六 结论
1987~2010年,我国ICT投资年均增速达49%, ICT资本存量24年来扩大了近30倍,增速位居世界前列。尽管从理论上看,ICT投资对经济增长具备积极的带动作用,但通过对我国数据的实证检验发现,ICT资本投入对我国经济增长的贡献并不大。2000~2010年,ICT资本深化对我国经济增长的贡献率仅为0.32%,处于欧美多数发达国家20世纪90年代初期的水平。同时,ICT对社会全要素生产率的提高效果也较为有限,年均贡献率低于0.3%。当前我国产业本身技术基础较弱、ICT产业发展时间较短、ICT需要的相应配套投资不足、ICT提高全要素生产率存在滞后期等是导致这一情况出现的主要原因。然而,通过测算ICT对被使用行业的TFP贡献,可发现ICT使用密度较高行业的TFP增长率提高较为明显,显著高于ICT使用密度较低行业,且差距不断扩大,这表明ICT的技术外溢效应是其对经济增长最重要的贡献。随着ICT在我国生产过程中的进一步普及,ICT对经济增长的滞后拉动效果将会逐步显现,其对经济增长的贡献还有很大的上升空间可期。
对我国这样技术后发的国家而言,“推广ICT”比“发展ICT产业本身”更有效,ICT对被使用行业的技术外溢和辐射效应是其最重要的功能。从美国20世纪90年代“新经济”的成功经验来看,鼓励企业加强组织架构方面的投资,提升管理水平,能够对ICT投资形成有效互补,提高ICT的利用效率,缩短投资见效的滞后期。今后,我国应该注重加强ICT的配套服务,推广成功的企业管理经验,以求在“第三次工业革命”的浪潮中,充分挖掘ICT对经济增长的拉动潜力。
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