Word List 1

approach /əˈproʊtʃ/

【释】v. 靠近 (come near)

【例】As you approach the town, you’ll see the college on the left.

【释】v. 处理 (start to deal with)

【例】What’s the best way of approaching this problem?

【释】n. 途径 (way)

【例】The school has decided to adopt a different approach to discipline.

【近】method

associate /əˈsoʊʃieɪt/

【释】v. 联系 (connect)

【例】Most people immediately associate addictions with drugs, alcohol and cigarettes.

assume /əˈsuːm/

【释】v. 猜想 (suppose)

【例】It is reasonable to assume (that) the economy will continue to improve.

【近】conjecture

【形】assumption

reference /ˈrefrəns/

【释】n. 提及 (mention of)

【例】He made no reference to any former agreement.

【释】v. 为…附参考资料 (provide with source of information)

【例】The book is not well referenced.

credit /ˈkredɪt/

【释】n. 信用 (a record of how well you have paid your bills in the past)

【例】You need to have a strong credit history and a good job in order to get a mortgage.

【释】n. 学分 (a unit of schoolwork)

【例】I took two credits in Spanish.

【释】v. 把…归给，归功于

【例】The team credited their coach for the championship.

appropriate

【释】adj. /əˈproʊpriət/ 合适的 (suitable, acceptable or correct)

【例】Now that the problem has been identified, appropriate action can be taken.

【释】v. /əˈproʊprieɪt/ 侵占 (take illegally or without permission)

【例】He was accused of appropriating club funds.

trial /ˈtraɪəl/

【释】n. 试验 (test)

【例】learn by trial and error

【释】n. 审判 (lawsuit)

appeal /əˈpiːl/

【释】v. 呼吁；恳求 (make a formal request)

【例】Police have appealed for witnesses to come forward.

【近】plea, implore

【释】v. 吸引 (attract or interest)

【例】The design has to appeal to all ages and social groups.

alternative /ɔːlˈtɜːrnətɪv/

【释】adj. 供选择的 (offering or expressing a choice)

【例】Scientists are developing an alternative approach to treating the disease.

【近】different, other, another, second

【释】n. 供替代的选择 (a choice or option)

【例】The menu offered several vegetarian alternatives.

institution /ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃn/

【释】n. 设立 (initiation)

【例】the institution of new safety procedures

procedure /prəˈsiːdʒər/

【释】n. 工序，过程 (an established or official way of doing something)

【例】The companies use a variety of testing procedures to select appropriate candidates.

【近】action, plan

presence /ˈprezns/

【释】n. 存在 (the state or fact of existing, occurring, or being present in a place or thing)

【例】He hardly seemed to notice my presence.

【近】existence

【反】】absence

【释】n. 风度

【例】The actor’s commanding presence impressed everyone.

emerge /iˈmɜːrdʒ/

【释】v. 出现 (appear)

【例】New ideas emerged from the discussion.

critical /ˈkrɪtɪkl/

【释】adj. 关键的 (essential, crucial)

【例】The incident happened at a critical point in the campaign.

【近】pivotal

【释】adj. 批评的 (criticizing)

【例】Don’t be so critical with your children.

【反】】complimentary

insurance /ɪnˈʃʊrəns/

【释】n. 保险

【例】insurance for his new car

【释】n. 预防措施 (protection against future loss)

【例】The country needs a defense capability as insurance against the unexpected.

objective /əbˈdʒektɪv/

【释】adj. 客观的 (unbiased)

【例】He’s quite objective in his reporting.

【近】impartial, neutral

【反】】partial, subjective

【释】n. 目标 (goal)

【例】The sole objective of her trip was to see her children.

troop /truːp/

【释】n. 部队

【例】The next phase of the operation will involve the deployment of more than 35,000 troops from a dozen countries.

【释】n. 一群，一队；大量，许多

【例】He came out with a troop of followers.

acquire /əˈkwaɪər/

【释】v. 获得 (gain something by your own efforts, ability or behavior)

【例】General Motors acquired a 50% stake in Saab for about $400 million.

【近】obtain

【反】】relinquish

【释】v. 习得 (gain knowledge or skills)

【例】She has acquired a good knowledge of English.

【形】acquisition

capacity /kəˈpæsəti/

【释】n. 容纳的能力；容量；功率 (size or power, often measured in particular units)

【例】The company aimed to quickly double its electricity-generating capacity.

【近】volume, size

【释】n. 能力

【例】Winning this race is well within your capacity.

component /kəmˈpoʊnənt/

【释】n. 组成 (constituent)

【例】Trust is a vital component in any relationship.

【近】element

suspect /səˈspekt/

【释】v. 怀疑 (have an idea or impression without certain proof)

【例】If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light.

perspective /pərˈspektɪv/

【释】n. 观点，视角 (point of view)

【例】Because of its geographical position, Germany’s perspective on the situation in Eastern Europe is rather different from Britain’s.

【近】outlook

assess /əˈses/

【释】v. 评价 (evaluate)

【例】Interviews allow you to assess the suitability of candidates.

commitment /kəˈmɪtmənt/

【释】n. 承诺 (undertaking, obligation)

【例】She doesn’t want to make a big emotional commitment to Steve at the moment.

【释】n. 责任感 (sense of duty)

【例】a sense of commitment

【近】responsibility

【形】committed

internal /ɪnˈtɜːrnl/

【释】adj. 里面的 (inner)

【例】the internal structure of a building

chain /tʃeɪn/

【释】n. 链 (a series of connected links or rings usually of metal)

【例】She wore a gold chain around her neck.

【释】n. 一连串 (a series of things)

【例】a chain of events

【近】series, succession, sequence

【释】n. 连锁 (a group of businesses that have the same name and sell the same products or services)

【例】a chain of grocery stores

abuse /əˈbjuːs/

【释】n./v. 虐待 (use (something) to bad effect or for a bad purpose)

【释】n./v. 辱骂 (use extremely rude and insulting words)

【例】He alleged that he was verbally abused by other soldiers.

【释】n./v. 滥用 (improper or excessive use)

【例】He showed how the rich and powerful can abuse their position.

【近】exploit

principal /ˈprɪnsəpl/

【释】adj. 最重要的 (main, chief, primary)

【例】Their principal concern is bound to be that of winning the next general election.

【释】n. 校长 (headmaster)

【例】The principal keeps all our school reports on file.

commission /kəˈmɪʃn/

【释】n. 委员会 (committee)

【例】The government has set up a commission of inquiry into the disturbances at the prison.

row /roʊ/

【释】n. 一排 (line)

【例】She was sitting in the front row.

【释】v. 划 (propel)

【例】We could all row a boat and swim almost before we could walk.

cast /kæst/

【释】v. 扔；抛 (throw)

【例】The priceless treasures had been cast into the Nile.

【近】toss, fling

【释】v. 浇铸 (shape material in mold)

【例】Those sculptures are cast in bronze.

conservative /kənˈsɜːrvətɪv/

【释】adj. 保守的 (not accepting changes or new ideas)

【例】She’s more conservative now than she was in college.

【近】traditional, conventional

【反】】radical

proportion /prəˈpɔːrʃn/

【释】n. 部分，比例 (part, fraction)

【例】Water covers a large proportion of the earth’s surface.

constant /ˈkɑːnstənt/

【释】adj. 稳定的 (stable)

【例】Ross was his most constant and loyal friend.

【近】persistent, ceaseless

【反】variable

【释】n. 常数

【例】The velocity of light is a constant.

reserve /rɪˈzɜːrv/

【释】v./n. 储备 (save)

【例】Australia has major coal, gas, and uranium reserves.

【近】stock, backup, retain

【释】v./n. 保留 (doubt)

【例】I trust him without reserve.

【释】v. 预订

【例】He reserved a table.

【近】book

phase /feɪz/

【释】n. 阶段 (any stage in a series of events)

【例】The project is only in the initial phase as yet, but it’s looking quite promising.

【近】stage, period, chapter, episode

protest /ˈproʊtest/

【释】n./v. 抗议 (oral complaint)

【例】The announcement raised a storm of protest.

【近】objection

【形】protester

impose /ɪmˈpoʊz/

【释】v. 强制实行 (enforce)

【例】This system imposes additional financial burdens on many people.

yield /jiːld/

【释】n. 产量 (an amount produced)

【例】Crop yields have risen steadily.

【近】produce, supply

【释】v. 屈服，投降 (cease opposition)

【例】She yielded to temptation and had another chocolate.

【反】retain, resist, defy

implement /ˈɪmplɪment/

【释】n. 工具 (a tool, utensil, or other piece of equipment)

【例】Make sure that all sharp implements, such as scythes, have covers.

【释】v. 实施 (put (a decision, plan, agreement, etc.) into effect)

【例】A new work program for young people will be implemented.

attach /əˈtætʃ/

【释】v. 附属 (cling)

【例】I attach a copy of my notes for your information.

acknowledge /əkˈnɑːlɪdʒ/

【释】v. 承认 (admit)

【例】They acknowledged that the decision was a mistake.

【释】v. 认可 (recognize)

【例】He is also acknowledged as an excellent goalkeeper.

【释】v. 确认收到 (report the receipt of)

【例】Please acknowledge receipt of this letter.

【近】grant

【反】reject

estate /ɪˈsteɪt/

【释】n. 庄园；地产

【例】I naturally took him to be the owner of the estate.

【近】property, plantation

【释】n. 遗产

【例】His mother’s small estate had passed to him after her death.

expose /ɪkˈspoʊz/

【释】v. 使显露 (make (something) visible, typically by uncovering it)

【例】Lowered sea levels exposed the shallow continental shelf beneath the Bering Sea.

【释】v. 揭露

【例】After the scandal was exposed, Dr. Bailey committed suicide.

【近】reveal

variable /ˈværiəbl/

【释】n. 可变因素 (changeable factor)

【例】Decisions could be made on the basis of price, delivery dates, after-sales service or any other variable.

【释】adj. 变化无常的 (liable to change)

【例】There was a bit of a wind and it was blowing onshore, variable, but quite strong.

【近】fluid

【反】constant

resolution /ˌrezəˈluːʃn/

【释】n. 决心 (determination)

【例】They made a resolution to lose all the weight gained during the Christmas period.

【释】n. 解决 (solution)

【例】a problem that defies resolution

【释】n. 决议

【例】He replied that the UN had passed two major resolutions calling for a complete withdrawal.

accompany /əˈkʌmpəni/

【释】v. 陪伴 (go somewhere with somebody)

【例】The groups are always accompanied by an experienced mountain guide.

【释】v. 伴随 (happen or appear with something else)

【例】Shouts of protest accompanied this announcement.

core /kɔːr/

【释】n. 核心 (center)

【例】We already have our core team in place.

【反】peripheral

motion /ˈmoʊʃn/

【释】n. 运动 (movement)

【例】One group of muscles sets the next group in motion.

【近】progress

【释】v. 示意 (gesture)

【例】He motioned her to sit down.

【近】direct

plastic /ˈplæstɪk/

【释】n./adj. 塑料(的) (a light material that is produced by chemical processes and can be formed into shapes when heated)

【例】He tied the ends of the plastic bag together.

【释】adj. 可塑的 (malleable)

【例】The mud is smooth, gray, soft, and plastic as butter.

【释】adj. (样子或味道)令人不满的

【例】plastic airline food

mechanism /ˈmekənɪzəm/

【释】n. 机械装置 (a system of parts working together in a machine)

【近】appliance, apparatus

【释】n. 机制 (a special way of getting something done within a particular system)

collapse /kəˈlæps/

【释】n./v. 坍塌 (fall down)

【例】The roof collapsed under the weight of snow.

【近】dilapidate

distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/

【释】v. 区分 (differentiate)

【例】to distinguish right from wrong

【近】discern

substantial /səbˈstænʃl/

【释】adj. 重要的；大量的 (considerable)

【例】substantial sums of money

【释】adj. 实质的

【例】the substantial world

【近】solid

encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntər/

【释】v. 遭遇 (unexpectedly experience or be faced with)

【例】We encountered a number of difficulties in the first week.

split /splɪt/

【释】v. 切开；分裂 (divide)

【例】The committee split over government subsidies.

【近】chop

【反】merge

swing /swɪŋ/

【释】v. 摆动 (move or cause to move back and forth)

【例】His arms swung as he walked.

consistent /kənˈsɪstənt/

【释】adj. 一致的 (uniform)

【例】She’s not very consistent in the way she treats her children.

【近】coherent

【反】incongruous

prospect /ˈprɑːspekt/

【释】n. 希望 (hope, expectation)

【例】There is no immediate prospect of peace.

【近】likelihood

plot /plɑːt/

【释】n. 情节 (the main events)

【例】I couldn’t follow the plot.

【释】n. 阴谋 (a secret plan)

【例】an assassination plot

【近】conspiracy

【释】v. 谋划 (arrange and plan)

【例】Prosecutors in the trial allege that the defendants plotted to overthrow the govern- ment.

【近】conceive

criterion /kraɪˈtɪriən/

【释】n. 准则 (standard)

【例】to meet a criterion

【近】standard, specification, gauge

integrate /ˈɪntɪɡreɪt/

【释】v. 构成整体 (combine one thing with another to form a whole)

【例】Transport planning should be integrated with energy policy.

【释】v. 使融入 (make someone become a full member of a group or society)

【例】It’s very difficult to integrate yourself into a society whose culture is so different from your own.

【近】merge, unite, fuse

【反】separate

convention /kənˈvenʃn/

【释】n. 传统 (tradition)

【例】By convention the deputy leader was always a woman.

【释】n. 会议

【例】They met at an annual convention in New York.

retain /rɪˈteɪn/

【释】v. 保持 (keep, preserve)

【例】This season I expect us to retain the championship and win the European Cup.

【反】dismiss

sequence /ˈsiːkwəns/

【释】n. 顺序 (order, series)

【例】He described the sequence of events leading up to the robbery.

【近】succession

lean /liːn/

【释】adj. 倾斜的 (be in or move into a sloping position)

【近】slant

【释】adj. 瘦的 (not fat)

【例】Her lean figure was silhouetted by the sun.

crucial /ˈkruːʃl/

【释】adj. 关键的 (important)

【例】The crisis is entering a crucial, critical phase.

【近】pivotal, critical, decisive

minority /maɪˈnɔːrəti/

【释】n. 少数；少数民族

【例】Members of ethnic minorities are represented on the committee.

【反】majority

【形】minor

dominate /ˈdɑːmɪneɪt/

【释】v. 控制；主导 (control)

【例】He denied that his country wants to dominate Europe.

【近】command

peer /pɪr/

【释】n. 同等地位的人；同龄人 (a person of the same age, status, or ability as another specified person)

【例】She gets on well with her peer group.

【释】v. 仔细看 (look keenly or with difficulty)

【例】He watched the Customs official peer into the driver’s window.

variation /ˌveriˈeɪʃn/

【释】n. 变化 (a change or difference)

【例】Many theories on punishment exist, all of which are variations on a theme.

【近】alteration

undertake /ˌʌndərˈteɪk/

【释】v. 承担，从事，着手做 (carry out)

【例】She undertook the arduous task of monitoring the elections.

【近】assume

equivalent /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/

【释】adj. 等价的，相等的 (equal)

【例】Those less-known companies manufacture equivalent products at cheaper prices.

【近】equal, identical, similar, comparable

enterprise /ˈentərpraɪz/

【释】n. 事业 (a project or undertaking)

【例】The music festival is a new enterprise which we hope will become an annual event.

【释】n. 企业 (a company or business)

【近】venture

pitch /pɪtʃ/

【释】n. 强度 (degree of intensity)

【释】n. 音调 (tone)

【释】n. 场地 (playing area)

【例】a football pitch

contemporary /kənˈtempəreri/

【释】adj. 同时代的 (living or occurring at the same period of time)

【例】Mark Twain and Jack London were contemporary writers.

【近】concurrent

【释】adj. 当代的 (of the time)

【例】contemporary musicians

episode /ˈepɪsoʊd/

【释】n. 事件 (an event or a group of events)

【例】I’d like to try and forget the whole episode.

【近】incident, occurrence

【释】n. 集，一段情节 (a unit of action in a dramatic or literary work)

symptom /ˈsɪmptəm/

【释】n. 症状；征兆 (indication)

【例】The rise in inflation was just one symptom of the poor state of the economy.

【近】manifestation

eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/

【释】v. 消除 (completely remove or get rid of)

【例】Credit cards eliminate the need to carry a lot of cash.

【近】remove

recruit /rɪˈkruːt/

【释】v. 征募 (enlist)

【例】The police are trying to recruit more Asian officers.

【释】n./v. 招聘，聘用

【反】dismiss

exclude /ɪkˈskluːd/

【释】v. 排除 (rule out)

【例】I cannot entirely exclude that possibility.

restore /rɪˈstɔːr/

【释】v. 恢复 (renew)

【例】The measures are intended to restore public confidence in the economy.

【反】abolish

alter /ˈɔːltər/

【释】v. 改变 (change)

【例】Alcohol can alter a person’s mood.

【近】adjust, adapt

【反】preserve

【形】alteration

perceive /pərˈsiːv/

【释】v. 察觉；感知 (become aware of)

【例】It was meant to be a joke, but she perceived it as a threat.

convert /kənˈvɜːrt/

【释】v. 转变，变换 (change; transform)

【例】There are mechanical devices that convert air into beautiful sounds.

【近】transform

【释】n. 皈依者；热衷…的人

【例】I didn’t think I’d like paying my bills online, but now I’m a convert.

justify /ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/

【释】v. 证明…是正当的 (be reason for)

【例】How can they justify paying such huge salaries?

【形】justifiable, justification

vital /ˈvaɪtl/

【释】adj. 极其重要的 (absolutely necessary or important)

【例】The port is vital to supply relief to millions of drought victims.

【近】essential, critical

【反】peripheral, minor

external /ɪkˈstɜːrnl/

【释】adj. 外在的 (on or coming from the outside)

【例】The explosion which followed blasted out the external supporting wall of her flat.

【反】internal

depression /dɪˈpreʃn/

【释】n. 坑 (hole)

【例】an area pockmarked by rain-filled depressions

【释】n. 抑郁 (dismay, unhappiness)

【例】I suffered from severe bouts of depression.

【近】melancholy

【释】n. 经济大萧条

【例】He never forgot the hardships he witnessed during the Great Depression of the 1930s.

underlie /ˌʌndərˈlaɪ/

【释】v. 位于…之下 (lie below)

【例】The secretary said the poverty and instability in Somalia that underlie the piracy problem are not being forgotten.

【释】v. 构成…的基础 (form the basis of)

【例】These rates underlie borrowing rates for households and businesses.

incorporate /ɪnˈkɔːrpəreɪt/

【释】v. 包含；体现 (include; embody)

【例】This aircraft incorporates several new safety features.

【释】v. 组成公司；合并 (form a company)

【例】We had to incorporate the company for tax reasons.

【近】assimilate, integrate

perception /pərˈsepʃn/

【释】n. 看法，洞察力 (someone’s ability to notice and understand things)

【例】She has extraordinary powers of perception for one so young.

【释】n. 感知，感觉 (an awareness of things)

【例】Drugs can alter your perception of reality.

【近】recognition, awareness, consciousness, appreciation

strain /streɪn/

【释】n. 品种，类型 (a particular breed of an animal or plant)

【例】a new strain of wheat

【近】genre

【释】n. 拉紧，拉力 (the state of being pulled tightly)

【例】The rope broke under the strain.

【释】v. 扭伤 (wrench)

【例】He strained his back during a practice session.

innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/

【释】n. 革新 (introduction of new ideas, methods, etc.)

【例】No appliance manufacturer can survive without an ongoing commitment to innovation.

【近】change, revolution

trail /treɪl/

【释】n. 痕迹 (trace, mark)

【例】a trail of blood

【释】v. 追踪 (follow)

【例】be trailed by the police

extension /ɪkˈstenʃn/

【释】n. 延长部分；延期 (a part added to enlarge or prolong)

【例】I’m going to ask for an extension on this essay.

【近】addition, adjunct, annex

remarkable /rɪˈmɑːrkəbl/

【释】adj. 卓越的 (incredible, notable)

【例】a remarkable achievement

【近】exceptional, marvelous

extensive /ɪkˈstensɪv/

【释】adj. 广泛的 ( large in amount or scale)

【例】The blast caused extensive damage, shattering the ground-floor windows.

strip /strɪp/

【释】v. 除去；脱去衣服 (remove all coverings from)

【例】They ordered us to strip and lie down on the grass.

【近】remove

【反】assemble

intervention /ˌɪntərˈvenʃn/

【释】n. 干涉；妨碍 (interference)

【例】People resented his repeated interventions in the debate.