英汉翻译教程:理论与实践(北大版)
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1.21 翻译的变体

由于工作部门、个人专业和读者对象的特点,翻译并不都是逐字逐句进行的,还有多种不同的变体,例如:编译、译述、译介、节译、摘译等。这些译文形式与专业意义的翻译有较大的差别,具体表现在原文与译文之间的等值程度、信息量、结构形式、语用风格、语体特征等方面,因而在词量和句量的增减、词序的前后颠倒变通,句子成分的拆合重组,信息量的详略附益,以及文字效果方面都有所不同。

翻译变体不同于因为业务素养或者责任心差而产生的低质量译文。由于政治、文化、民族或宗教等方面的原因,如果译者对原文及其作者怀有好感,在思想观点上就容易与其发生共鸣,有可能通过译述方式和译词的选用对原文进行发挥、补充、修正和评论;如果译者对原文及其作者在观点和感情上有抵触,则可能不自觉地对原作进行节略、删改或歪曲。这样的态度就可能导致不忠实于原文,对读者进行误导,其译文也不能算是翻译的变体。翻译的变体也不同于使用顺译、逆译、增译、省译、拆译或合译等常规翻译技巧的译文。下面简单介绍几种常见的翻译变体。

A.编译:媒体或信息部门为了搜集信息、组织稿件、综合新闻报导,常常责成编辑和译员及时收听外电广播或阅读国外报刊资料。在第一时间刊发的具有重要价值的译文,信息来源往往是多方面的,观点各种各样,从某种意义上说这样的译文可能属于综合性翻译稿件,或者叫做“急就章”。即便是同一文章的译文(例如2003年3月20日世界各大网站发布的美国总统布什对伊拉克宣战讲话的中文译稿)也千差万别,似乎只求基本可信度。这种情况在新闻、科技和产业部门的刊物中屡见不鲜。

B.译述:译述在两种文字转换时,方法和技巧选择比较自由,语序上可以不完全对应,信息量常有取舍,甚至还允许纳入译者的一些分析和评论,读者一般也不对照原文对译述文字进行挑剔,但是忠实于原文的翻译原则仍然必须遵循。有些不负责任的译者对于原文不求甚解,甚至错误认为:既然译述是一种授权的文字工作,因此可以借题发挥,无中生有,这样往往容易偏离职业轨道,严重者可能违背译德。请看下列译例:

◇ But other countries that survive from day to day by selling sugar, copper or whatever raw material to the great manufacturing nations are desperate.

但是别的国家都靠出口糖等一些能提高国民经济的材料来度日子。

◇ People all over the world today are beginning to hear and learn more about the problem of pollution.It is caused either by man's release of completely new and often artificial substances into the environment, or of greatly increased amounts of a natural substance such as oil from tankers into the sea.

今天世界上很多人都开始越来越多地听到,意识到防污染的问题。污染不仅有人为的因素,也有自然的因素,很多原油不断流向大海。

C.译介:顾名思义就是翻译介绍。译介可能是推销产品或者向读者介绍可提供的服务,吸引人们参与某一项活动,因此在信息的含量及其转换方式方面获得节译或扩译的授权。译介能否被接受主要取决于信息的可信度和扩译的合理性。为帮助读者或观众理解信息而增加一些内容是可以行的,但是为追求利润而编造虚假信息则不可取。请看下面的译例:

香江画舫缤纷夜(旅游中文广告)

香江,这东方之珠的魅力,每在黄昏以后,特别散发得淋漓尽致!日落港湾畅游,海上画舫晚宴及半山醉人夜景,试问您又焉能错过?

Splendid Aberdeen Night Cruise Duration: Approx.5 hours(Nightly)

Experience this sophisticated city and magnificent night-lights by joining this night tour.The charming evening not only calms the mind, but also pleases the eyes and satiates the palate.What's more, a drive up the mid-level of the Peak after dinner for a superb night view surely gives a final touch to your unforgettable evening!

何以解忧,唯有杜康(杜康酒中文广告)

It is believed that Du Kang was the first wine maker in China.A poet wrote in his poem later“What can mitigate sorrow? Nothing in the world but the liquor of Du Kang.”Hence the liquor became known to the general public and its fame remians till this day.Why not have a taste and prove for yourself its timeless quality?

◇ Opearl has a particularly high degree of brilliance and achieves a perfect appearance and intensity thanks to the brilliant finish surface.The special surface porosity creates the effect of a natural wood grain.At the same time, Opearl is easy to clean, as the structure of the pores is specially designed for easy care.

(欧标复合地板英文广告)

欧标地板始终追求取之自然,回归于自然的真谛,非常注重保护自然,保护环境。欧标地板不仅选用优质的木材,为人们创造健康无害的舒适环境,而且还便于原料回收利用,以保护环境。欧标地板特殊设计的表面麻面结构,既突出了木材的纹理质感,又容易清洁、卫生健康,其物理性能可随空气中湿度和温度的变化而变化,从而适应环境,延长使用寿命。

◇ 《青春祭

青年电影制片厂1985年出品 导演:张暖忻 主演:李凤绪

文革期间,北京知青李纯来到祖国的大西南傣乡插队落户。那里的民族风俗习惯使她感到又新奇又陌生。她不懂傣语,不会干农活,饱尝了种种艰辛。但是善良的傣家人欢迎李纯,房东大爹对她非常关心。李纯逐渐适应了傣乡的生活习惯。她改变了自己的马尾巴发型,戴起了耳环,穿上了自己用床单做的筒裙,俨然成了一位傣家少女。每天她和村里的女孩子一起下地,曾以科学道理劝说一个生病孩子的父母取下床头驱邪的神符,并为孩子治好了病。有一次赶摆,李纯认识了邻寨的知青任佳。小伙子为人直率,两人谈得很投机,产生了相见恨晚的感情,成了好朋友。那年秋收全寨欢庆之夜,傣家人围着篝火通宵达旦唱歌跳舞,李纯和任佳也与他们共同分享丰收后的喜悦。房东大哥隐藏在内心对李纯的爱慕之情使他看不惯任佳,趁着酒性和任佳发生了口角并拳脚相向。李纯这才明白大哥对她的一片爱心,但是她又无法理解大哥这种粗暴鲁莽的表白。几天之后李纯离开了寨子,到邻近山区当了小学老师。房东老奶奶因思念李纯伤心过度不幸去世,她听到消息后悲痛地回到寨子为老人家送葬。文革结束后恢复了高考,李纯幸运地考上了大学。回到傣乡向乡亲们告别时,原来的房东大哥邀请她去他家做客,可她意料不到的是任佳几年前在一次当地泥石流爆发时离开了人世,成了无法补救的遗憾。面对着曾吞噬了许多乡亲和自己男友的一片泥海,李纯百感交集。她告别了傣乡,但是心中却始终铭记着她曾为之献出了自己青春的那片土地。

Sacrificed Youth

Li Chun, a rather prim Beijing student, is sent to a village in the far South of China, near the border with Laos.There the Dai natives are much more free and easy than Li Chun's Han upbringing has ever prepared her for.Dressed in her regulation blue boiler suit and with pinned-back hair, she is first ridiculed by the girls, who vie with each other to have the prettiest sarong.They happily dive naked into the river while Li Chun stands on the bank bewailing her lack of a swimsuit.Her ineptitude at manual work wins her no friends either, yet the family she is with stands by her.Shyly she adopts a sarong, lets her hair down and is an instant success.She becomes accepted as part of the community and gets the moral authority to banish the magic charms from a sick child's bedside.Although her medical knowledge is limited, she manages to nurse him back to health.She falls love with a fellow-exile, but soon she is moved on to another region to work as a teacher.After the Cultural Revolution is put into reverse, she returns to Beijing.There she learns that many of the villagers died in a mudslide.She returns to the site of the village, now just a sea of mud, and grieves for her lost boy friend and youth.The film is both a lament for the youth of an entire generation and a portrait of Dai culture. Their costumes, feasts, dances and songs are presented in almost ethnographic detail.The beautiful colour photograph of the exotic locale, the natural performances from the entire cast, and the warmth and humour with which it is made, result in this being one of the most enjoyable and affecting of the recent influx of Chinese films.

D.摘译:择其要而译之为“摘译”。这是根据特殊的业务需要所做的一种翻译,例如信息和出版部门为了了解或报导最新科技、贸易、金融、政治、教育、军事等方面的动态,组织常规编译班子进行这样的运作。摘译多半为各取所需,准确性和及时性最为重要,内容可以是逐字逐句的翻译,但是并不严格按照翻译标准来处理文字,原文枝节部分往往被视为冗余信息,留给专业读者自己去翻译。显然,这样的译文不同于真正意义的翻译,学习翻译专业课程的学生应该知道摘译的特点和前提,使用不当就可能进入误区。

E.节译:这种变体与摘译似乎有共同之处,但是它多半用于文章或专著的翻译,不译出的内容一是可能目标语的读者所不关心的,二是译者认为属于观点不能接受部分或出于编排方法无法操作等原因。一般来说节译接近真正意义上的翻译,细心的读者也往往把译文与原文进行对照,从专业角度对翻译质量、可信度以及翻译方法和技巧的使用加以评论。有趣的是,外国名著的最初译本不少是以节译形式在中国出现的,广为人知后才把它全文译出。

以上简单介绍的是几种翻译的变体。从本质上看译文一旦发表就是社会的知识财富,尽管原作者和译者各自享受法律所规定的相关版权,但是读者和观众十分看重的却是译文的质量,因此常常会按照专业的规则和标准来要求译者。译者的水平也许很高,但是翻译方法使用错误的译文可能被视为质量的低下。