第二章 音素
第一节 元音音素
元音是构成音节的核心，既可以单独组成音节，也可以和前后的辅音一起构成音节。英语中，元音发音是由口腔、舌头、腭部（包括软腭和硬腭）活动共同构成气流通道产生共鸣而发出的。发元音时，气流从肺部压出，经过气管进入口腔，在口腔中不受任何阻碍，同时声带振动，所以元音发音响亮，且有较长的时间延续，这是与辅音发音最大的不同点之一。所有的元音都是浊音。元音有两大类，单元音和双元音；而根据发音时舌活动的部位不同，单元音又可以分为三类：前元音、中元音和后元音。
第一单元 前元音
音频
英语中有4个前元音，它们有以下共同特征：
（1）舌前部向着硬腭抬起；
（2）舌端抵下齿内侧；
（3）唇是扁平的。
一、［iː］sheep
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—Do you like your tea sweet？
—Yes, with sugar, please.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/iː/的音？
1．元音字母e，如：me, he, she, we等。
2．字母组合ee, ea, ey, ei, ie，如：see, meet, sea, tea, key, field, piece等。
1．发音要领
前舌抬起，舌端抵下齿内侧，嘴唇向两边伸展。是长音。注意［iː］和汉语拼音的“i”相似，但不同。它和汉语普通话的“衣”不同，发［iː］时不带任何摩擦。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
feel uneasy deep sea reap wheat
queen bee（蜂王）weenie tree（弱不禁风的树）
meet needs（满足需求）dream team
tweak freak（不惜时间查故障的技术人员）
C．朗读下列句子
（1）A friend in need is a friend in deed.
患难见真情。
（2）Eat to live, not live to eat.
为活着而吃饭，不是为吃饭而活着。
（3）Please keep the seat clean.
请保持座位的清洁。
（4）He feels he needs to cut the cheese into pieces.
他觉得需要把奶酪切成片。
（5）My niece needs some sweet peas and a cup of weak green tea.
我侄女需要一些甜豌豆和一杯淡淡的绿茶。
二、［i］ship
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—Can I eat this fish？
—No, please don't eat it. It's six weeks past the durability period.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/i/的音？
主要是元音字母i或者y，如：him, rich, give, city, typical。
1．发音要领
舌的后方抬高，舌端抵下齿内侧。唇形扁平。是短音。注意普通话中没有一个和［i］发音相同的音。发［i］的特点是将舌的后部抬得很高，不然容易发成［e］; ［i］是个很松弛的音，口腔肌肉过于紧张就会发成［iː］。［i］和［iː］是两个不同的音素，它们发音的口腔部位不同，切不要把［iː］看成是［i］的单纯加长。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
pretty silk drink milk big city chilly winter
fill in willy-nilly（无可奈何的）wrinkle skin
divide into split milk big flip
C．朗读下列句子
（1）Everything is better when new, but friendship when old.
东西是新鲜的好，朋友是老的好。
（2）Prosperity makes friend, adversity tries them.
富贵交朋友，患难见知己。
（3）The world is a comedy to those who think, a tragedy to those who feel.
对于理性的人来说，世界是一出喜剧；对于感性的人来说，世界是一出悲剧。
（4）Beauty is only skin deep.
美丽只是外表（不可以貌取人）。
（5）He will bring his sister with him to the party.
他要带姐姐一起参加聚会。
ACTIVITY发音达人秀。
❖Circle the word you hear quickly.
sit seat lip leap ship sheepchick cheek
❖Speak out the tongue twisters quickly and correctly.
Silly sheep weep and sleep.
Nick had a big pig with thick sticky skin.
三、［e］pen
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—Is this milk fresh？
—Yes, everything here is fresh.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/e/的音？
1．元音字母e，如：get, bed, red, wet等。
2．字母组合ea, ie，如：bread, weather, heavy, friend等。
1．发音要领
和［i］接近，舌端抵下齿内侧，前舌抬起，但不如［i］那么明显。唇形中常，上下齿之间大约能伸进自己的食指尖。是短音。注意不要把这个音和汉语拼音的“e”混淆。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
red dress left leg hen's egg depth and breadth
heavy weather（坏天气）level-headed（头脑冷静的）
jet set（长期旅行的人）dead-end（没有前途的）
C．朗读下列句子
（1）Two heads are better than one.
两人智慧胜一人。
（2）Heaven never closes its road against a man.
天无绝人之路。
（3）He who seeks for pleasure must sweat for it first.
先苦后甜。
（4）When wealth is lost, nothing is lost; when health is lost, something is lost; when character is lost, all is lost.
失去财富，不算失去；失去健康，有些损失；丧失品德，则失去一切。
（5）Ten wealthy men met twelve pets and fed them with bread and fresh eggs.
十个富有的人遇见了十二只宠物，还用面包和鲜鸡蛋喂它们。
四、［æ］hat
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—Let's have a chat about that cat.
—That cat？
—Yeah, em, it's too fat.
—Oh, it's a bit fat, but it is a happy cat.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/æ/的音？
主要由元音字母a发出，如：bat, had, map, back等。
❖注意：many/＇meni/除外。
1．发音要领
舌端抵下齿内侧，前舌略微抬起。口形张大到可以容下自己的食指尖和中指尖。是短音。注意汉语普通话中没有和这个音相似的音，中国学生发这个音很容易嘴巴张得不够大，以至于发音不到位。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
practical activity traffic jam have an apple bad apple（害群之马）
hat acts（新乡村音乐男歌手）brat pack（年轻有为的人）
rat pack（鼠帮）have one's hands full（忙得不可开交）
razzle-dazzle（狂欢）flash and trash（昙花一现遂成垃圾的新闻）
C．朗读下列句子
（1）She has a match in the hand.
她手里拿着一根火柴。
（2）I thank that man who has given me a fan.
我感谢那个给我扇子的人。
（3）A fat cat attacked a rat in the van.
一只胖猫在货车里追击一只老鼠。
（4）Jack had his black hat in the hand.
杰克手里拿着他的黑帽子。
（5）Hang up that tan flag near the bank.
在银行边上挂起那面褐色的旗。
ACTIVITY发音达人秀。
1. Tick the word you hear.
beg bag bed bad mess mass pen pan dead dad
2. Speak out the tongue twisters quickly and correctly.
Cat, cat catch that fat rat.
Fred fed Ted bread and Ted fed Fred bread.
3. Read the following phonetic symbols and try to spell out the words according to the sounds.
第二单元 中元音
音频
英语中有3个中元音，它们共同的发音特点是：
（1）舌中部向着软腭和硬腭的交接处隆起；
（2）唇形扁平，处于自然张开的状态。
一、［əː］girl
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
— My co-workers have started walking to work very early in the morning.
—Oh. Do you walk to work？
—Not me, er... I'm the worst walker in the world.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/əː/的音？
主要由字母组合er, ir, or, ur发出，如：her, term, fir, sir, word, world, hurt, burn等。
❖注意：very/＇veri/除外。
1．发音要领
舌身平放，舌中部向软腭略微隆起，舌端离开下齿。唇形扁平。是长音。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列单词和短语
the girl's curls the first term thirty-first
the third world the early bird earth-worm（蚯蚓）
thirty shirts and skirts a firm nurse perfect service
C．朗读下列句子
（1）The workers worked in the dirty workshop.
工人们在肮脏的车间里工作。
（2）I urged the thirsty nurse to drink first.
我催促这个口渴的护士先喝水。
（3）I gave her some pearls for her thirty-first birthday.
我给了她一些珍珠作为她31岁的生日礼物。
（4）The early bird catches the worm.
早起的鸟儿有虫吃（笨鸟先飞）。
（5）First come, first served.
做事要有先来后到。
二、［ə］worker
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—Don't forget to send a letter to your brother.
—Shall I send you a letter？
—Of course. But don't forget to telephone as soon as you arrive.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/ə/的音？
1．元音字母a, e, i, o, u在不重读的时候，如：ago, vowel, holiday, upon, polite等。
2．字母组合ar, er, ur, or, ou在不重读的时候，如：dollar, sister, forget, Saturday, famous等。
1．发音要领
与［əː］基本相同，唇形比［əː］略开。是短音。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
elder brother sooner or later helter-skelter（匆忙的）better future
fender-bender（小车祸，小擦撞）under weather（身体不适）
one after another a chapter about computer arrange about
C．朗读下列句子
（1）Treasure is not always a friend, but a friend is always a treasure.
财富不是永远的朋友，朋友却是永远的财富。
（2）A young idler, an old beggar.
少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
（3）Every man is the master of his own fortune.
人人都是自我命运的主宰。
（4）Beggars can't be choosers.
饥不择食（要饭的人没有选择的权利）。
（5）Better late than never.
迟做总比不做好。
三、［ʌ］cup
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—I'm hungry. How much money is in the hat？
—Nothing.
—Nothing? I am hungry, too.
—Oh shut up. Everybody is hungry.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/ʌ/的音？
1．元音字母o, u，如：come, vowel, but, luck等。
2．字母组合oo, ou，如：flood, blood, trouble, rough等。
1．发音要领
与［ə］基本相同，舌中部略微隆起，双唇向两边伸张，唇形略扁。是短音。注意汉语普通话中没有和［ʌ］相似的音，不要把［ʌ］发成“阿”。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
hurry up up and running（在运转）brush up
such a lucky summer sunny and dust jump up
stun gun（手持武器）hustle and bustle（熙熙攘攘）
bungee jumping（蹦极）runner-up（亚军）
C．朗读下列句子
（1）You must come to lunch with us.
你必须来和我们一起吃午饭。
（2）Her husband's uncle is younger than me.
她丈夫的叔叔比我年轻。
（3）The dusty bus was lovely on Sunday.
这辆满是灰尘的公交车在星期天却是很可爱的。
（4）The duck is cutting butter in the hut.
那只鸭子正在小屋里切黄油。
（5）The nun who is waiting the bus is the most funny in the sun.
那个正在等公交车的修女是天底下最有趣的人。
第三单元 后元音
音频
英语中一共有5个后元音。它们共同的发音特点是：
（1）舌后缩，舌后部抬起；
（2）舌端微微离开下齿；
（3）［ɔ］［ɔː］［u］［uː］是圆唇音。
一、［ɑː］car
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—Marvellous cars, aren't they？
—Wonderful... fantastic... so fast....
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/ɑː/的音？
1．元音字母a后面是n或者s, ss时，如：dance, demand, fast, basket, grass, glass等。
2．字母组合ar, al, au，如：aunt, smart, calm等。
1．发音要领
舌平放于口中，后舌稍稍隆起。唇完全张开，但不要伸展或圆起。是长音。注意不要将［ɑː］与汉语普通话中的“啊”或者［ai］中的［a］混淆。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
smart card（智能卡）Barbie ar（t芭比艺术）artsy fartsy（附庸风雅的）
enlarge the market a fast car a starved artist a laugh star
a starry March night half past nine a large shark
C．朗读下列句子
（1）My classmate is far smarter than her father.
我的同学远比她的爸爸聪明。
（2）The dancing party stopped at half past five.
舞会在5点半结束。
（3）Arthur didn't pass the art exam.
亚瑟的艺术考试没有通过。
（4）He who laughs last laughs best.
笑到最后的人笑得最好。
（5）A large army marched past the grassland.
一支庞大的军队行军穿过草地。
二、［ɔ］dog
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—What's wrong？
—I've got a really bad backache.
—I'm sorry to hear that.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/ɔ/的音？
1．元音字母o，如：hot, clock, song, long等。
2．元音字母a前面是字母w的时候，如：want, watch, wha（t字母h不发音）等。
1．发音要领
舌位与发［ɑː］基本相同，唇完全张开并略微圆起，是圆唇音。是短音。注意发这个音时可以先发［ɑː］音，然后将双唇收圆，就会发出［ɔ］。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
top dog（胜利者）hot dog hot pot chop shop（卖车零件的汽修厂）
from stock（供现货）hotch potch（大杂烩）from top to bottom
clocks and watches cotton socks borrow a novel cost a lot
C．朗读下列句子
（1）John has got a pot of hot water.
约翰有一壶热水。
（2）Lots and lots of clocks and watches have gone wrong.
很多很多的闹钟和手表都坏了。
（3）The robber's name is Robert.
抢劫者叫罗伯特。
（4）Oliver's got lots of dots on his socks.
奥利弗的袜子上有好多点点。
（5）I put my watch in the pocket which I got in the shop.
我把手表放进从商店里拿到的袋子里了。
三、［ɔː］ball
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—Dawn always goes for a jog in the morning.
—Don? Jogging? In the morning？
—No, not Don! His daughter-in-law, Dawn. She's very sporty.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/ɔː/的音？
1．字母组合or, ore, oor, oar, our，如：horse, more, floor, board, court等。
2．字母组合aw, au, al, ar（前面是字母w的时候），如：saw, author, ball, warm等。
3．字母组合augh, ough，如：taught, bought等。
1．发音要领
后舌抬起，比发［ɔ］时抬得略高些。圆唇。是长音。注意：［ɔ］与［ɔː］的发音部位不同，所以［ɔː］不是单纯地由［ɔ］加长而成。在普通话中没有与［ɔː］完全相同的音，比较来说，［ɔː］有些像普通话中的“喔”，即拼音“o”，但是，英语的［ɔː］是长音，发音时牙床比发“o”时开得要大些。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
chalk talk（注入式教学法）import and export walk across the lawn
walkie-talkie（步话机）for short more score short stories
morning news report forty horses to put more salt
C．朗读下列句子
（1）This girl bought a long board.
这个姑娘买了一块长板子。
（2）All four are the tallest in the class.
这四个人是班里最高的。
（3）Your four daughters are all very tall.
你的四个女儿长得都很高。
（4）The reporter gave an important talk in the auditorium.
汇报的人在报告厅发表了很重要的讲话。
（5）You ought to do what the doctor ordered.
你应该遵从医生的嘱托。
四、［u］book
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—We should put all these books in that box now, shouldn't we？
—Yes, we should.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/u/的音？
1．元音字母o, u，如：put, full, woman等。
2．字母组合oo, oul，如：cook, foot, could, should等。
注意：字母组合oo后面跟清辅音时，多发短音/u/，但是也有例外，如good/gud/, full/ful/。
1．发音要领
后舌隆起，比［ɔː］略高，双唇圆起并略微向前突起，是短音。注意口形不要收得太小，不能把这个音发成汉语中“乌鸦”的“乌”。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
look for the cook a good cook full of wood push aside the butcher
a good-looking woman took the book cookery book
cook the soup put the sugar in the bottle popular woman singer
C．朗读下列句子
（1）Books and friends should be few but good.
书与朋友，贵精而不贵多。
（2）The hook is made of wood.
这个钩子是木质的。
（3）The cook understood the sugar was no good.
厨师知道糖对身体不好。
（4）He took a book to the wood and had a good look at it.
他拿着书去树林进行了很好的阅读。
（5）The woman couldn't push the cart full of wood.
那位女士推不动装满木头的车子。
五、［uː］goose
1．发音要领
舌后部向软腭抬起，口腔内始终保持紧张状态，双唇较［u］收得更圆更小，并向前突出。是长音。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
food and soup blue boots whose tool loose tooth
choose a good school at noon in June blue moon（千载难逢的事物）
stoop by a cool pool useful tools school shooting（校园枪击事件）
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—I'm full of good food.
—Such beautiful puddings！
—But too much sugar...
—I had a huge serving of chocolate mousse with stewed fruit.
—I had the blueberry souffle and the rhubarb strudel.
—I was very foolish. I had two servings of gooseberry fool.
—What a fool you are！
Note: fool has two meanings, that is
1. a stupid person;
2. mousse, souffle, strudel and fool are desserts.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/uː/的音？
1．元音字母u, o，如：rule, rude, who等。
2．字母组合oo, ou, ue，如：food, tooth, soup, blue等。
注意：字母组合oo后面跟浊辅音时，多发长音/uː/，但是也有例外，如tooth/tuːθ/, loose/luːs/。
C．朗读下列句子
（1）As a rule, a fool and his money are soon parted.
通常情况下，傻子手里留不住钱。
（2）That news is too good to be true.
这个消息太好了，不敢相信是真的。
（3）That student blew up a blue balloon on an afternoon in June.
那个学生在六月的一个下午放飞了一个蓝色的气球。
（4）Whose goose soup is this? It is too cool.
这是谁的鹅汤？太凉了。
（5）Sue is beautiful and she is cool at school.
苏很漂亮，而且她在学校还很酷。
ACTIVITY Read aloud to distinguish the difference between the sounds in each group.
六、学以致用
Topic Greetings and Introduction问候和介绍
1．日常会话
人与人见面总是免不了问候和介绍，Andy和Betty是新学期刚见面的同学，两人互相问候之后，Betty又介绍Andy认识了他们的老师Professor Smith。请大家分角色朗读下面的对话，熟练掌握和把握问候、介绍常用的语言及句型。注意表达中带有单元音音素的词的发音。
链接：
“hi”是人与人之间用来打招呼的很随意的说法，美国人很喜欢用。当别人用“hi”来招呼你的时候，你的回答通常也是“hi”，如：
—Hi, Andy．回答：Hi, Betty.
Hi后边也可以紧跟上别的话语，如：
—Hi, how are you doing？
比“hi”略微正式一点点的，是“hello”。“hello”类似于中国人见面打招呼最常用的“你好”，是见面打招呼最常用的表达，答语也是“hello”，如：
—Hello, Andy．回答：Hello, Betty.
但是，当与人初次见面或在会议、会谈等较为重要、正式的场合，或者对方比自己年长，身份地位较为尊贵的话，应选用比“hi”, “hello”更正式的问候语，如：
①Good morning/afternoon/evening.
②How nice to see you.
③How are you？
另外，“How do you do”这句话对于在重要场合下的初次见面也是很常用的，表达更为郑重，答语往往也是“How do you do”。
同样，也有比“hi”, “hello”更随意的问候语，通常在与熟人打招呼时使用，如：
①What's happening？
②What's new？
③How are you doing？
④What's up？
⑤Long time no see（. “很久不见”，这句话是典型的Chinglish，但是，走得多了就成了路，说得多了就成了习语啦。）
2．情景表达
下面这段文字是电影《律政俏佳人》中的一段话。Professor Stromwell在毕业典礼上介绍代表学生发言的Elle Woods。请观看电影片段，模仿Professor Stromwell的介绍。注意句子中带有单元音音素的词的发音。
Ladies and gentlemen:
I present the graduates of Harvard Law School, Class of 2004. I am personally very honored to introduce this year's class-elected speaker. After getting off to a quite interesting start here at Harvard, she graduates today with an invitation to join one of Boston's most prestigious law firms. I am sure we are going to see great things from her.
Ladies and gentlemen: Elle Woods.
第四单元 双元音
音频
双元音的发音特点
双元音的发音是从一个元音滑到另一个元音，整个滑动过程听起来就像在发一个长元音。发音时，第一个音发得强而清晰，第二个音发得短而模糊。
双元音的分类
英语中共8个双元音。根据发音时舌的活动情况，双元音可以分为两类：合口双元音和集中双元音。
合口双元音：［ai］［ɔi］［ei］［au］［əu］
集中双元音：［iə］［ɛə］［uə］
一、［ai］kite
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—Er... Hi! ... Are you all right? ... Would you like a ride in my car？
—Thanks. I'm fine. I'm just flying my kite and enjoying the sunshine.
—Oh... er... alright! Have a nice time！
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/ai/的音？
1．元音字母i（y），如：sky, ride, why, white等。
2．字母组合igh, ie, ei, eigh, eye，如：light, tie, height, eye等。
1．发音要领
［ai］是从［a］滑到［i］的合口双元音。发音时唇形由开到合，一定要注意［ai］是两个音的滑动，不要把这个音发成单元音［æ］，更不能把它发成汉语普通话中的“爱”或“哀”。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
right eye live and die high price time of life nice surprise
childlike life strive for right white lie（善意的谎言）
C．朗读下列句子
（1）Out of sight, out of mind.
眼不见，心不烦。
（2）Greatminds think alike.
英雄所见略同。
（3）The good life is the one inspired by love and guided of knowledge.
美好的人生由爱来激发，由知识所引导。
（4）Goodmind, good find.
好心有好报。
（5）Varity is the spice of life.
生活因变化而精彩。
二、［ɔi］boy
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—Do I put all this oil in the rice？
—Yes, all the oil, and then let it boil.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/ɔi/的音？
字母组合oi, oy，如：toil, coin, toy, boy等。
1．发音要领
［ɔi］是从［ɔ］滑到［i］的合口双元音。唇形由圆到扁，牙床由开到合。注意双元音［ɔi］在汉语普通话中没有相似音。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
joyful boy boiled oil destroyed toy noisy voice
joint point spoiled boy unemployed toiler some soy in the boiler
C．朗读下列句子
（1）The noisy voice spoils our enjoyment.
噪声破坏了我们的快乐。
（2）Joy was annoyed at the boy for spoiling her toy.
乔伊因为那个男孩弄坏了她的玩具生气了。
（3）She poured some soy on the soil.
她往地上倒了些酱油。
（4）The employer would employ some toilers.
这个老板愿意雇些勤劳的工人。
（5）I want to boil a bottle of oil for this toiler.
我想为这位辛苦的工人热一瓶油。
三、［ei］snail
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
— I'm afraid I've made a mistake on this form. Is your name spelt J-A-C-K？
— No, it's J-A-H-K. And here is another mistake. My occupation. I'm not a wine taster. I'm a food tester.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/ei/的音？
1．元音字母a，如：name, late等。
2．字母组合ai, ay, ei, ey, ea，如：train, play, eight, grey, great等。
1．发音要领
［ei］是从［e］滑到［i］的合口双元音。唇形略扁，牙床由半开到合。注意［ei］是两个音的滑动，而不是［e］的延长。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
railway station take a break make a mistake break away
make a face make one's way take place snail mail（人工送信）
C．朗读下列句子
（1）Kate is always late.
凯特总是迟到。
（2）You can't make an omelet without breaking eggs.
有失才有得。
（3）Haste makes waste.
欲速则不达。
（4）A good gain takes long pain.
好事多磨。
（5）No pain, no gain.
一分辛劳一分收获。
四、［au］house
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—How is your cow？
—Better. I'm taking it to Roy Coyne.
—I don't ask about your car! I said“how's your cow? ”You know, your brown cow！
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/au/的音？
主要由字母组合ou, ow发出，如：cloud, mouse, cow, down等。
1．发音要领
［au］是从［a］滑到［u］的合口双元音。唇形由扁到圆，牙床由开到合。注意不要把这个音发成［ɔu］或者汉语拼音中的“ɑo”。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
around the house shout loudly down town brown mouse
out of town allow a discount（折扣）think out loud（自言自语）
going from mouth to mouth
C．朗读下列句子
（1）I found a big mouse in the house.
我在房子里发现了一只大老鼠。
（2）There is a large house near the downtown.
在闹市区附近有所大房子。
（3）He has chased about the town, never sat down.
他转遍了小镇，根本没坐下休息过。
（4）Brown who lives in the south of the county town is very proud.
在小镇南边住的布朗很骄傲。
（5）She saw a large crowd surrounding the fountain and shouting loudly.
她看到一大群人在喷泉旁边，大声喊叫着。
五、［əu］coat
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—Are you going to the boat show？
—Mmm... don't know... Maybe I'll go with Bert.
—Does Bert have a boat？
—No.
—Oh.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/əu/的音？
1．元音字母o，如：note, nose等。
2．字母组合oa, ou, ow，如：coat, soul, grow等。
1．发音要领
［əu］是从［ə］到［u］，唇形由扁到圆，牙床由半开到合。注意不要把这个音发成［ɔu］或汉语拼音中的“ou”。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
go over roly-poly（矮胖子）coach fellow（旅伴）grow old
know in the soul a slow coach（落后分子）go with the flow（随大流）
C．朗读下列句子
（1）Little strokes fell great oaks.
一点一点地劈就可以砍倒大树。
（2）I know the whole story from A to Z.
我知道这个故事的始终。
（3）Do in Rome as Romans do.
入乡随俗。
（4）Don't go for a stroll on the road after dark.
天黑之后，别在路上闲逛。
（5）You know, the things will grow slowly in the cold.
你知道，寒冷条件下生物长得很慢。
ACTIVITY Read aloud to distinguish the difference between the sounds in each group.
六、［iə］deer
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—There's a bee in your beer.
—I can't hear.
—I said here's to you, my dear.
— Cheers, dear! I've been hearing that joke about a bee in my beer for nearly sixty-three years.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/iə/的音？
字母组合ere, eer, ear, ier, ea，如：mere, deer, hear, fierce, idea等。
1．发音要领
［iə］是从［i］滑到［ə］的双元音，集中到元音［ə］，因此叫集中双元音。唇形中常。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
cheerful hero fierce Indian near the pier real beard
from ear to ear weird idea last year of this period clear tear
C．朗读下列句子
（1）Here, a tear rolls down that severe Indian's cheek.
从那个严肃的印第安人脸上流下一滴泪。
（2）They came here at the same time last year.
去年他们同时来到这里。
（3）A man can't hear without his ear.
没有耳朵，人听不见。
（4）It's not clear whether the man with beard is from India or the Republic of Korea.
长胡子的那个人不确定是印度人还是韩国人。
（5）The hero who would be superior really appeared here.
将要发达的那位英雄确实来过这里。
七、［ɛə］bear
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—Oh, Claire! Oh! Where is the wedding? What should I wear？
—Over there. Any thing you want if you dare.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/ɛə/的音？
字母组合air, are, ear, ere，如：fair, care, pear, there等。
1．发音要领
［ɛə］是从［ɛ］滑到［ə］的集中双元音，唇形中常。注意［ɛ］是前元音，它在英语音标中不单独出现，只和［ə］一起构成一个双元音。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
dare to bear wear and tear repair chairs hairy bear
unfair chairman air fare square area share ware（付费极少的软件）
C．朗读下列句子
（1）Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
（2）Be careful! There is a chair near the stairs.
小心！在楼梯旁有把椅子。
（3）Mary was scared because there was a huge bear over there.
玛丽很害怕，因为那里有只大熊。
（4）The mayor dare barely spare the money for this fare.
市长只敢在这件事上花钱。
（5）The girl with the fair hair is comparing the answers carefully.
那个金发女孩正仔细比较着答案。
八、［uə］tourist
ACTIVITY Read, conclude and remember.
—Oh, Poor Claire! Are you sure you won't go for a tour？
—Yes, I'm sure.
英语中哪些字母或者字母组合会发出/uə/的音？
字母组合oor, our, ure，如：poor, tour, sure等。
1．发音要领
［uə］是从［u］滑到［ə］的集中双元音，唇形由圆到扁。
2．发音练习
A．朗读下列音标
B．朗读下列短语
curious tourist poor curiosity pure jewel
newer and purer bluer ewer fewer and fewer
C．朗读下列句子
（1）I'm sure this steward is poor.
我确定这个乘务员很穷。
（2）The tourist toured the rural area in February.
这个游客在二月份游览了这个郊区。
（3）Fewer poor men were assured this jewel was pure.
没几个穷人确保这个珠宝是纯的。
（4）This ewer is newer than the bluer one.
这个水罐比那个蓝些的更新。
（5）The furious farmer became curious about that gourd during his tour in the moor.
当他在草原上转悠时，这个愤怒的农夫对那个葫芦产生了兴趣。
ACTIVITY Read aloud to distinguish the difference between the sounds in each group.
九、学以致用
Topic Expressing Gratitude感谢
1．日常会话
Betty邀请Andy到自己家里做客。Andy因为晚上有课要提前离开，对Betty的盛情招待和挽留表达感谢。请分角色朗读并熟练掌握表达感谢的常用句型。注意表达中带有双元音音素的词的发音。
链接：
“thanks”是口语中表达感谢比较随意的说法，主要用在同学、朋友等熟人之间。英语中表达感谢的说法很多，最常用的是“thank you”，习惯的搭配是“thank you for...”；在这个句型中，“for”是介词，后面用名词，如果要用动词，动词后需加“ing”变成动名词。如：
Thank you for the book.
Thank you for the gift.
Thank you for the information.
Thank you for your help.
Thank you for coming.
Thank you for calling.
Thank you for helping me.
而口语中较随意的说法是“thanks for”，如：
Thanks for bringing my bag.
Thanks for coming.
Thanks for the ride.
注意，“thanks for”句型中的“thanks”仍为动词。当然，它也可用作名词，这时，它后面不接“for”，如：
Thanks a lot.
Many thanks.
Thanks a bunch.
❖特别提醒：“thanks+to”这一短语是“because of”“由于”“因为”的意思，如：
Thanks（to）her help, I found my keys.
同时，表达感谢除了可以用“thank”这个词，还可以用“appreciate”，如：
I really appreciate your help.
另外，当别人向你表达感谢的时候，你也应该给予恰当的回答，常用的说法有：
That's all right.
You're welcome.
It's my pleasure（to help you）.
Don't mention it.
2．情景表达
年终岁尾，各个公司都会以各种“party”的形式组织年会（annual meeting）活动。假设你是某公司负责人，受邀参加了业务往来公司举办的Christmas party，在结束之际，发表致辞对举办方表示感谢。请认真体会感谢致辞的基本表达格式，同时注意致辞中带有双元音音素的词的发音。
Ladies and gentlemen,
On behalf of our entire company, I want to thank you for inviting us to such an enjoyable Christmas party.
We really enjoyed the delicious food and excellent wine. Also, the music was perfect, so if I were a better dancer I could have enjoyed the party twice as much.
I enjoyed meeting and talking to you, and sharing the time together. I hope we will be able to maintain this good relationship and make next year another great one together.
Thank you again for the wonderful party. We had a great time.
第五单元 元音小结
音频
英语元音一共20个，其中12个单元音，8个双元音。
元音发音到位非常重要。元音发音时一定要注意发音时的舌位以及牙床的开合度。
元音的长度：音的长度影响音的响亮程度。同一个元音在不同的情况下音长会有所变化。一般来说，元音在句尾时比在句中时发得长，在浊辅音前比在清辅音前发得长。
ACTIVITY
1. Read and remember the following proverbs.
（1）By doing we learn.
经一事，长一智。
（2）Honesty is the best policy.
做人以诚信为本。
（3）Great hopes make great men.
伟大的理想造就伟大的人物。
（4）Keep good men company and you shall be of the number.
近朱者赤，近墨者黑。
（5）It takes three generations to make a gentleman.
十年树木，百年树人。
（6）Heaven never helps the man who will not act.
自己不动，叫天何用。
（7）If a man deceives me once, shame on him; if he deceives me twice, shame on me.
上当一回足，再多就可耻。
（8）Bitter pills may have wholesome effects.
良药苦口利于病。
（9）Never do things by halves.
做事切莫半途而废。
（10）The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attitude of the strong.
弱者不会宽恕。宽恕是强者的特质。
2. Circle the words with the same vowel sound as the given one.
3. learn to sing the song“Edelweiss”, the interlude of Sound Of Music and pay attention to the pronunciation of all the vowels.
Edelweiss, edelweiss,
Every morning you greet me.
Small and white,
Clean and bright.
You look happy to meet me.
Blossom of snow,
May you bloom and grow,
Bloom and grow forever.
Edelweiss, edelweiss,
Bless my homeland forever.