Group 3
1
The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing is greater（主句） than that of its mining and farming combined（介宾短语）.
佳句妙译
犹他州制造业的年产值大于其矿业和农业的总和。
句法精析
这是一个简单句，主句是The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing is greater，而than that of its mining and farming combined是介宾短语作状语。
词汇拓展
Utah ['ju:ta:] n. (美国)犹他州
mining [ˈmaɪnɪŋ] n. 矿业；采矿
【例】The mining technique is shaky.这项采矿工艺不可靠。
【派】mineral（adj.矿物的；矿质的）
2
The wallflower is so called（主句） because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony（原因状语从句） cliffs for support.
佳句妙译
墙花之所以叫墙花，是因为其柔弱的枝干经常要靠墙壁或顺石崖生长，以便有所依附。
句法精析
这是个主从复合句，由主句+原因状语从句构成。
主句：The wallflower is so called
原因状语从句：because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support，对主句的陈述说明理由。
词汇拓展
wallflower ['wɔ:lflaʊər] n.墙花；壁花（社交场合因羞涩而受人冷落之人）
【例】I was something of a wallflower; I was terribly shy.我算是朵墙花，因为我特别害羞。
stony [ˈstoʊni] adj. 无情的；多石的；石头的
【例】The steep, stony ground is well drained.多石陡峭的地面很容易排水。
cliff [klɪf] n.悬崖，峭壁
【例】The car rolled over the edge of a cliff. 汽车翻下了悬崖。
【派】cliffy（adj.陡峭的；多悬崖的）
3
It is the interaction between people, rather than the events（强调句） that occur in their lives（定语从句）, that is the main focus of social psychology.
佳句妙译
社会心理学的主要焦点是人与人之间的交往，而不是发生在他们各自生活中的事件。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，由强调句组成的主句+定语从句构成。句子主干是：It is the interaction...that is the main focus of social psychology，内含强调句型It is +被强调部分+that，此处强调的是the interaction between people, rather than the events。其中的定语从句that occur in their lives修饰先行词events。
词汇拓展
psychology [saɪˈka:lədʒi] n. 心理学
【例】It was not until the mid-twentieth century that psychology really came into its own. 直到二十世纪中叶心理学才真正得到应有的重视。
【派】psychological（adj. 心理的；心理学的；精神上的）；psychologist（n. 心理学家，心理学者）
短语搭配
rather than 而不是；宁可…也不愿
【例】I, rather than you, should do the work. 该做这个工作的是我，而不是你。
4
No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’ enthusiasm more（主句） than the expansion of（比较状语） educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.
佳句妙译
给美国的新移民增加教育设施比任何社会运动都更多地激发了Elizabeth Williams的热情。
句法精析
这是一个简单句，句子的主干是：No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’ enthusiasm
词汇拓展
crusade [kru:ˈseɪd] n. 改革运动；十字军东侵
【例】My crusade will continue whether people think it's possible or not.无论人们认为可能与否，我的改革运动都不会停止。
【搭】in crusade在讨伐
arouse [ə'raʊz] v. 引起；唤醒；激发
【例】The revolutionary work in linguistics has aroused intense scholarly interest. 语言学方面的革命性著作引起了强烈的学术兴趣。
【搭】arouse the enthusiasm调动积极性
【派】arousal（n.觉醒；激励）
expansion [ɪk'spænʃn] n. 膨胀；扩张物
【例】Their desire for expansion has increased.他们的扩张欲望有增无减。
【派】expand（v.发展；张开，展开）；expansive（adj.广阔的；扩张的）；expanse（n.宽阔；膨胀；扩张）
【同】inflation
immigrant ['ɪmɪɡrənt] adj. 移民的；迁入的n. 移民，侨民
【例】To be sure, there are success stories, but it is more often the children who benefit than immigrant parents. 肯定有成功的故事，但是通常受惠的是孩子们，而不是移民这一代的父母辈。
【派】immigration（n.外来移民；移居）；immigrate（v.移入）
5
Quails typically have short rounded wings（主句） that enable them to spring into full flight instantly（定语从句） when disturbed in their hiding places（时间状语从句）.
佳句妙译
通常，鹌鹑都长有短而圆的翅膀，凭此它们可以在受惊时一跃而起，飞离它们的躲藏地。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，由主句+定语从句+时间状语从句构成，如下：
主句：Quails typically have short rounded wings
定语从句：that enable them to spring into full flight instantly，修饰先行词wings。
时间状语从句：when (they are) disturbed in their hiding places，该从句为简洁省略了they are。
词汇拓展
quail [kweɪl] n. 鹌鹑
typically [ˈtɪpɪkli] adv. 代表性地；作为特色地
【例】The disease typically manifested itself in a high fever. 这种疾病的典型症状是发烧。
【派】typical（adj. 典型的）
disturb [dɪˈstɜ:rb] v. 打扰；妨碍；使不安；弄乱；使恼怒
【例】I hate to disturb you, but I have to tell you something important.我真的不想打搅你，可我得告诉你一些重要的事情。
【搭】disturb in （在某方面）打扰
【派】disturbing （adj.令人不安的；烦扰的）；disturbed （adj.扰乱的）；disturbance（n.干扰；忧虑）
6
According to anthropologists（介宾短语）, the earliest ancestors of humans（主语） that stood upright（定语从句） resembled（谓语） chimpanzees facially（宾语）, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows（介宾短语）.
佳句妙译
根据人类学家的说法，直立行走的人类祖先其面部轮廓与黑猩猩相似，额头后倾，眉毛突出。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，句子的主干是：the earliest ancestors of humans...resembled chimpanzees facially。句子开头介宾短语According to anthropologists作状语，结尾的介宾短语with sloping foreheads and protruding brows作定语修饰chimpanzees。
词汇拓展
ancestor [ˈænsestər] n. 始祖，祖先
【例】And there is only one explanation for that at the molecular level, which is common ancestor.对此唯一的解释就是，在分子层面上有着共同的祖先。
resemble [rɪ'zembl] v. 类似，像
【例】My feeling that was roused in me at the time did not resemble that of an indignant judge.那时候它在我心里激起的感觉不像是一个义愤的法官那样的感觉。
【派】resemblance（n. 相似；相似之处；相似物；肖像）
chimpanzee [ˌtʃɪmpæn'zi] n. 黑猩猩
facially [ˈfeɪʃəli] adv. 从脸部
【例】Couples became more facially similar after 25 years together. 一起生活25年的伴侣其容貌变得更为相似。
【派】facial（adj.表面的；面部的）
slop [sla:p] v. 溢出，使溅出；泼洒
【例】A little beer slopped over the edge of the glass. 少量啤酒溢出了酒杯的边缘。
【搭】slop over越界
【同】flood
protrude [proʊˈtru:d] v. 使突出，使伸出
【例】They focused specifically on parts of the cell that protrude into surrounding body tissues.他们重点关注伸进周围的身体组织中的细胞。
【派】protruding （adj.突出的；伸出的）
7
Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.
佳句妙译
直到1866年第一条横跨大西洋的电缆才完全成功架通。
句法精析
这是一个倒装了的简单句。正常语序为：The fully successful transatlantic cable was not finally laid until 1866.
词汇拓展
transatlantic cable横越大西洋电缆
cable [ˈkeɪbl] n. 缆绳；电缆；海底电报v. 打电报
【例】They underlaid the Atlantic with a cable. 他们在大西洋海底铺设了一条电缆。
8
In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes（主句） what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology（宾语从句）.
佳句妙译
John Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述了他所认为的由科学技术给社会带来的精神贫困。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，由主句+宾语从句构成，如下：
主句：John Crowe Ransom describes
宾语从句：what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology。what引导的从句作describes的宾语，其中brought about by science and technology是过去分词短语作定语修饰spiritual barrenness of society。
词汇拓展
过去分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致，过去分词与逻辑主语之间一般是被动关系。表示时间、原因、条件、让步的过去分词可以拓展成相应的状语从句。
1. 用作时间状语（相当于一个时间状语从句）
Asked what had happened, he lowered his head. = When he was asked what had happened, he lowered his head.
2. 作原因状语（相当于一个原因状语从句）
Moved by his speech, many people volunteered to help in the work. = Because they were moved by his speech, many people volunteered to help in the work.
3. 作条件状语（相当于一个条件状语从句）
Given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better. = If they had been given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better.
4. 作让步状语（相当于一个让步状语从句）
Beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged. = Though they were beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged.
5. 作方式或伴随状语
He entered, accompanied by his secretary.
6. 有时一个单独的过去分词也可以作状语，用来说明主语的性质特征
He turned away, disappointed.
7. 带主语的情况
如果过去分词前面带有逻辑主语，主句的主语就不再是分词短语的逻辑主语。这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构。如：
The signal given, the bus started. // Her head held high, she went by.
8. “连词+分词”结构
在“连词+分词”结构中，用现在分词还是用过去分词取决于分词与句子主语的关系。如果分词与主语之间是主动关系，即主语是分词的发出者，用现在分词；如果分词与主语之间是被动关系，即主语是分词的承受者，则用过去分词。如：
While watching television, we heard the doorbell ring.
词汇拓展
spiritual [ˈspɪrɪtʃuəl] adj. 精神的，心灵的
【例】His spiritual depression came to an end when she kissed him.她的亲吻扫除了他精神上的苦闷。
【派】spiritually （adv. 在精神上）
【同】mental
barrenness [ˈbærənnəs] n. 荒芜，贫瘠
【例】That barrenness at our core occupied our heart.心灵的荒芜占据着我们的心脏。
【派】barren （adj. 贫瘠的；空洞的）
短语搭配
bring about 引起
【例】The only way they can bring about political change is by putting pressure on the country. 他们能引起政治变化的唯一办法就是向该国施加压力。
9
Children with parents（主句） whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational（定语从句） are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence（主句）.
佳句妙译
父母的教导坚定、始终如一和理性，孩子就有可能充满高度自信。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，由主句内含定语从句构成。句子的主干是：Children...are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence。介词短语with parents作定语修饰children，而whose引导的定语从句guidance is firm, consistent, and rational用以修饰parents。
词汇拓展
consistent [kən'sɪstənt] adj. 始终如一的，一致的；坚持的
【例】These actions are consistent with his principles. 这些行为与他的原则是一致的。
【搭】consistent with 符合；与…一致
【派】consistently（adv.一贯地；一致地）；consistency（n.一致性；相容性）
rational ['ræʃnəl] adj. 合理的；理性的 n. 有理数
【例】Rational self assessment should tell us whether or not we have the skills and ability to do something. 理性的自我评价应该能告诉我们自己是否有技巧和能力去做一些事情。
【派】rationalistic（adj.理性主义的；纯理论的）；rationally（adv. 理性地；讲道理地）
【同】reasonable
短语搭配
be inclined to 倾向于…；有意
【例】They may be inclined to lie back and watch the activity. 他们可能倾向于躺着看整项活动。
10
The ancient Hopewell people of North America probably cultivated corn and other crops（并列主句1）, but hunting and gathering were still of critical importance in their economy（并列主句2）.
佳句妙译
北美远古的Hopewell人很可能种植了玉米和其他农作物，但打猎和采集对他们的经济仍是至关重要的。
句法精析
这是一个并列复合句，两个并列主句由but连接。
词汇拓展
ancient [ˈeɪnʃənt] adj. 古代的；过时的 n. 古代人；老人
【例】They believed ancient Greece and Rome were vital sources of learning. 他们认为古希腊和古罗马是至关重要的知识来源。
【同】old, aged, advanced
critical ['krɪtɪkl] adj. 紧要的；临界的；批评的
【例】He says setting priorities is of critical importance. 他说确定轻重缓急至关重要。
【搭】be critical of 挑剔；对…感到不满
【派】critic （n.批评家；评论家；爱挑剔的人）
11
Using many symbols（主语） makes（谓语） it（形式宾语） possible（宾补） to put a large amount of information on a single map（真正的宾语）.
佳句妙译
使用多种多样的符号可以使得在一张地图里放进大量的信息成为可能。
句法精析
这是一个简单句，句子结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾补。由于句子的宾语to put a large amount of information on a single map太长，因此由it作形式宾语，真正的宾语放在后面。
知识拓展
it作形式宾语的用法
当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在某个句子中作宾语时，为保持句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻或句式结构的混乱，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。
it 代替不定式短语时：
1. He feels it his duty to help others.
2. The new medicine makes it possible to treat this terrible disease.
it 代替动名词短语时：
1. We thought it no use doing that.
2. Our teacher thinks it no good learning without practice.
it 代替宾语从句时：
1. I think it very important that we take part in the discussion.
2. Didn't I make it clear to you that I was not coming?
词汇拓展
symbol ['sɪmbl] n. 象征；符号；标志
【例】To them, the monarchy is the special symbol of nationhood. 对他们而言，君主政体是国家的特殊象征。
【派】symbolic（adj.象征的；符号的）；symbolism （n.象征；记号）；symbolize （v.象征）
【同】sign, emblem, token
12
Anarchism is a term（主句） describing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes（分词短语） whose principal uniting feature is the belief（定语从句） that government is both harmful and unnecessary（同位语从句）.
佳句妙译
“无政府主义”这个词描述的是一堆理论和态度，它们的主要共同点在于相信政府是有害的、没有必要的。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，句子的主干是：Anarchism is a term，后面的现在分词短语describing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes作定语，是对主句中表语term的修饰；定语从句whose principal uniting feature is the belief是对 doctrines and attitudes的修饰；而同位语从句that government is both harmful and unnecessary对定语从句中的表语belief加以解释说明。
词汇拓展
anarchism [ˈænərkɪzəm] n. 无政府主义
【例】He advocated anarchism as the answer to social problems. 他鼓吹无政府主义作为解决社会问题的答案。
【派】anarchic（adj.无政府主义的）；anarchy （n.无政府状态；混乱；无秩序）
【同】nihilism
cluster ['klʌstər] n. 群；簇；丛 v.使聚集
【例】The passengers clustered together in small groups. 乘客们聚集成小群体。
【搭】a cluster of 一群；一组；一串
【同】gang, bunch
doctrine [ˈda:ktrɪn] n. 主义；学说；教义；信条
【例】What is his doctrine of Christ? 他关于基督的教义是什么？
【派】doctrinal（adj. 教义的；教诲的）
【同】principle, theory, belief
principal ['prɪnsəpl] adj. 主要的，首要的；资本的 n.首长；校长；资本；当事人
【例】The principal reason for my change of mind is this. 我改变主意的最重要原因就是这个。
【派】principally（adv.主要地；大部分）
【同】president, main
13
Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States（主句） than did Henry Ford a pioneer in automobile production（比较状语从句）.
佳句妙译
恐怕没有谁对大多数美国人的日常生活影响能超过汽车生产的先驱Henry Ford。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，由主句+比较状语从句构成，如下：
主句：Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States
比较状语从句：than did Henry Ford a pioneer in automobile production
比较状语从句中因主语Henry Ford后跟了较长的同位语a pioneer in automobile production，为兼顾主谓语之间的紧密衔接，同时强调Ford的影响，而把did放在了主语Henry Ford的前面。did与主句中had effect同义。
词汇拓展
automobile [ˈɔ:təməbi:l] n. 汽车v. 驾驶汽车
【例】The parts of an automobile are standardized. 汽车零件是标准化了的。
【同】car, motor
短语搭配
have/has effect on 对…有影响
【例】The rapid economic development has great effect on the future of the country. 经济的快速发展对这个国家的未来产生了很大的影响。
14
The use of well-chosen nonsense words（主语） makes（谓语） possible（宾补） the testing of many basic hypotheses in the field of language learning（宾语）.
佳句妙译
使用精心挑选的无意义词汇，可以检验语言习得领域中许多基本的假定。
句法精析
这是一个简单句，句子结构为：主语+谓语+宾语+宾补。此句中的宾语the testing of many basic hypotheses in the field of language learning太长，放在了后面。
词汇拓展
nonsense [ˈna:nsns] n. 胡说；废话 adj. 荒谬的
【例】None of your nonsense! 别胡说八道了！
【同】ridiculous
hypotheses [haɪˈpa:θəsi:z] n. 假定；臆测（hypothesis的复数）
【例】Work will now begin to test the hypothesis in rats. 在老鼠身上验证这一假设的工作现在要开始了。
15
The history of painting is a fascinating chain of events（主句） that probably began with the very first pictures ever made（定语从句）.
佳句妙译
油画历史是由一连串的迷人事件组成的，大概可以上溯到最早制成的图画。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，由主句+定语从句构成，如下：
主句：The history of painting is a fascinating chain of events
定语从句：that probably began with the very first pictures ever made
其中定语从句修饰先行词events；从句中的ever made 是过去分词短语作定语修饰pictures。
词汇拓展
fascinating [ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ] adj. 迷人的；吸引人的；使人神魂颠倒的
【例】The very style of the book is fascinating. 这本书的风格本身就引人入胜。
【派】fascinate（v.使着迷，使神魂颠倒）
【同】attractive, captivating
16
Perfectly matched pearls（主语）, strung into a necklace（过去分词短语）, bring（谓语） a far higher price（宾语） than the same pearls sold individually（状语）.
佳句妙译
相互般配的珍珠，串成一条项链，就能卖到比单独售出同样的珍珠好得多的价钱。
句法精析
这是一个简单句，句子的主干是：Perfectly matched pearls...bring a far higher price...过去分词短语strung into a necklace作状语来说明珍珠卖到好价钱的具体条件；than the same pearls sold individually是介词短语作比较状语，其中的sold individually 是过去分词短语作定语修饰前面的the same pearls。
词汇拓展
string [strɪŋ] v. 捆扎，系上；收紧 n. 绳
【例】These events are strung together in a series we call life. 这些事件串联在一起，我们称之为生活。
17
During the eighteenth century（时间状语）, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe（主句） whose territory became（定语从句） what is now Indiana and Ohio（表语从句）.
佳句妙译
在十八世纪，“小乌龟”是迈阿密部落的酋长，该部落的地盘就是今天的印第安纳州和俄亥俄州。
句法精析
此句是复合句。
主句：During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe
定语从句：whose territory became what is now Indiana and Ohio，修饰先行词Miami tribe，先行词在从句中的语法成分是territory的定语。
表语从句：what is now Indiana and Ohio，定语从句中became的表语。
知识拓展
定语从句的关系代词whose是who的所有格，在从句中作定语，可指人，如：You're the only one whose advice he might listen to.（关系代词whose在从句中用作定语，修饰名词advice。）也可指物，如：I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.（关系代词whose在此指名词room。）
词汇拓展
territory [ˈterətɔ:ri] n. 领土
【例】They have refused to allow UN troops to be stationed in their territory. 他们拒绝允许联合国军队驻扎在他们的领土上。
【派】territorial（adj.领土的；区域的；土地的；地方的）
【同】domain, province, boundary, region
18
Among almost seven hundred species of bamboo, some are fully grown at less than a foot high（主句1）, while others can grow three feet in twenty-four hours（主句2）.
佳句妙译
在竹子的近700个品种中，有的全长成还不到1英尺，而有的却能在24小时内长到3英尺。
句法精析
两个并列主句由while连接，while有对比作用，可以翻译成“而”。
知识拓展
while有两个衔接句子的用法，1）引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时”：They arrived while we were having dinner. 2）引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”：While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you. 还意为“而，然而”：Their country has plenty of oil, while ours has none.
19
Before starting on a sea voyage（时间状语）, prudent navigators learn the sea charts（谓语宾语1）, study the sailing directions（谓语宾语2）, and memorize lighthouse locations（谓语宾语3） to prepare themselves for any conditions（目的状语） they might encounter（定语从句）.
佳句妙译
为了对各种可能出现的情况做到有备无患，谨慎的航海员在开始海上航行之前，会研究航海图和航向，并记录灯塔的位置。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，由主句+定语从句构成。
主句：Before starting on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn...any conditions
定语从句：they might encounter
主句中有三个并列的谓语和宾语，有分词短语充当的时间状语，有不定式充当的目的状语；目的状语中they might encounter 是修饰conditions的定语从句，省略关系代词。
词汇拓展
prudent ['pru:dnt] adj. 谨慎的；精明的
【例】Be prudent and modest, and never lag behind. 谨慎谦虚，永不落后。
【派】prudently（adv. 谨慎地）
【例】I believe it is essential that we act prudently. 我认为我们必须谨慎行事。
【同】cautious, wary
encounter [ɪnˈkaʊntər] v. 遭遇，邂逅，偶遇
【例】Everyday of our lives, we encounter major and minor stresses of one kind or another. 生活中的每一天，我们都会遇到或大或小这样那样的压力。
【同】confront
20
Of all the economically important plants, palms have been the least studied.
佳句妙译
在所有的经济作物中，棕榈树得到的研究最少。
知识拓展
该句主句中谓语时态是现在完成时，用于延续性动词，如：live, study, teach, be, wait等，表示过去时间以来一直持续的动作或状态。例如：
I have lived here for more than thirty years. // She has taught us since I came to this school.
