more skills are more likely to succeed than those who focus on learning only one skill.

译文：学多种技能的人比只专注学习某一种技能的人更有可能成功。【比较类题目】

▼解题思路：

Agree：给理由证明学多种技能的人为何会更成功，或只学单一技能的人为何不易成功。

Disagree：给理由证明只学单一技能的人为何会更成功，或学多种技能的人为何不易成功。

3 The university will spend money on dormitory to improve the life quality of students.Which of the following do you think is the best way?

1. Providing a room for quiet study

2. Building an exercise room

3. Providing entertainment place (watch film)

译文：为了提高学生的生活质量，大学将在学生宿舍花一笔钱。你认为下列哪项是最好的选择？

1. 提供一个安静学习的房间2.设立健身房3.提供娱乐场所（看电影）【选项类题目】

▼解题思路：

证明选项类题目，选哪个就谈为何选这个选项。剩下没有选的两个选项，就谈不选的理由。

4 The advice from grandparents has no use for their grandchildren because the world has changed a lot during the past 50 years.

译文：因为世界在过去的50年里变化太多，爷爷奶奶对孩子的建议已经没有用处了。【因果类题目】

▼解题思路：

题目中出现“because”，因此属于包含因果类题目。

Agree：同意因，同意果。

Disagree：反驳因，反驳果。

5 Only the movies teaching something about real life are worth watching.

译文：只有那些教会人们人生的电影才值得看。【绝对词类题目】

▼解题思路：

之前讲过，含有绝对词的题目通常都是disagree。

先肯定题目，再反驳绝对词。

Admittedly, 关于人生的电影是值得看的。

However, to say that只有关于人生的电影才值得看is still an overstatement。

To begin with, 其他某类电影也是值得看的。

Additionally, 还有某类电影也是值得看的。

6 Your job has more effects on your happiness than your social life does.

译文：你的工作与生活相比，对你的幸福影响更大。【抽象类题目】

▼解题思路：

happiness这个词很抽象，不好具体描述。所以，我们采取拆分举例的方法，拆分举例法会在后面的列提纲章节详解。

For working-class employees...

For the great and famous people...

图表归纳审题类型

另附46道考题，练习辨别题目类型

利弊单一类题目

(1) In order to attract good students, universities should spend money on improving social activities.

(2) People should be open to new ideas and thoughts to make them more successful.

(3) The more money people have, the more they should donate to the charity.

(4) The government should support unpractical scientific research.

(5) Students should take three or four courses for each semester or many more courses.

利弊比较类题目

(1) Children should spend most time playing and studying rather than helping their parents with household chores.

(2) Parents should spend more time playing sports or games with their children than helping them with schoolwork.

(3) Children should make their own decision rather by their parents.

(4) Universities should spend money on improving facilities or hiring famous professors.

(5) Some jobs are with high salary but require employees to live far away from their family and friends. Some jobs are with low salary but allow them to live near their family and friends. Which do you prefer and why?

(6) It is better to purchase in large stores than in several small shops that specialize in different items.

(7) Some people prefer to buy technological devices as soon as they are available on the market, while other people prefer to wait. Which do you prefer?

(8) People should have challenging goals rather than those are safe and practical.

(9) The government rather than individuals should cover the Internet usage fee.

利弊选项类题目

(1) Which class should students take?

1. Cooking

2. Managing personal finances

3. Auto repair

(2) During an economic crisis, the government should reduce spending on which area?

1. Education

2. Health care

3. Unemployment benefits

(3) Which one do you think should be built in your community?

1. Performance art center

2. Hotel

3. Shopping mall

利弊绝对词类题目

(1) All university students should be required to take basic science course even if it is not the field of their study.

(2) University students should be required to take history course no matter what field they study.

(3) The best leader should spend more time listening to other people’s ideas than taking his/her own ideas.

证明单一类题目

(1) The government is not educating people enough about the importance of good and healthy lifestyles.

(2) The rules that the whole society today expects young people to follow and obey are too strict.

(3) People spend too much money on their pets even though there can be other good ways to spend money.

(4) When people spend a lot of time watching sports on television or following their favorite team, it has negative effects on their life.

(5) If you and someone have been friends for a long time, you will continue your friendship even if she does something you don’t like.

(6) Playing sports teaches people lessons about life.

(7) Children can benefit in important ways from taking care of animal pets.

(8) It is important to have rules about the types of clothing that people are allowed to wear at work and at school.

证明比较类题目

(1) Students who keep their rooms neat and organized are more successful than those who do not.

(2) Workers would be much happier if they are doing different types of tasks during their workday.

(3) The opinions of celebrities, such as entertainers and athletes, are more important to young people than they are to the elder.

(4) Your job has more effects on your happiness than your social life does.

(5) People living in small villages are more satisfied with their life than those living in cities.

(6) The ability to maintain a small circle of close friends over a long period of time is more important for happiness than the ability to make new friends easily.

(7) To remain happy and optimistic whenever you fail is more important to achieve success.

(8) Modern agriculture damages the environment, but providing food for the growing population around the world is more important than protecting the environment.

证明选项类题目

(1) Which factor influences your purchasing decision?

1. Friends

2. Media

3. Sales person

证明绝对词类题目

(1) The most important goal of education is to help people educate themselves.

(2) The best way for the government to reduce air pollution is to raise the cost of fuel.

(3) Although science and technology will continue to improve, the most significant improvement for the quality of people’s life has already taken place.

(4) It is impossible to be completely honest with friends.

包含因果类题目

(1) It is often not a good idea to move to a new town or a new country because you will lose contact with your old friends. 【利弊因果类题目】

(2) People can solve important problems on their own or with the help of their families.Therefore, people do not need the support of the government. 【证明因果类题目】

包含多种类题目

近几年考过1或2次比较复杂的题目，里边包含的因素比较多。

(1) The advice from grandparents has no use for their grandchildren because the world has changed a lot during the past 50 years. 【证明-因果-绝对词】

(2) Some people trust their first impressions about a person’s character because they believe these judgments are generally correct. Other people do not judge a person’s character quickly because they believe first impressions are often wrong. Compare these two attitudes. Which attitude do you agree with? 【证明-比较-因果】

(3) Some believe that people should spend more time being far away from the people we care about, because it is necessary for people to understand the importance of relationship of people we care about, while others think being far away from people we care about can damage our relationship with them. 【利弊-比较-因果】