ECONOMIC STATISTICS IN CHINA
Economic China, as an integral part of Chinese national life, began with Chinese history, but written records on economic China of a scientific character are but the product of last decade. During the last ten years or so China has indeed entered upon a new epoch in the collection and recording of economic facts, new in respect of the methods employed and of the agencies established in the collection of these facts. The methods employed are chiefly “statistical”, statistical in the sense of quantitive expression of facts,and the agencies established are both public and private in character. To mention but a few of the more noted agencies,we have, in chronological order, the Bureau of Economic Information （now Bureau of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Industry） in 1921, the Bureau of Markets of the Ministry of Finance （now Statistical Department of the National Tariff Commission） in 1921, the Social Research Department of the China Foundation （now Social Research Institute of Peiping） in 1925,the Nankai University Committee on Social and Economic Research （now Nankai Institute of Economics） in 1927, the Buearu of Social Affairs of the Municipality of Greater Shanghai in 1928, the defunct Bureau of Statistics of the Legislative Yuan in 1928, the National Institute of Research in Social Sciences of Academia Sinica in 1928, and the China Institute of Economic and Statistical Research of the Chinese Economic Society in 1932. It may be added, however, that besides these institutions,many others, especially the Department of Agricultural Economics of the College of Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Nanking and the Research Department of the Bank of China, has been established earlier; but they have not taken active part in economic research until the period under survey. The only institutions that have really collected economic facts for a relatively longer period of time include the Statistical Department of the Inspectorate-General of the China Maritime Customs,the Research Department of the South Manchuria Railway; and the Economic Investigation Department of the Chinese Eastern Railway.
The above institutions, whether public or private, are singled out because they have in their own respective manner provided economic data of a more or less scientific character and, with a few exceptions, may promise to function on a fairly permanent basis. Other bodies, especially of a public character, may be mentioned as they have furnished us with economic data, largely of the administrative order, in the performance of their public functions. In this category may be included （1） central governmental agencies such as the various ministries of industry, finance,communication, railway, and interior and the Directorate of Statistics of the National Government, （2） provincial agencies such as the defunct Kwangtung Department of Peasantry and Labor and the various provincial reconstruction or industry bureaus, and （3） municipal agencies such as the Statistical Department of Canton Municipality and the bureaus of social affairs of the various municipalities such as Shanghai, Tientsin,Hankow, Tsingtao, Peiping etc.
Pending a more detailed survey of social and economic research in China the need for which has been long felt but has until today remained uncared for, it is perhaps justified to give a brief analysis of the above mentioned economic research agencies in respect of the various fields of research covered.
In respect of population, much data have been collected by the Ministry of Interior, despite the absence of a modern census for the country at large. The defunct Bureau of Statistics of the Legislative Yuan has taken some pains in analyzing these data, and has in their official organ Statistical Monthly published several original articles on population. The authority on the field, however, is Mr. Chang-hen Chen, who has devoted many years of research to the subject of Chinese population.Besides, estimates on Chinese population have been published from time to time by the Statistical Department of the Inspectorate-General of the China Maritime Customs, but they are usually as approximate and probably as unreliable as those released by the Chinese Post Office, except in respect of foreign population in China. Another source, dealing with Chinese population abroad, is the census of various foreign governments.
In respect of agriculture, credit must be given to the original study on agricultural economics, especially land utilization and farm management, under the direction of Professor J. L. Buck of the University of Nanking. Mr. C. C. Chang of the defunct Bureau of Statistics of the Legislative Yuan has, however, made a successful field survey, by means of correspondence, of the farm tenancy and crop production in China.Annual crop estimate is still unknown in China until the recent attempt by Mr. C. C. Chang on behalf of the Central Agricultural Experimental Institute, excepting however the estimate on raw cotton by the Chinese Cotton Millowners' Association since 1918.
In respect of manufacturing and mining, the former Bureau of Economic Information, the Nankai Institute of Economics, the Geological Survey of China, and recently the China Economic and Statistical Research Institute have jointly helped to supply necessary facts for approximate generalization. The data furnished by the Bureau of Economic Information under the direction of D. K. Lieu cover a rather extensive field, but on the whole they give but a rough picture. Nankai studies under the direction of the present writer are more intensive in character, but with the exception of cotton spinning and weaving, other industries, including carpet weaving, rayon and cotton weaving, hosiery knitting, grain milling and shoe making, relate chiefly to the industrial city of Tientsin. A treatise on the large scale industries in China, however, is being compiled by the present writer. The China Economic and Statistical Research Institute under D. K. Lieu is tackling the large scale industries in China after the Nankai pattern, although here the extensive survey of the field for Shanghai has been covered by a previous attempt by the Shanghai Bureau of Social Affairs. All these studies relate to urban industries,whether factory or handicraft, but after all, in an agricultural country like China, rural industries are of much greater importance, judged whether by the number of workers employed or by the value of industrial output.Nankai's attempt to shift its emphasis of study from urban to rural industries under the direction of the present writer is thus a hopeful sign,and until the moment of writing, the field investigation on the handloom weaving industry in Kaoyang, the leading rural industry in North China,has been completed. It is interesting to note that the National Defense Council is contemplating a similar survey for the rural industries in South China.
The Geological Survey of China under Dr. W. H. Wong, one of the outstanding research institutes in China, is providing us with reliable facts on the mining industry, and has released from time to time statistics on mining output, the latest being those for 1932.
In respect of labor, most work of a statistical character has been done by the Shanghai Bureau of Social Affairs, under the direction of Mr.T.Y.Tsha.Although the studies already published relate to the municipality of Shanghai alone, yet a good beginning has been made in the compilation of data on labor disputes, wages and hours of labor, and cost of living. In respect of labor disputes the Social Research Institute of Peiping has followed the lead taken by the Shanghai Bureau in a small pamphlet on the subject for Hopei and Tientsin. The first subject on labor to be taken more seriously is, however, standard and cost of living,for which L. K. Tao of the Social Research Institute of Peiping led in the study of family budgets of Peiping ricksha coolies in 1927, and was followed by Nankai Institute of Economics under the direction of Franklin L. Ho for the handicraftsmen in Tientsin in 1928, by T. Sheng of the National Tariff Commission on Shanghai cotton mill labor in 1928, by T. Y. Tsha of the Shanghai Bureau of Social Affairs for Shanghai factory labor in 1930. These four studies, each of which involves a family budgetary inquiry, are now used for the compilation of four cost of living indices, — one for Tientsin, one for Peiping, and two for Shanghai. Two other budgetary studies, the one by Dittmer in 1918 and the other by Gamble in 1927, relate to Peiping workers, and are not designed to serve as basis for index compilation.
In other aspects of labor, data are less satisfactory. The Ministry of Industry has provided us with a rough survey of industrial labor for nine provinces. Trade union statistics have been compiled by the Ministry for China, by the Kwangtung Department of Peasantry and Labor for Canton, and by the Bureau of Social Affairs for Shanghai and Tientsin.Buck on farm labor, Torgasheff on mining labor, Tao on handicraft labor,Chen on factory act, fill up some of the gaps which are still open for future research workers in labor.
In respect of trade, the outstanding feature is the wealth of materials provided by the Statistical Department of the Inspectorate-General of the China Maritime Customs in the annual reports and returns since 1867. Much analysis has recently been made of this source. The National Institute of Research in Social Sciences of Academia Sinica has, under Professor C. Yang, made a time-consuming classification of the imports and exports from 1867-1928, which the Social Research Institute of Peiping has continued, with minor revisions. The Research Department of the Bank of China has compiled a handy volume on China's trade statistics since 1912 with graphic illustrations; so has the Sino-Japanese Trade Research Institute another one on Sino-Japanese trade for the same period.The Ministry of Industry has likewise compiled statistics since 1912 for some staple exports such as silk and bean products, while elsewhere other commodities have been treated in similar manner. Still another method of analyzing the foreign trade data is the compilation of indices, for which Nankai under Dr. Franklin L. Ho has contributed the first index of the quantities and prices of imports and exports and of the barter terms of trade in China from 1867 to date — first probably for the Orient — according to the precedent set by Professor Taussig; while the Ministry of Industry has compiled another but simpler one on the value of imports and exports.The question of international balance of payments, which as early as 1905 was tackled by H.B.Morse, is taken up again by C.F.Remer in his “Foreign Investments of China” — an investigation undertaken on behalf of the Institute of Pacific Relations. Despite the wealth of materials in China's foreign trade, the most lamentable feature is, however, the almost total absence of data on the vastly more important subject of China's domestic trade. The recent attempt of Mr.C.Sun of the National Defense Council in the analysis of the still unexplored materials on the movement of commodities furnished by some of the railways, especially Lunghai and Tientsin-Pukow, is a hopeful beginning, and it is expected that before long similar attention will be given the wealth of materials stored in the archives of the defunct Native Customs.
In respect of transport, resort must be made to the Ministry of Communications for telegraph, post and shipping statistics, to the Ministry of Railways for railway statistics, to the Customs for shipping statistics,and to the National Good Roads Association and provincial bureaus of public roads for highway statistics. Some railways also release statistics about their operations, especially the South Manchuria Railway, the Chinese Eastern Railway, etc. Indeed, the largest research organization in China is the Research Department of South Manchuria Railway, which has made the most thorough investigation on Manchuria and Mongolia,and in fact, on Chinese economy at large.
In private finance the most interesting information has been embodied in a recent volume by the Research Department of the Bank of China dealing with the financial statements of the principal Chinese banks during the last twelve years from 1921 to 1932. Side by side with this is the annual volume of the China Stock and Share Yearbook by Mr. C. R.Maguire. Recently, under the auspice of the Institute of Pacific Affairs,Chinese and foreign economists, notably D. K. Lieu and C. F. Remer,have made a thorough study on the subject of foreign investments in China. The compilation of indices on the foreign exchange rates for Shanghai and Tientsin by the Nankai Institute of Economics, for Shanghai by the Shanghai Social Affairs Bureau, and for Canton by the Statistical Department of the Canton Municipality, is another interesting feature.Because of the growing interest in the cooperative movement, data on credit cooperation are forthcoming from the China International Famine Relief Commission, the Kiangsu Provincial Farmers' Bank, the Hangchow Branch of the China Agricultural and Industrial Bank, and the China Cooperators' Union, etc.
In public finance original data are supplied by the Ministry of Finance and its various subordinate bureaus,such as the Maritime Customs, Consolidated Excise Tax Bureau, Salt Gabelle,Tobacco and Wine Tax Bureau, etc. as well as the provincial bureaus of finance, of which Chekiang has done relatively good work in recent years, especially on land tax. In public debts, especially domestic, a good deal of work was done by the defunct Financial Reorganization Committee in 1925, but lately the National Commercial Bank is having its research department almost wholly devoted to a rather intensive study. A notable beginning,however, has been made by the Social Research Institute of Peiping in the analysis of financial data for the defunct Manchu dynasty, on the basis of official documents to be found in the Palace Museum in Peiping.
In price and price indices a great deal of work has been done by various institutions, notably the National Tariff Commission and the Nankai Institute of Economics. The former, under the persistent efforts of Mr. T. Sheng, has kept up the compilation of the first monthly wholesale price index in China, while the latter, under the direction of Dr. Ho, has published the first weekly index of wholesale commodity prices in China since 1928, and has taken a leading part in improving the construction of price indices during the last few years. In fact, it is not too much to say that interest in economic research in China begins more or less with prices and the compilation of price indices. The field covered includes,first of all, wholesale and retail prices, but gradually it is extended to cost of living, foreign exchange rates, wages, stocks and bonds, foreign trade, etc.
The above general review on the statistical materials on economic China serves primarily as an explanation of the nature and types of economic statistics which have been abstracted during the last five years from 1929 to 1933 for the Nankai Weekly Statistical Service, under my editorship but with the cooperation from time to time of my colleagues,especially Dr. W.P.Yuen. The Weekly, which was started in 1928, added the new feature of abstracting economic statistics since April 15 of 1929.Up to February 9 of 1931 the abstracting is given in both Chinese and English, but since that date it has been deemed adivsable not to include the Chinese version, as the Chinese version, while requiring the tedious work of translating, has not been made use of by Chinese readers who have direct access to the original materials first published in the Chinese language. At this juncture when the fifth year of abstracting has been completed, and when the Weekly will beginning 1934 be changed into a Monthly under the new title Economic China, it has appeared to me that a rough summary like the present, to be followed below by an analytical table of content of the articles abstracted. may be useful for the purpose of reference. In the summary it is possible to have omitted reference to certain existing materials from which no abstract has been made for the Weekly, but as far as possible, much of the important statistical data on economic China have been covered. On the other hand,it is also possible that a small part of the data abstracted in the Weekly has not been referred to in the present summary.
Contents for the Nankai Weekly Statistical Service
Ⅰ. General
1. Geographic Regions of China（Ⅴ:9）
2. Temperature in China, 1916-1925（Ⅴ:23）
3. National Wealth of China and Other Principal Foreign Countries, 1928（Ⅱ:8）
4. Indices of China's International Economic Relations, 1898-1929（Ⅴ:2）
5. Growth of China's Industrialization,1912-1929（Ⅳ:44）
6. Provincial Distribution of China's Industrialization,1929（Ⅳ:33）
7. Statistics on Various Calamities in China, 1929-1930（Ⅵ:7）
8. Physical Facts of the Yangtze River Flood of 1931（Ⅴ:38）
9. Farm Losses in the 1931 Flood Area in the Yangtze and Hwai River Valleys,China（Ⅴ:28）
10. Engineering and Relief Works of the National Flood Relief Commission,1931-1932（Ⅵ:18）
11. War Losses in Shanghai and Manchuria,1931-1932（Ⅴ:19）
Ⅱ. Population
1. Land and Population in China（Ⅳ:11）
2. Chinese Population Since 1741（Ⅲ:3）
3. Chinese Population,1904-1929（Ⅳ:5）
4. Census of China,1912（Ⅴ:1）
5. Census of China,1928（Ⅵ:10）
6. Population Growth in China and Princinal Foreign Countries,1913-1927（Ⅱ:19）
7. Population and Land Utilization in Manchuria, 1929（Ⅳ:43）
8. Population in Shansi,1923（Ⅳ:28）
9. Population in Kiangsu,1923（Ⅵ:16）
10. Population in Shanghai,1930（Ⅴ:41）
11. Population in Shanghai,1930-1932（Ⅵ:52）
12. Census of Occupations in Kiangsu,Shansi,Kwantung Territory,Nanking,Tsingtao and Canton（Ⅳ:2）
13. Census of Occupations in Canton,1928（Ⅲ:31）
14. Rural Population in Anhwci, Honan, Kiangsu and Shansi,1924-1925（Ⅲ:11）
15. Chinese Immigrants into Manchuria, 1923-1928（Ⅱ:34）
16. Chinese Residents in the United States, 1930（Ⅳ:50）
17. Chinese Residents in Hawaii, 1853-1930（Ⅳ:49）
18. Foreigners and Foreign Firms in China, 1912-1929（Ⅳ:6）
19. Japanese Population in Manchuria, 1907-1928（Ⅱ:36）
20. Size of the Urban and Rural Families in China, 1929（Ⅱ:2）
21. Birth-rate and Death-rate in Chinese Cities,1929（Ⅲ:28）
Ⅲ. Agriculture
1. Farm Households, Cultivated Land and Crop Harvest in China,1930（Ⅴ:34）
2. Cultivated Area and Crop Harvest in Kiangsu, Chekiang, Shansi, Hopei and Manchuria,1930（Ⅳ:18）
3. Cultivated Area and Crop Harvest in Honan, Hupeh, Jehol and Chahar, 1930（Ⅳ:47）
4. Cultivable Area in Manchuria,1914-1927（Ⅱ:30）
5. Annual Production and Consumption of Food in China, 1929（Ⅵ:37）
6. Crop Production in China,1928-1929（Ⅲ:41）
7. Crop Production in Manchuria, 1914-1927（Ⅱ:32）
8. Crop Area and Harvest in North Manchuria,1928（Ⅳ:34）
9. Agricultural Products and Livestock in Manchuria,1930（Ⅴ:35）
10. Estimate of Cotton Production in China, 1932（Ⅵ:1）
11. Farm Ownership and Tenancy in China, 1919（Ⅲ:19）
12. Farm Ownership and Tenancy in China,1930（Ⅲ:40）
13. The Year's Business per Farm in China, 1921-1925（Ⅴ:6）
14. Farms in Hopei,1932（Ⅵ:24）
Ⅳ. Manufacturing and Mining
1. Industrialization in Shanghai,1931（Ⅵ:41）
2. Shanghai Industries,1928（Ⅲ:29）
3. Wusih Industries,1929（Ⅲ:50）
4. Home Industries in Hopei, 1928（Ⅵ:22）
5. Tientsin Industries, 1928（Ⅲ:17）
6. Tientsin Textile Industries,1928（Ⅲ:42）
7. Hangchow Industries,1928（Ⅲ:23）
8. Cotton Mills in China,1927（Ⅱ:4）
9. Cotton Mills in China, 1930（Ⅳ:8）
10. Cotton Mills in China, 1931-1933（Ⅵ:50）
11. Cotton Mills in China for the First Half of 1933（Ⅵ:49）
12. Cotton Power Loom Weaving in China, 1928（Ⅲ:27）
13. Cotton Industry in Tientsin,1928（Ⅱ:28）
14. Financial Statements of Cotton Mills in Tientsin,1919-1929（Ⅴ:33）
15. Silk Filatures in Kwangtung, 1929（Ⅲ:33）
16. Silk Filatures in Shanghai,1929-1932（Ⅵ:47）
17. Carpet Industry in Tientsin,1929（Ⅱ:29）
18. Native Paper Mills in Chekiang, 1929（Ⅵ:11）
19. Electric Light and Power Plants in China, 1929（Ⅳ:13）
20. Electric Power Plants in China,1929（Ⅵ:46）
21. Mineral Production in China,1927（Ⅲ:39）
22. Mineral Production in China,1930（Ⅵ:20）
23. Coal Resources in China,1933（Ⅵ:31）
24. Coal Resources, Production and Consumption in China,1930（Ⅵ:26）
25. Iron and Steel Industry in China,1900-1931（Ⅵ:45）
26. Salt Production and Consumption in the Far East,1925-1927（Ⅱ:12）
27. Salt Production and Consumption in China,1929（Ⅲ:45）
28. Cement Production and Trade in China and Other Countries, 1927（Ⅱ:13）
Ⅴ. Labor
A. General
1. Studies on Chinese Labor（Ⅴ:Supplement No.1）
2. Seasonal Fluctuation of Farm Labor in China,1922-1924（Ⅵ:36）
3. Industrial Labor in China,1930（Ⅳ:7）
4. Mining Labor in China,1930（Ⅲ:44）
5. Government Employees in China,1929（Ⅳ:17）
6. Factory Labor in Shanghai,1929（Ⅵ:39）
7. Factory Labor in Tientsin,1928（Ⅱ:26）
8. Unemployment in Shanghai,1928-1929（Ⅳ:4）
9. Unemployment in Peiping,1928-1929（Ⅳ:3）
10. Wages, Hours and Family Budget of the Chinese Laborers,1930（Ⅳ:38）
11. Wages and Hours of Labor in Shanghai Industries,1929（Ⅳ:25）
12. Laborers and Wages in Chinese Government pailways,1930（Ⅴ:43）
B. Labor Problems
13. Standard of Living of Working Class in China（Ⅲ:10）
14. Standard of Living of Shanghai Labor,1929（Ⅲ:36）
15. Standard of Living of the Handicraftsmen in Tientsin, 1927-1928（Ⅴ:48）
16. Standard of Living of 283 Families in Peiping,1927（Ⅵ:48）
17. Standard of Living of Farmers' Families in Northern and Central Eastern China,1922-1925（Ⅲ:34）
18. Standard of Living of Chinese Farm Labor in Manchuria（Ⅲ:46）
19. Standard of Living of Farmers and Landowners in Hopei,1929（Ⅲ:47）
20. Standard of Living of 106 Farm Households in Shanghai,1930（Ⅳ:4）
C. Labor Movement
21. Child and Woman Labor in China,1930（Ⅳ:9）
22. Industrial Accidents in China,1928（Ⅴ:51）
23. Trade Unions in China,1928（Ⅲ:48）
24. Trade Unions in China,1930（Ⅳ:10）
25. Trade Unions in China,1932（Ⅵ:29）
26. Trade Unions in Kwangtung,1929（Ⅲ:20）
27. Trade Unions in Canton,1927（Ⅲ:15）
28. Trade Unions in Tientsin,1929（Ⅲ:18）
29. Labor Disputes and Strikes in China,1932（Ⅵ:44）
30. Labor Disputes in Shanghai,1928（Ⅲ:9）
31. Labor Disputes in Shanghai,1929-1930（Ⅵ:3）
32. Labor Disputes in Hopei,Peiping and Tientsin,1927-1929（Ⅲ:12）
33. Labor Strikes in Shanghai,1928（Ⅱ:16）
34. Strikes and Lockouts in Shanghai,1929（Ⅳ:1）
35. Strikes and Lockouts in Shanghai,1930（Ⅳ:46）
36. Labor Strikes in Shanghai Cotton Mills,1918-1929（Ⅴ:32）
Ⅵ. Trade
A. General
1. A New Classification of China's Import and Export Statistics,1868-1928（Ⅳ:24）
2. The Ministry's Indices of Foreign Trade of China,1912-1927（Ⅱ:15）
3. Nankai Indices of Foreign Trade of China,1868-1927（Ⅲ:6）
4. Nankai Indices of Barter Terms of Trade of China,1868-1927（Ⅲ:7）
5. China's Foreign Trade,1923（Ⅱ:24）
6. China's Foreign Trade in Merchandise,1919-1928（Ⅱ：10）
7. China's Principal Exports and Imports,1928-1932（Ⅵ:25）
8. Sino-Japanese Trade During 1864-1931（Ⅵ:34）
9. Export of Staple Commodities from Japan to Manchuria,1929-1931（Ⅵ:14）
10. Sino-Liukiu Trade,1821-1875（Ⅵ:2）
11. China's Balance of International Payments,1864-1926（Ⅲ:38）
12. China's Balance of International Payments,1928-1930（Ⅵ:33）
B. Direction and Port Distribution
13. Direction of China's Exports,1912-1929（Ⅳ:45）
14. China's Exports to the United States,1790-1815（Ⅴ:8）
15. Trade and Shipping of America with China,1784-1843（Ⅴ:20）
16. Port Distribution of China's Foreign Trade,1913-1929（Ⅳ:12）
17. Position of Important Ports in China's Foreign Trade,1913-1928（Ⅱ:11）
18. Foreign Trade of North China Ports,1868-1929（Ⅳ:30）
19. Foreign Trade of Manchurian Ports,1868-1929（Ⅳ:35）
20. Manchuria's International and Interport Trade,1922-1931（Ⅵ:12）
C. Commodities
21. Demand and Supply of Cotton in China,1919-1929（Ⅲ:49）
22. China's Foreign Trade in Raw Cotton,1867-1930（Ⅵ:17）
23. China's Cotton Import and Export,1912-1929（Ⅳ:16）
24. Import Export and Consumption of Cotton in Tientsin,1919-1929（Ⅳ:20）
25. Import of Raw Cotton into Tientsin from the Interior,1921-1929 （Ⅲ:37）
26. China's Import of Cotton Manufactures,1867-1929（Ⅴ:3）
27. China's Import of Cotton Piece Goods,1867-1929（Ⅳ:14）
28. China's Import of Cotton Piece Goods,1913-1929（Ⅳ:22）
29. China's Export of Silk,Silk Materials and Products,1912-1928（Ⅲ:51）
30. China's Export of Sheep and Sheep Products,1867-1930（Ⅴ:13）
31. China's Import of Woolen Goods,1868-1930（Ⅴ:14）
32. Grain and Flour Trade in Tientsin,1931-1933（Ⅵ:42）
33. China's Export of Beans and Bean Products,1927（Ⅱ:17）
34. China's Tea Export,1879-1928（Ⅲ:43）
35. China's Tea Export,1881-1929（Ⅳ:40）
36. China's Opium Import,1870-1927（Ⅱ:20）
37. China's Export of Wood Oil,1912-1929（Ⅳ:23）
38. Production,Consumption,Trade and Resources of Lumber in Manchuria,1929（Ⅴ:42）
Ⅶ. Transport
1. Motor Roads in China,1926-1929（Ⅴ:36）
2. Motor Roads in China,1930（Ⅲ:24）
3. Motor Roads in Chekiang,1924-1929（Ⅴ:26）
4. China's Railways,1915-1929（Ⅳ:48）
5. China's Railways in 1912 and 1930（Ⅵ:35）
6. Railways in China and Foreign Countries,1927（Ⅱ:6）
7. Financial Statement of South Manchuria Railway Company,1932（Ⅵ:38）
8. China's Shipping,1870-1927（Ⅱ:21）
9. China's Shipping,1882-1930（Ⅵ:43）
10. Steamers and Sailing Vessels in China's Shipping,1861-1927（Ⅱ:23）
11. Number and Tonnage of Registered Vessels by Kinds in China,1931（V:30）
12. Vessels Cleared and Entered and Values of Imports and Exports,Tientsin,1924-1929（V:31）
13. Depth of Water in Shanghai Harbour,1931（V:52）
14. Postal Service in China,1912-1929（Ⅳ:29）
15. Progress of Chinese Post Office,1912-1932（Ⅵ:40）
16. Postal Statistics in China,1927（Ⅱ:33）
17. Postal Statistics in China,1930-1931（Ⅵ:21）
18. China's International Postal Service,1929（Ⅳ:32）
19. Postal Savings Banks in China,1931（Ⅴ:24）
20. Telegraph in China,1928（Ⅳ:26）
21. Telegraph in China,1930-1931（Ⅵ:9）
22. International Telegrams in China,1928-1929（Ⅳ:31）
23. Domestic Telegrams in China,1929（V:45）
Ⅷ. Private Finance
1. China's Net Import and Export of Silver,1890-1928（Ⅲ:14）
2. A Century of Commodity-prices,Prices and Purchasing Power of Gold and Silver（Ⅴ:15）
3. The Substitution of Dollar for Tael and Our Weekly,1933（Ⅵ:17）
4. Progress of Twenty Principal Chinese Banks Since 1921（Ⅳ:41）
5. The Central Bank of China,1928-1930（Ⅳ:39）
6. Balance Sheets of Pricipal Chinese Banks,1921-1931（Ⅵ:27）
7. Balance Sheets of Semi-governmental Banks in China,1921-1930（Ⅳ:36）
8. Silver Reserves of Modern and Native Banks in Shanghai,1917-1931（Ⅴ:76）
9. Note Issue and Reserve of Chinese Banks in Shanghai,July,1930-Dec.,1931（Ⅴ:7）
10. Nankai's Corrected Indices of Foreign Exchange Rates for Shanghai and Tientsin During the First Nine Months,1929（Ⅱ:25）
11. Revision of the Nankai Indices of Foreign Exchange Rates in Tientsin and Shanghai,1898-1932（Ⅵ:19）
12. Indices of Foreign Exchange Rates for Canton,1929-1930（Ⅲ:35）
13. Revised Indices of Foreign Exchange Rates for Canton,1925-1931（Ⅳ:21）
14. Foreign Investments in China,1930（Ⅴ:4）
15. Foreign Investments in China,1902,1914,1931（Ⅵ:32）
16. Japanese Business Investments in China,1929（Ⅲ:5）
17. Japanese Investments in China,1929（Ⅵ:5）
18. Registered Companies in China,1929-1932（Ⅵ:30）
19. Capital Stock and Dividend of the East India Company,1599-1760（Ⅴ:25）
20. Shanghai Stock Exchange Turnover,1932（Ⅵ:8）
21. Life Tables for a Southern Chinese family,1365-1849（Ⅴ:17）
22. Cooperative Societies in China,1931（Ⅵ:51）
23. Credit Cooperatives in Hopei,1923-1930（Ⅳ:42）
24. Credit Cooperatives in Hopei,1931（Ⅴ:49）
Ⅸ. Public Finance
1. National Budget of China,1931-1932（Ⅴ:27）
2. Revenue and Expenditure of the National Government,1931 and 1932（Ⅵ:15）
3. Expenditures of the National Government,1927-1928（Ⅱ:7）
4. Monthly Revenue and Expenditure of 12 Provinces in China,June,1932（Ⅵ:23）
5. Revenue and Expenditure of the Taung-Li Yamen,1863-1898（Ⅵ:6）
6. Per Capita Burden of Taxation and Public Debts in China,1928（Ⅱ:3）
7. Tax Burden of the Residents in the Foreign Settlement in Shanghai,1870-1925（Ⅳ:37）
8. National and Local Taxes to Peiping（Ⅴ:47）
9. Land Tax in Chekiang,1929（Ⅴ:40）
10. Chinese Maritime Customs Revenue,1921-1930（Ⅴ:37）
11. Measurage Dues and “Presents”,1739（Ⅴ:18）
12. The Likin:Its Origin and Development in the Early Days,1853-1888（Ⅴ:50）
13. Military Levies in North China,1929-1930（Ⅵ:13）
14. Fees Paid for the Imperial Academy Scholar Title,1821-1850（Ⅴ:12）
15. Foreign Loans of the Central Goverment of China,1932（Ⅴ:11）
16. Domestic Loans of the Central Government of China,1932（Ⅴ:10）
17. Domestic Debts of China,1912-1932（Ⅵ:28）
18. Provincial Debts in China,1928（Ⅴ:46）
Ⅹ. Prices and Price Indices
A. Wholesale Prices
1. Revised Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices in Shanghai,1921-1931（Ⅴ:5）
2. Revision of the Weekly Index Numbers of Commodity-prices at Wholesale in North China,1913-1930（Ⅲ:22）
3. Index Numbers of Commodity-prices at Wholesale in Hankow and Tsingtao,1930（Ⅲ:30）
4. Monthly Index Numbers of Commodity-prices at Wholesale in Darien,1913-1930（Ⅲ:32）
5. Price Index Numbers of Food Staples in Tientsin,1913-1929（Ⅲ:4）
6. Prices of Native Cotton Yarn in Shanghai and Tientsin,1913-1930（Ⅳ:15）
B. Retail Prices
7. Index-number of Commodity-prices at Retail in Canton,1929-1930（Ⅲ:21）
8. Index Numbers of Retail Prices for Canton（1926-1931） and Nanking（1924-1930）（Ⅳ:19）
9. Retail Price Index Numbers for Chinese People in Dairen,1929-1930（Ⅲ:25）
10. Indices of Commodity-prices at Retail in Thirty-one Hsien in Hopei,1929（Ⅲ:13）
11. Retail Price Indices of Agricultural Producis and Daily Necessitics in Hsu Hsien,Anhwei,1924-1929（Ⅳ:27）
12. Price and Price Index of Wheat in Shanghai,1898-1928（Ⅲ:1）
13. Price Index of Rice in Shanghai,1872-1928（Ⅱ:38）
C. Wages and Cost of Living
14. Index Numbers of Wages in Kwangtung,1912-1927（Ⅲ:16）
15. Index Number of Wages in Canton,1912-1927（Ⅱ:37）
16. Wages of Handicraft Workers in Peiping,1862-1927（Ⅲ:8）
17. Wages Indices in a Tientsin Flour Mill,1926-1929（V:39）
18. Cost of Living Index of Cotton Mill Workers in Shanghai,1926-1930（Ⅲ:52）
19. Cost of Living Index Numbers of Laborers in Shanghai,1926-1931（V:44）
20. Workers' Cost of Living Index Numbers in Tientsin,1926-1930（Ⅲ:26）
21. Revised Cost of Living Index Numbers of the Working Classes in Tientsin,1926-1932（Ⅴ:29）
22. Index Number of the Cost of Living of Workers in Peiping,1925-1929（Ⅱ:1）
Ⅺ. Miscellaneous
1. An Analysis of 2,330 Case Work Records,1912-1927（Ⅴ:22）
2. Higher Education in China,（Ⅴ:21）
STATISTICAL APPENDICES
Production
Price Indices
§The index is equivalent to the inverse ratio of the investment return, with the investment return of one percent per month as the base. Investment return includes both official interest and discount allowed on the face value of the bond. For details see Bankers′ Weekly, pp. 27- 29, Nov.15,1932.
§§ With End of July. 1931 as the base of 100.
Transport
* Jan.to June.
+ July to June.
1. Estimated by the Chinese Cotton Millowners' Association from 1918 to 1930,but by the Chinese Cotton Statistical Association since 1931.
2. Estimated by the Gcological Survey of China up to 1931, by T.F.Hou of the Survey for 1932 in an article for Feb. 9, 1934 issue of Ta Kung Pao, but since 1933 by the Dircctorate of Statistics, Directorate-General of Budgets, Accounts and Statistics on the basis of original shipments of coal from railway stations situated near coal mining districts. The considerable reduction of coal output since 1933 may be accounted for chiefly by （1） loss of the four northeastern provinces of Liaoning,Kirin, Heilungkiang and Jehol which in 1932 accounted for 8,300,000 tons of a total coal output of 25,985,000 tons for China, and by （2） omission in the Directorate's estimate of 11 provinces of Szechuen, Shensi, Kwangtung, Yunnan.Kweichow, Kiangsu, Ninghsia, Kwangsi, Fukien, Kansu and Sinkiang which in 1932 contributed altogether 1,349,860 tons, due largely to the absence of railway facilities there.
3. Estimated by the Geological Survey of China up to 1931, but by T. F. Hou of the Survey for 1932.
4. Including the four cities of Shanghai, Tsingtao, Hankow and Tientsin from 1929 to 1930, but Nanking has been added since 1931, and Canton since 1933. Statistics are from the Statistical Monthly published by the Directorate of Statistics since January of 1932.
5. Compiled monthly by the National Tariff Commission in Shanghai.
6. Compiled weekly by the Nankai Institute of Economics in Tientsin.
7. Compiled daily by the Sin-hua Trust and Savings Bank in Shanghai.
8. Compiled daily by Swan, Culbertson and Fritz & Co. in Shanghai and published in the North China Daily News.
9. Figures from 1915 to 1929 are taken from,Statistics of Chinese National Railways 1915-1929 published by the Burcau of Railway Statistics of the Ministry of Railways in 1931, and those from 1930 to date from the Statistical Monthly. Of the 19 lines included in the former, namely: Peiping-Hankow, Peiping-Mukden,Tientsin-Pukow,Nanking-Shanghai, Shanghai-Hangchow-Ningpo, Peiping-Suiyuan, Chengting-Taiyuan, Taokow-Chinghua, Kaifeng-Honan, Lunghai, Kirin-Changchun, Canton-Kowloon, Hupch-Hunan, Ssu-Tao, Kiao-Tsi, Nanchang-Kiukiang, Chuchow-Pinghsiang, Canton-Samshui, and Chang-chow-Amoy, 5 lines,namely, Kaifeng-Honan, Kirin-Changchun, Ssu-Tao, Chuchow-Pinghsiang and Changchow-Amoy, are not included in the latter.
10. Based on the Annual Report of the Chinese Post Office.
11. Based on the Annual Returns of Trade of the China Maritime Customs.
12. Compiled from the Annual Returns of Trade of China Maritime Customs up to 1932, but since 1933 from the Monthly Returns of Trade. The figures up to 1931 were given in Haikwan taels, but in dollars since March of 1933 except for foreign imports of merchandise and export and import of gold which since January of 1932 have been quoted in gold units. For convenience of comparison we have reduced various units into dollars for the period covered according to the following procedure: Haikwan tael is first converted into Shanghai tael at the ratio of 1 to 1.114, and then into dollar according to the current dollar rate in Shanghai; while gold unit is converted into haikwan tael according to the rate given in the Custom's Trade Returns, and then into dollars.
13. Based on figures published by the North China Daily News.
14. Compiled from the Economic Statistics, a monthly supplement to the Bankers' Weekly.
15. Including notes issued by the six Shanghai banks — Central Bank of China, Bank of China, Bank of Communications, Shanghai Branch of the Joint Treasury of the Four Banks （Yien Yieh Commercial Bank, Continental Bank, Kincheng Banking Corporation and China and South Sea Bank）, National Industrial Bank of China, and National Commercial Bank, with the exception of the customs gold unit notes issued by the Central Bank of China. See Bankers' Weekly or Bank of China Monthly Review.
16. From An analysis of the accounts of the principal Chinese banks,1921-1931 and An analysis of the accounts of the principal Chinese banks, 1932, both of which are published by the Research Department of the Bank of China, Shanghai. The Analysis includes data for the Central Bank of China, the Joint Treasury of the Four Banks and the 27 banks which are also members of the Shanghai Bankers' Association.
17. Based on figures published in the Native Bankers' Monthly.
18. Published in the Bank of China Monthly Review whose figures are based on the report of the Joint Reserve Board of the Shanghai Bankers' Association.
19. Based on figures published in Economic Statistics, a supplement to the Bankers' Weekly, or Ta Kung Pao, a daily in Tientsin.
20. Based on figures supplied to the Institute by the Bank of China.
21. Compiled by the Institute.