六 资料介绍
“大旅行”涵盖的领域众多,涉及的内容也十分繁杂。在“大旅行”研究中,旅行者的著述是我们进行研究的首要的也是最基本的材料。从旅行者的记述中,我们可以获取旅行者本人、旅行者的本土文化以及旅行者参观之地和造访文化的相关信息。现存的旅行著述主要有三种:手稿记述、同时代人出版的记述及后人出版的著述。旅行者与家人朋友之间往来的信函、旅行者途中所记的笔记、所写的日志,属于此种类型,它们主要供个人回忆或家人、朋友传阅之用,其写作的初衷不是为了出版。同时代人出版的著述主要有旅行纪实、忠告性著作、路况指南、旅行养生等。后人出版的旅行著述多是对前人所留资料的整理。这三种类型的资料无论是写作背景还是动机都各不相同。仅供小圈子传阅的信函、日志显然不同于为迎合读者和市场需求而写的东西。如果对它们不加区别,混同使用,就无法清晰地揭示“大旅行”现象。当然,只重视手稿记述也有问题。旅行者留下来的许多信函常常没有得到很好的整理,它们散布在一般性的政治和家庭通信中,难以寻觅。同时,许多现存手稿材料要么没有署名,要么难以辨认,一些材料则仅仅提供了一些几乎不为后人所知的旅行者只言片语的信息。与刊印出版的材料一样,手稿资料也多有重复。不过,鉴于这些手稿材料的自发性,它们也颇有价值。现场即时所写的信函往往比平静回忆时加以润色的文章更能准确地反映旅行者的体验。如果无视这些大量存在的手稿材料,而将注意力集中在一小批出版刊印的文本之上,得出的结论只会是狭隘的。
旅行文学是研究“大旅行”的另一种重要资料。在18世纪,旅行文学极受欢迎,且具有很高的思想文化和美学价值。正如萨缪尔·约翰逊在1759年的一份没有具名的报纸广告中评论的那样,“忠实地讲述航海和旅行经历,史无前例地激起了(人们)强烈的好奇心,也充分地满足了人们的好奇心。自然的不同面貌、人们的各种风俗、对整个世界的逐渐发现、航海生活中的事故和艰险,所有发生的一切,让人们充满期待,也让他们乐于见到奇迹”[89]。旅行文学作品中既有约翰逊所说的那种忠实的描述,如伊丽莎白·克雷文贵妇所写的《穿越克里米亚前往君士坦丁堡的一次旅行》(1789),但也不乏虚构的作品,如《鲁滨逊漂流记》和《格列佛游记》。不过,无论是如实的描述还是虚构性的作品,它们都是对不同的社会及人性多样性进行严肃的观察和思考的结果。借助这些旅行文学作品,我们可以分析、考察时人对当时一些重要社会、文化现象的理解和认知。当然,鉴于旅行文学作品常常带有明显的政治、思想和道德取向,我们在使用这些材料时必须慎重,需要对它们加以甄别。
此外,大量近现代学者的研究成果是本书研究的起点,如果没有这些前辈学者的努力,没有他们的成果作为基础,毫无疑问,本书所要开展的研究是无法进行的。
[1]P.Ethington,“Toward Some Borderland Schools for American Urban Ethinic Studies?”,American Quarterly,Vol.48,1996,p.348.
[2][荷]彼得·李伯庚:《欧洲文化史》下册,赵复三译,上海社会科学院出版社2004年版,第339—340页。
[3]John Towner,An Historical Geography of Recreation and Tourism in the Western World 1540-1940,Chichester:John Wiley﹠Sons,1996,p.96.
[4]Jonathan Woolfson,“Review of the Grand Tour:Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance”,Sixteenth Century Journal,No.2,1999,pp.529-531.
[5]James A.H.Murray,Henry Bradley,W.A.Craigie,C.T.Onions:The Oxford English Dictionary,Second Edition,Volume vi,Oxford:Oxford University Press,Clarenton Press,1989,p.754.
[6]例如,威廉·布罗姆利1692年便出版了一本题为《在法国和意大利大旅行途中的观察》的游记,而托马斯·纽金特在1749年更是直接以“大旅行”为标题,出版了一部四卷本的著作。参见William Bromley,Remarks in the Grand Tour of France&Italy,Lately Performed by a Person of Quality W.Bromley,1692; Thomas Nugent,The Grand Tour,or A Journey through Netherlands,Germany,Italy and France,London,1749。
[7]William Edward Mead,The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century,Boston and New York:Houghton Mifflin Company,1914,p.vii.
[8]Richard Stanton Lambert,Grand Tour:A Journey in the Track of Aristocracy,E.P.Dutton&Co.Inc,1937,p.12.
[9]Robert Geoffrey Trease,The Grand Tour,Holt.Rinehart and Winston,1967,p.2.
[10]John Towner,“The Grand Tour”,Annals of Tourism Research,No.12,1985,p.301; John Towner,The European Grand Tour,circa 1550-1840:A Study of Its Role in the History of Tourism,University of Birmingham,1984.
[11]Michael Heafford,“Between Grand Tour and Tourism,British Travellers to Switzerland in a Period of Transition,1814-1860”,The Journal of Transport History,27/1,p.26.
[12]Lynne Withey,Grand Tours and Cook’s Tours:A History of Leisure Travel,1750-1915,New York:William Morrow,1997,pp.60-61.
[13]Clare Hornsby,The Impact of Italy:the Grand Tour and Beyond,London:The British School at Rome,2000,pp.220-221.
[14]John Towner,“The Grand Tour”,Annals of Tourism Research,No.12,1985,p.314; Michael Heafford,“Between Grand Tour and Tourism,British Travellers to Switzerland in a Period of Transition,1814-1860”,The Journal of Transport History,27/1,p.27.
[15]William Edward Mead,The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century,p.3.
[16]R.E.W.Maddsion,“Studies in the Life of Robert Boyle,F.R.S.”,Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London,Vol.20,No.1,1965,p.51.
[17]Bruce Redford,Venice&the Grand Tour,New Haven and London:Yale University Press,1996,p.14.
[18]Jeremy Black,The British and the Grand Tour,Beckenham,Kent:Croom Helm Ltd.,1985,preface,p.v; Jeremy Black,The British Abroad:The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century,Phoenix Mill:Sutton Publishing Limited,2003,p.2.
[19]John Towner,An Historical Geography of Recreation and Tourism in the Western World 1540-1940,Chichester:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.,1996,p.96.
[20]阎照祥:《英国近代贵族体制研究》,人民出版社2006年版,第215—217页。
[21]William Edward Mead,The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century; Constantia Maxwell,The English Traveller in France,1698-1815,London:George Routledge&Sons,1932; Paul Franklin Kirby,The Grand Tour in Italy (1700-1800),1952; Bruce Redford:Venice&the Grand Tour; Paul S.Fritz,“Review of The British and the Grand Tour”,The American Historical Review,Vol.92,No.2,1987 (April),p.414; G..R.Crone,“Review of The English Traveller in France,1698-1815 by Constantia Maxwell”,The Geographical Journal,Vol.80,No.2,1932,p.156.
[22]Michael Heafford,“Between Grand Tour and Tourism,British Travellers to Switzerland in a Period of Transition,1814-1860”,The Journal of Transport History,27/1,p.26.
[23]Gerald Newman,The Rise of English Nationalism:A Cultural History,1740-1830,New York,1997,p.39; E.P.Thompson,“Patrician Society,Plebeian Culture”,Journal of Social History,No.7,1974,p.39; Bruce Redford,Venice&the Grand Tour,pp.7-8.
[24]有关这个问题的论述,参见Robert Oresko,“The British Abroad”,Durham University Journal,Vol.79,1987,pp.349-363。
[25]John Eglin,Venice Transfigured:The Myth of Venice in British Culture,1660-1797,Basingstoke,Hampshire:Palgrave TM,2001,p.74.
[26]就“大旅行”覆盖的地区而言,虽然西方的许多学者在某种程度上形成了一致,但他们在每个国家或地区的重要性问题上,却很难形成统一的意见。爱德华·米德认为“大旅行”的路线限于法国、瑞士、意大利、德意志及低地国家。杰弗里·崔思(Geoffrey Trease)和克里斯多夫·希伯特(Christopher Hibbert)的看法与此相同,不过,希伯特还将奥地利纳入其中。杰里米·布莱克则发现很难为自己确立一个明确的地理范围。因此,他决定“扩大著作涉及的范围,以囊括英国人在欧洲的整个旅游”。唐纳在概述“不同的旅行路线”时则没有能够提及瑞士和阿尔卑斯山脉。学者们在“瑞士位于大旅行路线之上”这一点似乎并不存在不同看法,但他们在瑞士的重要性问题上却存在不同的看法。参见Michael Heafford,“Between Grand Tour and Tourism,British Travellers to Switzerland in a Period of Transition,1814-1860”,p.25。
[27]John Durant Breval,Remarks on Several Parts of Europe,1738,Vol.1,preface,p.iii.
[28]Thomas Nugent,The Grand Tour,or A Journey through the Netherlands,Germany,Italy and France,London,1756,Vol.1,pp.4-5.
[29]John Eglin,Venice Transfigured:The Myth of Venice in British Culture,1660-1797,pp.75-76.
[30]鉴于笔者本人所掌握的语言工具的限制,此处仅对英语世界的研究状况进行述评。
[31]L.Einstein,The Italian Renaissance in England,New York:Columbia University Press,1902; C.von Klenze,The Interpretation of Italy in the Last Two Centuries,Chicargo:University of Chicargo Press,1907; S.Lee,The French Renaissance in England,An Account of the Literary Relations of England and France in the Sixteenth Century,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1910; E.Manwaring,Italian Landscape in Eighteenth Century England,London:Oxford University Press,1925; W.E.Houghton,The English Virtuoso in the Seventeenth Century,Journal of the History of Ideas,No.3,1942; J.R.Hale,England and the Italian Renaissance,the Growth of Interest in Its History and Art,Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,1954; G.Burdon,“Sir Thomas Isham:An English Collector in Rome in 1677-1678”,Italian Studies,1960,15thedition; E.Malins,English Landscaping and Literature,1660-1840,Oxford:Oxford U-niversity Press,1966; J.Burke,“The Grand Tour and the Rule of Taste”,in Studies in the Eighteenth Century,edited by F.R.Brissenden,Canberra:Austrilian National University,1968; B.Ford,“The Grand Tour”,Apollo,Vol.114,1981; D.Sutton,Souvenirs of the Grand Tour,London:Wildenstein,1982.参见John Towner,“The Grand Tour:A Key Phase in the History of Tourism”,Annals of Tourism Research,Vol.12,1985,pp.299,326-333。
[32]G.B.Parks,“Travel as Education”,in Richard Foster Jones,ed.,The Seventeenth Century:Studies in the History of English Thought and Literature from Bacon to Pope,London:Oxford U-niversity Press,1951; G.B.Parks,The English Traveler to Italy,The Middle Ages to 1525,Rome:Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura,1954; G.C.Brauer,The Education of a Gentleman:Theories of Gentlemanly Education in England,1660-1775,New York:Bookman,1959; K.Charlton,Education in Renaissance England,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1965; K.S.Dent,The Informal Education of the Landed Classes in the Eighteenth Century,with Particular Reference to Reading,University of Birmingham Doctoral Dissertation,1974; K.S.Dent,“Travel as Education:The English Landed Classes in the Eighteenth Century”,Educational Studies,No.3,1975,pp.171-180.
[33]J.A.R.Pimlott,The Englishman’s Holiday,A Social History,London:Faber and Faber,1947; F.M.L.Thomson,English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1963; G.E.Mingay,English Landed Society in the Eighteenth Century,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1963; G.E.Mingay,The Gentry:The Rise and Fall of a Ruling Class,London:Longman,1976; L.Stone,The Crisis of Aristocracy,1558-1641,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1965.
[34]E.S.Bates,Touring in 1600:A Study in the Development of Travel as a Means of Education,London:Constable,1911; W.E.Mead,The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century,New York:Houghton Mifflin,1914; C.Maxwell,The English Traveller in France,1698-1815,London:Routledge,1932; R.S.Lambert,ed.,Grand Tour,A Journey in the Tracks of the the Age of Aristocracy,London:Faber and Faber,1935; R.S.Lambert,The Fortunate Traveller,London:Melrose,1950; E.M.Hutton,The Grand Tour in Italy in the Sixteenth,Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,University of Cambridge Doctoral Dissertation,1937; P.F.Kirby,The Grand Tour in Italy 1700-1800,New York:Vanni,1952; J.W.Stoye,English Travellers Abroad,1604-1667,Their Influence in English Society and Politics,London:Cape,1952; G.Trease,The Grand Tour,London:Heinemann,1967; C.Hibbert,The Grand Tour,London:Putnam,1969.
[35]John Towner,“The Grand Tour:A Key Phase in the History of Tourism”,Annals of Tourism Research,Vol.12,1985,pp.299,326-333.
[36]C.P.Brand,Italy and the English Romantics:The Italianate Fashion in Early Nineteenth Century England,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1957; P.Fussell,The Rhetorical World of Augustan Humanism.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1965; S.B.Rice,Smollett’s Travels Through France and Italy and the Genre of Grand Tour Literature,University of Arizona Doctoral Dissertation,1968; C.T.Honhart,Fielding,Smollett,Sterne,and the Development of the Eighteenth Century Travel Book,Duke University Doctoral Dissertation,1974; M.S.R.Morrill,The British Literary Traveller on the Continent,1795-1825,New York University Doctoral Dissertation,1975; A.F.Woodhouse,“Eighteenth Century English Visitors to France in Fiction and Fact”,Modern Language Studies,No.1,1976,pp.37-41; A.F.Woodhouse,English Travelers in Paris 1660-1789:A Study of Their Diaries,Stanford University doctoral dissertation,1976; C.L.Batten,Pleasurable Instruction:Form and Convention in Eighteenth Century Travel Literature,Berkely:University of California Press,1978.
[37]John Towner,“The Grand Tour:A Key Phase in the History of Tourism”,Annals of Tourism Research,Vol.12,1985,pp.299,326-333.
[38]W.E.Mead,The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century,Preface,p.vii.
[39]E.S.Bates,Touring in 1600:A Study in the Development of Travel as a Means of Education,p.26.
[40]同上书,各相关章节。
[41]W.E.Mead,The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century,p.7.就“大旅行”对同时代英国人所产生的影响,同时参见该书第十五章。
[42]Clare Howard,English Travellers of the Renaissance,London:John Lane,The Bodley Head,New York:John Lance Company,Toronto:Bell and Cockburn,1914,Preface.
[43]Clare Howard,English Travellers of the Renaissance,introduction.
[44]G.R.Crone,“Review of The English Traveller in France,1698-1815 by Constantia Maxwell”,The Geographical Journal,Vol.80,No.2,1932,p.156.
[45]George B.Parks,“Review of The English Travellers and the Movement of Ideas,1660-1732”,Modern Language Notes,Vol.51,No.8,1936,p.555.
[46]J.M.S.Tompkins,“Review of The English Travellers and the Movement of Ideas,1660-1732”,The Review of English Studies,No.48,Vol.12,1936,p.473.
[47]G.R.Crone,“Review of Grand Tour”,The Geographical Journal,Vol.88,No.2,1936,p.168.
[48]G.B.Parks,“Travel as Education”,in Richard Foster Jones,ed.,The Seventeenth Century:Studies in the History of English Thought and Literature from Bacon to Pope,p.265.
[49]J.H.Hagstrum,“Review of The Grand Tour in Italy 1700-1800”,Italica,Vol.29,No.4,1952,p.272.
[50]Ibid.,p.273.
[51]John Stoye,English Travellers Abroad 1604-1667,Their Influence in English Society and Politices,New Haven and London,Yale University Press,1989,p.ix.
[52]Jean H.Hagstrum,“Review of Originals Abroad,the Foreign Careers of Some Eighteenth Century Britons and English Travellers Abroad 1603-1667,Their Influence and in English Society and Politics”,Italica,Vol.31,No.4,1954,pp.253-254.
[53]Vernon F.Snow,“The Grand Tour Diary of Robert C.Johnson,1792-1793”,Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,Vol.102,No.1,1958,pp.60-105.
[54]Anthony Burgess and Francis Haskell,The Age of the Grand Tour,Containing Sketches of the Manners,Society and Customs of France,Flanders,the United Provinces,Germany,Switzerland and Italy in the Letters,Journals and Writings of the Most Celebrated Voyagers between the Years 1720-1820,New York:Crown Publisher,1967; Brinsley Ford,“Review of The Age of Grand Tour”,The Burlington Magazine,Vol.110,No.785,1968,pp.470-471.
[55]Brinsley Ford,“Review of The Age of Grand Tour”,The Burlington Magazine,Vol.110,No.785,1968,pp.470-471.
[56]R.E.W.Maddsion,“Studies in the Life of Robert Boyle,F.R.S.”,Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London,Vol.20,No.1,1965,pp.51-77.
[57]Geoffrey Trease,The Grand Tour,A History of the Golden Age of Travel,Holt,Rinehart and Winston,1967.
[58]Robert Shackleton,“The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth-Century”,in L.T.Milic,ed.,Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture,1971.转引自陶军《18世纪英国大陆游学及其原因和影响》,硕士学位论文,武汉大学,2005年,第4页。
[59]John Towner,An Historical Geography of Recreation and Tourism in the Western World 1540-1940,p.98.
[60]G.R.Crone,“Review of Grand Tour”,The Geographical Journal,Vol.88,No.2,1936,p.168.
[61]例如,查尔斯·班滕《让人快乐的教诲》(Charles Batten,Pleasurable Instruction)、珀西·亚当斯《1660—1800年的旅行家和旅行谎言家》(Percy Adams,Travelers&Travel Liars,1660-1800,1963)和《旅行文学和小说的演变》(Travel Literature and the Evolution of the Novel,1983)主要集中在已经发布了的旅行记述。参见Peter Sabor,“Review of The British and the Grand Tour”,The Modern Language Review,Vol.83,No.3,1988,p.680。
[62]Jeremy Black,The British Abroad:The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century,preface,p.v.
[63]J.C.Robertson,“Review of The Grand Tour and the Great Rebellion and Remembrances of Things Worth Seeing in Italy Given to John Evelyn 25 April 1646 by Thomas Howard,14thEarl of Arundel”,Albion:A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies,Vol.21,No.3,1989,p.494.
[64]Edward Chaney,The Evolution of the Grand Tour,Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance,London:Frank Cass Publishers,1998,pp.1-41,143-160,168-227.
[65]Graham Smith,“Review of The Evolution of the Grand Tour:Anglo-Italian cultural Relations since the Renaissance”,The Burlington Magazine,Vol.141,No.1155,1999,pp.361-362.
[66]David Hancock,Citizens of the World:London Merchants and Integration of the British Atlantic Community,1735-1785,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995,pp.347-375.
[67]Laurence Klein,“Politeness for Plebs:Consumption and Social Identity in Early Eighteenth-Century England”,in Anne Bermingham and John Brewer,eds.,The Consumption of Culture 1600-1800:Image,Object,Text,London:Routledge,1995,pp.372-377.
[68]Amanda Vickery,The Gentleman’s Daughter:Women’s Lives in Georgian England,New Haven:Yale University Press,1998,pp.13-37; Bruce Redford,Venice&the Grand Tour,pp.7-9,14-16.
[69]John Eglin,Venice Transfigured:The Myth of Venice in British Culture,1660-1797,p.75.
[70]Brian Dolan,Ladies of the Grand Tour,London:Harper Collins Publishers,2001.
[71]Brian Dolan,Exploring European Frontiers:British Travellers in the Age of Enlightenment,Basingstoke:MacMillan Press Ltd.,2000,p.7.
[72]John Wilton-Ely,“Classic Ground:Britain,Italy,and the Grand Tour”,Eighteenth-Century Life,Vol.28,No.1,2004,pp.157-158.
[73]Edward Chaney,The Evolution of the Grand Tour,Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance,p.11.
[74]John Towner,An Historical Geography of Recreation and Tourism in the Western World 1540-1940,pp.96-138.
[75]John Wilton-Ely,“Classic Ground:Britain,Italy,and the Grand Tour”,Eighteenth-Century Life,p.146.
[76]Frank Salmon,Building on Ruins:The Rediscovery of Rome and English Architecture,pp.19-136.
[77]John Wilton-Ely,“Classic Ground:Britain,Italy,and the Grand Tour”,Eighteenth-Century Life,p.146.
[78]Philip Ayres,Classical Culture and the Idea of Rome in Eighteenth-Century England,Cambridge University Press,1997; John Wilton-Ely,“Classic Ground:Britain,Italy,and the Grand Tour”,Eighteenth-Century Life,p.140.
[79]John Wilton-Ely,“Classic Ground:Britain,Italy,and the Grand Tour”,Eighteenth-Century Life,p.140.
[80]Jeremy Black,The British and the Grand Tour,1985.
[81]彼得·萨博(Peter Sabor)、L.G.米切尔(L.G.Mitchell)、菲利普·金克斯(Philip Jenkins)、保罗·S.弗里茨(Paul S.Fritz )等人为《英国人和“大旅行”》一书所写的书评,参见The Modern Language Review,No.6,1988; The English Historical Review,No.4,1988,p.509; A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies,No.3,1986,pp.279-280; The American Historical Review,American Historical Association,No.4,1987,p.414。
[82]John Wilton-Ely,“Classic Ground:Britain,Italy,and the Grand Tour”,Eighteenth-Century Life,pp.161-162.
[83]Michael G.Brennan,ed.,The Origins of the Grand Tour:the Travels of Robert Montagu,Lord Mandeville (1649-1654),William Hammond (1655-1658),Banaster Maynard (1660-1663),London:the Hakluyt Society,2004.
[84]John Ingamells,A Dictionary of British and Irish Travellers in Italy,1701-1800,New Haven:Yale University Press,1997.
[85]罗明义:《国际旅游发展导论》,南开大学出版社2002年版,第16—17页;王永忠:《西方旅行史》,东南大学出版社2004年版,第190—193页;邹树梅:《旅游史话》,百花文艺出版社2005年版,第64—65页;彭顺生:《世界旅游发展史》,中国旅游出版社2006年版,第160—162页。
[86]阎照祥:《英国近代贵族体制研究》,人民出版社2006年版,第215—217页。
[87]阎照祥:《17—19世纪初英国贵族欧陆游学探要》,《世界历史》2012年第6期。
[88]陶军:《18世纪英国大陆游学及其原因和影响》,硕士学位论文,武汉大学,2005年。
[89]Thomas M.Curley,“Review of Pleasurabel Instruction:Form and Convention in Eighteenth-Century Travel Literature by Charles L.Batten,Jr.”,Eighteenth-Century Studies,The Johns Hopkins University Press,Vol.13,No.1,1979,p.82.