中国公共政策评论(第11卷)
上QQ阅读APP看书,第一时间看更新

三、结语:福利国家的治理创新

中国正进入一个新的发展时期。以经济发展主义为导向的政府主导型发展模式,已经不可持续,中国经济发展模式的转型势在必行,供给侧改革的重要性日益凸显。然而,供给侧改革不可能包打天下,中国的发展也需要需求侧改革,即重建福利国家。作为社会性基础设施,福利国家是市场经济体系正常运转的制度性保障。就中国而言,社会政策的变革,对于中国经济的“稳增长”和发展模式的转型来说,并不一定都是远水。关键在于如何选择社会政策变革的路径,使之一方面能有效地帮助民众分散社会风险,另一方面又能同市场机制的运行相行不悖。

在当今中国社会经济发展模式大转型的时代,福利国家在很多人的心目中依然是一个忌讳,这一方面是出于对福利国家的误解,另一方面是忌惮于行政化、官僚化福利国家对社会经济生活所产生的负激励。但是,行政化并非福利国家的本质特征,市场机制和社群机制也可以在福利国家的建设中发挥积极作用。福利国家建设并不一定与市场化建设相悖,也不一定会有损于市场运行的效率,这一点同样适用于社会。正如市场机制本身有多样性一样,福利国家的制度结构也有多样性。实施“积极的社会政策”,建设一个发展型福利国家,使之成为市场机制运行的社会性基础设施,是中国经济发展模式转型的社会基础。

“积极社会政策”有很多形式,“发展型福利国家”也有很多发展模式。中国经济发展模式的转型能否成功,关键在于我们能否在福利国家建设上抛弃陈腐的理念,从社会发展主义的新视角,重新探索社会经济协调发展的新路径。

长期以来,中国在社会政策的变革与发展方面始终陷入一种零敲碎打的局面,缺乏一个持续有力的、一以贯之的、协调平衡的福利国家发展战略,这也是中国经济发展模式转型不利的一个重要原因(吴木銮、计巍巍,2013:38—49)。唯有清醒地认识到这一点,才能有效地推进必要的社会经济改革。简言之,如果能将增进市场、激活社会、创新政府,亦即在市场机制、社群机制和行政机制如何相得益彰上做文章,福利国家的建设才能走上健康发展之路。正是在这一点上,中国的社会政策学者任重而道远。

参考文献

安东尼·哈尔、詹姆斯·梅志里,2006,《发展型社会政策》,罗敏、范酉庆等译,顾昕审校,北京:社会科学文献出版社。

安东尼·吉登斯,2000,《第三条道路——社会民主主义的复兴》,郑戈译,北京:北京大学出版社。

冈特·施密德、杰奎琳·奥赖利、克劳斯·朔曼等,2014,《劳动力市场政策国际评估手册》,北京:中国人民大学出版社。

顾昕,2013,“社会政策变革与中国经济发展模式转型”,《国家行政学院学报》第6期,第28—34页。

顾昕,2014,“发展主义的发展:政府主导型发展模式的理论探索”,《河北学刊》第3期,第93—98页。

黄益平,2012,《告别“中国奇迹”》,北京:社会科学文献出版社。

莱斯特·M·萨拉蒙,2016,《政府工具:新治理指南》,北京:北京大学出版社。

龙太江、王邦佐,2005,“经济增长与合法性的‘政绩困局’——兼论中国政治的合法性基础”,《复旦学报(社会科学版)》第3期,第169—175页。

马丁·鲍威尔,2011,《理解福利混合经济》,北京:北京大学出版社。

木易,1995,“新加坡已跨入‘福利国家’的行列”,《国外社会科学》第11期,第23页。

尼尔·吉尔伯特,2004,《社会福利的目标定位——全球发展趋势与展望》,北京:中国劳动与社会保障出版社。

秦晖,2013,“福利的‘高低’‘正负’与中国的转型”,《二十一世纪》第139期,第4—24页。

魏丕信,2003,《18世纪中国的官僚制度与荒政》,南京:江苏人民出版社。

吴木銮、计巍巍,2013,“中国有没有可能实现发展转型?”《二十一世纪》(香港中文大学),第139期,第38—49页。

杨宏星、赵鼎新,2013,“绩效合法性与中国经济奇迹”,《学海》第3期,第16—32页。

郁建兴、何子英,2010,“走向社会政策时代:从发展主义到发展型社会政策体系建设”,《社会科学》第7期,第19—187页。

岳经纶,2010,“建构‘社会中国’:中国社会政策的发展与挑战”,《探索与争鸣》第10期,第37—42页。

岳经纶,2016,“中国社会政策的扩展与‘社会中国’的前景”,《社会政策研究》第1期,第51—62页。

岳经纶、刘璐,2016,“中国正在走向福利国家吗——国家意图、政策能力、社会压力三维分析”,《探索与争鸣》第6期,第30—36页。

郑功成,2013,“中国社会福利的现状和发展取向”,《中国人民大学学报》第2期,第2—10页。

Arts, W., Gelissen, J., 2002, “Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism or More? A State-of-the-art Report”, Journal of European Social Policy, 12(2).

Atkinson, A.B., 1995, “Is the Welfare State Necessarily an Obstacle to Economic Growth.” European Economic Review, 39(3):723-730.

Bellettini, G., Ceroni, C.B., 1999, “Is Social Security Really Bad for Growth?” Review of Economic Dynamics, 2(4):796-819.

Berkel, R.V., Graaf, W., Sirovátka, T., 2011, The Governance of Active Welfare States in Europe. Basingstoke, UK.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

Brundage, A., 2002, The English Poor Laws, 1700-1930. Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave.

Dahl, E., Drøpping J.A., Løemel I., 2001, “Norway: Relevance of the Social Development Model for Post-War Welfare Policy,” International Journal of Social Welfare, 10(4):300-308.

Dean, H., 2015, Social Rights and Human Welfare. 2nd Revised edition. London: Routledge.

Drèze, J.H., Malinvaud, E. 1994, “Growth and Employment: The Scope for a European Initiative.” European Economic Review, 38(3):489-504.

Esping-Andersen, G. 1990, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Evans, P.(ed.), 1997, State-society Synergy: Government and Social Capital in Development. Berkeley: International and Area Studies, University of California at Berkeley.

Farrant, A., McPhail, E., 2012, “Supporters Are Wrong: Hayek Did Not Favor a Welfare State”, Challenge, 55(5):94-105.

Gilbert, 2002, Transformation of the Welfare State, USA: Oxford University Press.

Gilbert N. and Gilbert, B., 1989, The Enabling State: Modern Welfare Capitalism in America. New York: Oxford University Press.

Gilbert, N., 2002, Transformation of the Welfare State: The Silent Surrender of Public Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press.

Goodman, R., White, G., 1998, “Welfare Orientalism and the Search for an East Asian Welfare Model,” in Roger Goodman, Gordon White and Huck-Ju Kwon(eds), The East Asian Welfare Model: Welfare Orientalism and the State. London: Routledge.

Gu, E., Kelly, D., 2007, “Balancing Economic and Social Development: China's New Policy Initiatives for Combating Social Injustice,” in Samir Radwan and Manuel Riesco(eds.), The Changing Role of the State. Cairo: The Economic Research Forum.

Hall, A., Midgley, J., 2005, Social Policy for Development. London: Sage Publications.

Hancké, B., 2009, Debating Varieties of Capitalism: A Reader. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Holiday, I., 2000, “Productivist Welfare Capitalism: Social Policy in East Asia”, Political Studies, 48(4):706-723.

King, D., 1995, Actively Seeking Work? The Politics of Unemployment and Welfare Policy in the United States and Great Britain. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Kuhnle, S., Hort, S.E., 2004, The Developmental Welfare State in Scandinavia: Lessons for the Developing World. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development(UNRISD).

Kemp R.L.(ed.), 1991, Privatization: The Provision of Public Services by the Private Sector. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.

Kim, M.M., 2015, Comparative Welfare Capitalism in East Asia: Productivist Model of Social Policy. Basingstoke, UK.: Palgrave Macmillan.

Kwon, H.J., 2005, “An Overview of the Study: The Developmental Welfare State and Policy Reforms in East Asia,” in Huck-ju Kwon(ed.), Transforming the Developmental Welfare State in East Asia. Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Kwon, H.J., 2005, “Transforming the Developmental Welfare State in East Asia. Social Policy and Development Programme Paper”, No.22, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.

Kwon, H.J., 2005, Transforming the developmental welfare state in East Asia. Development and Change, 36(3), 477-497.

Lindert, P.H., 2004, Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth since the Eighteenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Lister, R., 2004, “The Third Way's Social Investment State,” in Jane Lewis and Rebecca Surender(eds.), Welfare State Change Towards a Third Way? Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Marshall, W., Schram, M., 1993, Mandate for Change. New York: Berkley Books.

Wang, X., 1999, “Mutual Empowerment of State and Society: Its Nature, Conditions, Mechanism, and Limits,” Comparative Politics, 31(2):231-249.

Mkandawire, T., 2001, Social Policy in a Development Context. Social Policy and Development Programme Paper No.7, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.

Midgley, J., 2006, “Developmental Social Policy: Theory and Practice.” Asian Journal of Social Policy, 2(1):1-22.

Midgley, J., 1999, “Growth, Redistribution, and Welfare: Toward Social Investment”, Social Service Review, 73(1):3-21.

Midgley, J., 1995, Social Development: The Developmental Perspective in Social Welfare. London: Sage Publications.

Midgley, J., 1996, “Toward a Developmental Model of Social Policy: Relevance of the Third World Experience.” Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 23(1):59-74.

Mises, L.V., 2010, Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis. 2nd edition. New Haven: Yale University Press.

OECD, 1989, The Path to Full Employment: Structural Adjustments for an Active Society. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Patriquin, L., 2007, Agrarian Capitalism and Poor Relief in England, 1500-1860: Rethinking the Origins of the Welfare State. Basingstoke, UK.: Palgrave Macmillan.

Pierson P.(ed.), 2001, The New Politics of the Welfare State. New York: Oxford University Press.

Piven, F.F., 2015, “Neoliberalism and the welfare state.” Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 31(1):2-9.

Powell, M., 1999, “Introduction,” in Martin Powell(ed.), New Labour, New Welfare State? The “Third Way” in British Social Policy. Bristol: Policy Press.

Tanner, M., 1996, The End of Welfare: Fighting Poverty in the Civil Society. Washington, DC.: The Cato Institute.