第一轮 iBT词汇基础阶段：15天

Level A-基础词汇 个列表，

共收录核心词330个

Day 1

□ provide

□ indicate

□ develop

□ contain

□ explain

□ remain

□ appear

□ require

□ involve

□ affect

□ exist

□ reduce

□ continue

□ vary

□ introduce

□ play

□ consider

□ discover

□ relate

□ limit

Day 2

□ determine

□ improve

□ remove

□ breathe

□ compare

□ locate

□ replace

□ recognize

□ expect

□ destroy

□ connect

□ arise

□ melt

□ divide

□ achieve

□ avoid

□ bury

□ lay

□ trace

□ assess

Day 3

□ propose

□ disappear

□ promote

□ adjust

□ encourage

□ protect

□ recover

□ detect

□ display

□ regard

□ operate

□ predict

□ reject

□ extract

□ shape

□ invent

□ pump

□ accompany

□ handle

□ alter

Day 4

□ survive

□ apply

□ identify

□ evolve

□ adapt

□ reveal

□ collapse

□ spray

□ oppose

□ accustom

□ cope

□ participate

□ starve

□ outline

□ disturb

□ finance

□ mature

□ restrict

□ mislead

□ object

Day 5

□ measure

□ account

□ profit

□ dwell

□ assist

□ recharge

□ refine

□ afford

□ satisfy

□ deliver

□ attach

□ incline

□ privilege

□ shatter

□ undertake

□ distract

□ assure

□ persuade

□ drown

□ soar

Day 6

□ prevent

□ overcome

□ calculate

□ withstand

□ convince

□ employ

□ switch

□ explore

□ enlarge

□ examine

□ govern

□ threaten

□ bound

□ compose

□ confirm

□ consume

□ ensure

□ cast

□ classify

□ invest

Day 7

□ drain

□ contradict

□ transfer

□ orient

□ erupt

□ purchase

□ recruit

□ inflate

□ recur

□ stabilize

□ bloom

□ struggle

□ catalog

□ squeeze

□ declare

□ frown

□ inherit

□ suspend

□ buffer

□ launch

Day 8

□ charge

□ benefit

□ attempt

□ decay

□ undergo

□ initiate

□ enrich

□ encounter

□ grind

□ discourage

□ capture

□ parallel

□ counter

□ multiply

□ clarify

□ deceive

□ accuse

□ misbehave

□ plunge

□ defeat

Day 9

□ maintain

□ represent

□ compete

□ expand

□ contribute

□ surround

□ establish

□ consist

□ observe

□ reflect

□ preserve

□ accumulate

□ obtain

□ emerge

□ emphasize

□ extend

□ spread

□ assume

□ demonstrate

□ occupy

Day 10

□ generate

□ expose

□ absorb

□ estimate

□ adopt

□ define

□ isolate

□ permit

□ exploit

□ retain

□ transform

□ combine

□ strike

□ perform

□ stimulate

□ eliminate

□ abandon

□ engage

□ inhabit

□ regulate

Day 11

□ reproduce

□ yield

□ distinguish

□ interpret

□ exclude

□ flourish

□ modify

□ evaporate

□ penetrate

□ cease

□ perceive

□ possess

□ specialize

□ scatter

□ convert

□ cultivate

□ assemble

□ exaggerate

□ sustain

□ coordinate

Day 12

□ derive

□ acquire

□ distribute

□ enclose

□ reverse

□ endure

□ investigate

□ tolerate

□ digest

□ proceed

□ complicate

□ invade

□ justify

□ persist

□ transmit

□ conquer

□ grant

□ accelerate

□ provoke

□ escalate

Day 13

□ breed

□ presume

□ devise

□ diffuse

□ exhaust

□ revise

□ cramp

□ interrupt

□ astonish

□ highlight

□ install

□ negotiate

□ trample

□ resume

□ specify

□ foresee

□ overshadow

□ fetch

□ neglect

Day 14

□ document

□ mirror

□ perfect

□ mount

□ patent

□ sponsor

□ fuel

□ border

□ coat

□ course

□ weather

□ ripple

□ trumpet

□ desert

□ subject

□ fork

□ rival

□ cascade

□ plug

□ found

□ fuse

□ stem

□ flow

□ drift

□ blur

□ vent

□ coin

□ pose

□ tap

□ craft

□ bare

□ bridge

□ cage

□ pale

□ coil

□ sap

□ voyage

Day 15

□ tuck

□ haul

□ blink

□ cling

□ soak

□ flee

□ leak

□ stun

□ omit

□ roam

□ span

□ stalk

□ creep

□ gear

□ stain

□ squat

□ flap

□ seep

□ shun

□ mow

□ wilt

□ spew

□ yawn

□ query

□ tame

□ foul

□ bask

□ purge

□ peg

□ prey

□ peck

□ chomp

□ stunt

Day 1

provide[prəˈvaId] 429 ^[1]

【释义】

vt.提供；规定（give；furnish；supply；state）

vi.抚养；做准备（feed；prepare）

【字字珠玑】

provide：accommodate ____□□□

provide：afford ____□□□

provide：yield ____□□□

provide：furnish ____□□□

provide：give ____□□□

provide：supply ____□□□

provide：render ____□□□

provideevidence：attestto ____□□□

provided：if ____□□□

provideenergy：fuel ____□□□

例句

•Analyses of these cores and samples provide a different solution to theproblem.

对这些冰核和样本的分析给问题提供了一个不一样的解决方法。

•Other researchers go even further，suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface.

其他研究者做了更大胆的猜测，他们认为那些数据表明在早期的火星表面存在大量的水。

•This development，coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy，

provided an impetus to along-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade.政治的发展在将欧洲经济带入谷底的同时，也提供了一个新契机，通过建立一个欧洲与东方的海上航线确保两者之间直接的贸易往来，实现长久以来的愿景。

【派生】provided conj.假如；倘若providing conj.假如，以……为条件provisio nn.提供；供应provide impetus to推进

indicate[ˈIndIkeIt] 244

【释义】

vt.指示，指出（showsth.，especiallybypointing）

vt.象征；暗示（be a sign of sth.；suggest the possibility or probability of sth.）

【字字珠玑】

indicate：demonstrate ____□□□

indicate：reflect ____□□□

indicate：imply ____□□□

indicate：speak of ____□□□

indication：hint ____□□□

indication：signclue ____□□□

indicativeof：suggesting ____□□□

Syn.：imply，show，suggest^[2]

作为单词题discern的选项出现。

23-3.discern○indicate○apply○identify○repeat

例句

•The results clearly indicated that the birds were orienting according to the stars.

这些结果清楚地表明这些夜间迁徙的候鸟是通过星宿位置来定位方向的。

•There is accumulating evidence indicating that birds navigate by using a wide variety of environmental cues.

这些不断积累的证据表明鸟是通过多种多样的外界环境信息来引导它们迁徙的。

•To the extent that the coverage of the global climate from these records can provide a measure of its true variability，it should at least indicate how all the natural causes of climate change have combined.这些指标中记录的全球气候的覆盖范围已经达到了可以提供真实的气候变化标准的程度，它至少能揭示所有引起气候变化的自然原因是怎样息息相关的。

【派生】

indicated v.动词indicate的过去式和过去分词

indicating adj.指示的；标志的v.动词indicate的现在分词

indication n.指示；表示；迹象indicative adj.暗示性的

【词根】

indicate17世纪50年代进入英语，源自拉丁语中的indicatus。

in-（里面）+dic（说）+-ate（动词后缀）→暗示

develop[dIˈveləp]239

【释义】

vt.&vi.发展（increase or become larger or more complete）

vt.&vi.（使）成长，（使）发育（make（sb./sth.）grow larger，fuller or more mature）

【字字珠玑】

develop：brew ____□□□

develop：evolve ____□□□

develop：form ____□□□

developing：emergent ____□□□

developed：mature ____□□□

undeveloped：rudimentary ____□□□

Syn.：advance，enlarge，expand，grow，mature，disclose，evolve，reveal，unfold

作为单词题prevalent/endured/diffused/evolve/interlocked/elaboration/eroded/composed of的选项出现。

1-3.prevalent○predictable○widespread○successful○developed

6-2.endured○vanished○developed○varied○survived

7-3.diffused○emerged○was understood○spread○developed

10-1.evolve○divided○extended○developed○vanished

15-3.interlocked○intermediate○linked○frozen○fully developed

21-3.elaboration○development○special ization○use○transformation

27-2.eroded○worn down○scattered○developed○deserted

34-1.composed of○made up of○developed from○in addition to○similar to

例句

•It would appear that the instability of the climatic conditions ledpopu lations that had originally been nomadic to settle down and develop a sedentary style of life，which led in turn to population growth and to the need to increase the amount of food available.

似乎是气候条件的不稳定性使得那些原本放牧的人安定下来，逐渐发展成了定居的生活方式，这也反过来造成了人口增长以及所需食物量的增加。

•More extended trading networks also helped develop Europe’s economy in this period.

不断扩大的贸易网络也促进了这段时期欧洲经济的增长。

•Once the idea of planti ng diffused，Africans began to develop thei r own crops，such as certai n varieties of rice...

一旦种植的思想传播开来，非洲人就开始培育他们自己的农作物，比如某些水稻……

•Between the older layers of glacial material were well-developed soils containing fossils of warm-climate plants.在这些年代更久远的冰层里有永冻土，其中包含了温带植物的化石。

•During the following centuries，the applications of waterpower kept pace with the developing technologies of mining，iron working，paper making，and the wool and cotton industries.在接

下来的几个世纪中，对水力的利用与采矿、炼铁、造纸以及棉毛纺织工业的技术进步同步。

【派生】

well-developedadj.发展良好的

developmental adj.促成生长的

development n.发展；开发；生长；进展

undeveloped adj.未经开发的

contain[kənˈteIn] 196

【释义】

vt.包含；容纳（hold；have withi nitself）

vt.抑制（hold back；keep under control or within limits）

【字字珠玑】

contain：include ____□□□

contain：house ____□□□

contain：incorporate ____□□□

Syn.：comprise，embrace，have，i ncl ude，i nvolve

例句

•Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when compared to the amounts they hold in

surface stores such as lakes and rivers.

相比湖泊和河流等地表水，沙漠中地下水的贮藏量要大得多。

•When broken open，Allende stones are revealed to contain an assortment of small，distinctive objects，spherical or irregular in shape and embedded in a dark gray matrix.

把阿伦德陨石破开，发现里面含有各种各样细小的、独特的物体，这些物体呈球状或者不规则状，嵌在深灰色的基质（结合物质）中。

•An estimated 99.85 percent of the mass of our solar system is contained within the Sun，while the planets col lectively make up most of the remai ni ng 0.15 percent.

太阳系中，太阳的质量占大约99.85%，而所有行星的质量加起来占剩下的0.15%。

【派生】

contained adj.抑制的；平静的v.动词contain的过去式和过去分词

containi ng n.包含；包括v.动词contain的现在分词

container n.容器；集装箱containment n.牵制；包含；容量

【词根】

contain13世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的contenir；最初源自拉丁语的continere，意为“包括在一起”。

con-（一起）+tain（拿）→包含

explain[IkˈspleIn] 185

【释义】

vt.&vi.说明，解释（give or show the meaning of）

【字字珠玑】

explain：account for ____□□□

explain：shed light on ____□□□

Syn.：clarify，define，explicate，expound，interpret，account for，justify

作为单词题overshadowed/account for/regulating的选项出现。

12-2.overshadowed○distracted from○explained

○conducted○coordi nated with

15-2.account for○describe○challenge○explain○test

29-2.regulating○controlling○explaining○observing○stopping

例句

•The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis attempts to explain a curious feature of the fossil

record—one that has been familiar to paleontologist for more than a century but has usually

been ignored.断点平衡论试着去解释化石记录的一个古怪的特点——在超过一个世纪的时间里它已经为古生物学者所熟悉，但一直被忽视。

•The remarkable mobility and range of pastoral societies explain，inpart，why so many linguists have argued that the I ndo-European languages began thei rastonishing expansionist career not among farmers in Anatoli.这种显著的移动性和畜牧社会的地理范围在某种程度上解释了

很多语言学家一直争论的一个问题：为什么印欧语系并非从安纳托利亚（现在的土耳其）的农民中传播开来，而是产生于早期欧洲内陆的牧民。

•But，while accepting that not everything in life can be explained by Darwinian evolution，there are sound reasons for being skeptical of theories like this one，which avoid the issue of what yawning does for adults.但是，当人们已认同达尔文的进化论并不能解释所有现象时，我们有充分的理由怀疑这一无法解释成年人打哈欠的理论。

•This opinion also attempts to solve the overpainting by explaining that an animals picture had no further use after the hunt.

同时，这种观点尝试解释重复绘画的原因：狩猎结束后，之前所绘的猎物图不再有用。

【派生】

explained v.动词explain的过去式和过去分词

explaining v.动词explain的现在分词explanation n.解释；说明

【词根】

explain16世纪进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的explanare，意为“解释，使清楚”；最初源自此语中的explane。

remain[rɪˈmeɪn] 139

【释义】

vi.留下，逗留（stay or be left behind after others have gone，been lost，etc.）

vi.剩下，余留（be sti l l present after a part has gone or has been taken away）

vi.仍然是，依旧是（conti nue to be i n an unchanged state）

n.（-s）剩余物（pieces or parts of somethi ng which conti nue to exist when most of it has been used，destroyed or taken away）

【字字珠玑】

remain：last ____□□□

remains：remnants ____□□□

remains：residue ____□□□

remains：remai nders ____□□□

remaining：residual ____□□□

remaining：extant ____□□□

Syn.：abide，continue，dwell，last，rest，stand，stay，wait

作为单词题relics/heterogeneous/viable的选项出现。

8-3.relics○remains○sites○requirements○sources

19-3.heterogeneous○remaining○varied○familiar○layered

32-1.viable○able to survive○i ndividual○large○remai ni ng

例句

•When snail or clam shells are left behind，they must be empty in order to remain durable and resist dissol ution.当蜗牛或蛤蜊壳被留下，它们必须是空壳才足够坚固并且能抵御分解。

•Water does not remain immobile in an aquifer but can seep out at springs or leak into other aquifers.贮存在蓄水层的水并非不流动，而是会通过泉眼渗出或是进入其他蓄水层。

•Dutch peasants were able to remain unaffected by this crisis for a long time because they had special ized in dairy farming industrial crops，and horticu lture.荷兰农民能够长期不受危机的影响是因为他们在乳制品、经济作物以及园艺上的专门化。

•Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.如果没有受到外国因素的影响，中国陶瓷的含义依然清晰。

•A completely different theory holds that yawning assists in the physical development of the lungs early in life，but has no remaining biological function in adults.一个完全不同的理论认为，打哈欠有助于早期肺部的发育，但是对于成年人来说并没有任何生理功效。

【派生】

remained v.动词remain的过去式和过去分词

remaining adj.剩余的v.动词remain的现在分词

【词根】

remain14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的remain；最初源自拉丁语的remanere，意为“保留”。

re-回manere放，置

appear[əˈpɪr]125

【释义】

vi.出现，显现（come and be seen）

【字字珠玑】

appear：emerge ____□□□

apparent：obvious ____□□□

apparent：evident ____□□□

Syn.：arise，arrive，come out，emerge，turn up

例句

•At first sight，the plain did not appear to be a likely home for acivilization.

乍看之下，这个平原并不像是一个文明的发源地。

•Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be i nvolved in aggression.

侵略性行为似乎与许多生物结构和化学物质有关。

•Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall，they showed no signs of confusion.不论这些食罐是在右侧还是左侧墙壁前方，它们都不会表现出一丝疑惑。

•The structure of the periodic table appeared to l i m it the number of possible elements.

元素周期表的框架似乎限制了可能存在的元素数量。

•Writi ng appeared i n the form of logograms and later developed i nto a system usi ng signs to represent syl lables rather than whole words.手写体出现时用的缩记符的形式，后来发展成

为一个使用符号去代表音节而非整个单词的系统。

【派生】

appeared v.动词appear的过去式和过去分词

appeari ng v.动词appear的现在分词

appearance n.出现；露面；外貌；外表apparent adj.明显的

【词根】

appear13世纪中期进入英语，直接源自古法语的aparoi r，意为“显现”；最初源自拉丁语的apparere。

ap=ad-强调（to）perere看得见的requi re[rɪˈkwaIər] 122

【释义】

vt.要求，需要（depend on sb./sth.；need or make necessary）

vt.要求，规定（demand by right）

【字字珠玑】

require：mandate ____□□□

require：oblige ____□□□

require：callfor ____□□□

require：demand ____□□□

require：insist ____□□□

require：stipulate ____□□□

required：compulsory ____□□□

required：mandatory ____□□□

required：necessary ____□□□

required：indispensable ____□□□

required：compelled ____□□□

requirement：prerequisite ____□□□

Syn.：ask，beg，bid，ommand，compel，demand，exact，force，order，request，want，wish

作为单词题attain/derive/installed/precise/compulsory/promote的选项出现。

2-3.attain○require○resist○achieve○endure

11-3.derive○require○gain○use○produce

30-3.installed○required○expected by the majority of people ○standardized○put in place

31-1.promotes○describes○encourages○delays○requires

32-2.compulsory○foreign○formal○required○preferred

40-2.precise○exact○predicted○approximate○required

例句

•Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy，plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy.因为高度活跃的工蚁需要很多能量，而植物正好可以利用这一需求，为蚂蚁提供花外蜜以满足它们对能量的需求。

•Larger ani mals require more food than smal ler ani mals，but smal ler ani mals have a higher metabol icrate.

体型较大的动物相对于体型较小的需要更多的食物，而小型动物具有更高的代谢率。

•Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development.研究表明，某些矿物质是植物正常生长发育所必需的。

•Support and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program cope with aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable.

项目中的教师同样需要支持和鼓励以帮助他们去应付职业生活中的不如意。

【派生】

required adj.必需的v.动词require的过去式和过去分词

requiring v.动词require的现在分词requirement n.必要条件；要求

【词根】

require1300年左右进入英语，直接源自古法语的requerre；最初源自通俗拉丁语的requrere，意为“反复询问”。

re-反复qurere要求；询问

involve[Inˈvαːlv] 110

【释义】

vt.参与，牵涉（cause to be caught or mixed up in trouble，etc.；relateclosely）

vt.使埋头，使专注（cause to immerse oneself in）

【字字珠玑】

involve：engage ____□□□

involve：entail ____□□□

involvement：preoccupation ____□□□

Syn.：affect，concern，touch

例句

•Petrifaction may also involve a simultaneous exchange of the original substance of a dead plant

or animal with mineral matter of a different composition.

石化还可能涉及死亡动植物的原有物质与不同成分矿物质的同时交换。

•Symbiotic relationships involve the i nteraction of two or more organisms acting as partners.

共生关系是两种或多种物种之间的一种交互作用。

•Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups，like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups.学习适当的社交行为特别重要，尤其是对于群居动物，比如猴子，它们需要学会控制自私和攻击性，学着去懂得付出和收获的关系以融入群体。

•Finally，younger ecologists have found ecological problems involving behavior and life-history adaptations more attractive than measuri ng physical constants.

最后，年轻一代的生态学家发现关于行为和生命历史进化的问题比测试物理常量更有趣。

【派生】

involved adj.涉及的；牵连的beinvolvedin参与；卷入

involving adj.包括的v.动词involve的现在分词involvement n.卷入；牵连

【词根】

involve 1382年进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的involvere，意为“滚进”，引申为“纠缠；信封”。

in-里volvere滚，卷

affect[əˈfekt] 103

【释义】

vt.影响（cause some result or change；influence）

vt.感动（cause feel i ngs of sorrow，anger，love，etc.）

vt.炫耀（make an obvious show of usi ng，weari ng or l i ki ng sth.）

【字字珠玑】

affectiontie：emotional attachment____□□□

Syn.：impact，impress，infect，move，touch

作为单词题facilitates/promote的选项出现。

5-1.facilitates○slows down○affects○makes easier○focuses on

5-3.promote○complicate○prevent○encourage○affect

例句

•Indeed，stability of the biological clock’s period is one of its major features，even when the organism’s environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors，such as temperature，that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.

的确，稳定性是生物钟最重要的特性之一，即使生物所处环境的诸多要素发生显著变化，例如温度可能会对生物活性产生很大的影响。

•Biological activity is not strongly affected by changes in temperature.

温度的改变不会对生物活性产生太大的影响。

•In contrast to parasitism，in commensalism，one partner benefits without significantly affecting the other.与寄生关系相反，在共生关系中，一方受益，也不会给另一方带来严重影响。

•Of all the visual arts，architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environmentin major ways.在所有的视觉艺术中，建筑最直接地影响了我们的生活，因为它在很多方面决定了我们生存的环境特征。

【派生】

affected adj.受影响的；受疾病侵袭的v.动词affect的过去式和过去分词

affecting adj.感人的；动人的v.动词affect的现在分词

affection n.影响；感情；喜爱

【词根】

affect 14世纪进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的affectus，意为“作用于，有影响”。

af-（加强语气）+fect-（词根“做”）→affect

exist[IgˈzIst] 102

【释义】

vi.存在（be real or actual；have being）

vi.生存，幸存（continue living，especially with difficulty or with very little money；survive）

【字字珠玑】

exist：occur ____□□□

existing：extant ____□□□

the abi l ity to exist：viabi lity ____□□□

the possibi l ity of existence：viabi lity ____□□□

come i nto existence from：origi nate from ____□□□

Syn.：breathe，be，l ive，subsist

例句

•I nequal ities of wealth and rank certai nly exist，and have probably existed i n most pastoral ist

societies.当然，不平等的财富和社会地位确实存在，而且可能存在于绝大多数畜牧社会里。

•Throughout most of Earth’s history，glaciers did not exist，but at the present ti me about 10

percent of Earths land surface is covered by glaciers.

纵观地球的历史，大部分时期内并不存在冰川，但现在10%的地表为冰川覆盖。

•No one knows exactly when the waterwheel was i nvented，but i rrigation systems existed at least 5，000 years ago.

人们无法知晓水轮是什么时候发明的，但灌溉系统至少在五千年前就已经存在了。

•In order to increase production on existing land，the peasants made more use of crop rotation and，in particular，began to apply animal waste to the soil regularly，rather than leaving the fertilization process up to the grazing livestock.为了增加已有土地的产量，农民们利用农作物轮作，特别是用动物粪便来给土地定期施肥而不是随意让牧区的牲畜来进行施肥。

•Considerable support exists for this opinion because several animals in the pictures are wounded by arrows and spears.

大多数人支持这种观点，因为这些画当中的一些动物被箭和矛刺伤。

【派生】

existed v.动词exist的过去式和过去分词

existing adj.现存的；现有的v.动词exist的现在分词

existence n.存在；生存

【词根】

exist 1600年左右进入英语，直接源自法语的exister；最初源自古典拉丁语的exsistere，意

为“存在，出现”。

reduce[rIˈduːs] 100

【释义】

vt.缩减，减少（make less in size，amount，price，degree，etc.）

vt.使……陷入（困境，窘迫等）（bring sb./sth.into a specified state or condition）

【字字珠玑】

reduce：dilute ____□□□

reduce：diminish ____□□□

reduce：decrease ____□□□

reduce：lessen ____□□□

reduce：lower ____□□□

reduced：exhausted ____□□□

reduced：depleted ____□□□

reduce：roll back ____□□□

reduce：ally ____□□□

Syn.：curtail，cut down，diminish，dwindle，lessen，lower，scale down

例句

•Moving water was one of the earliest energy sources to be harnessed to reduce the workload of people and animals.流水是人类最早利用的能量来源，以减轻人和牲畜的工作负担。

•Researchers are eval uati ng how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.研究人员还在对这个问题的严重程度进行评估，他们希望能

想办法消除或者大幅减少这个问题（的危害）。

•When burning occurs，it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the point where some species excl ude others，reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem.

燃烧可以阻止植物物种间的竞争，以防止某一物种排斥其他物种，进而减少了整个生态系统的多样性。

•It is thought that these grooves help to channel water through the mouth and out the gill slits，thereby reducing water resistance.

为此有的金枪鱼舌头上长有特殊的凹槽，以便水流通过嘴巴从腮缝里流出，从而减少阻力。

【派 生】

reduced adj.减少的；简化的；没落的v.动词reduce的过去式和过去分词

be reduced to sth.被迫

reducing n.减低；还原v.动词reduce的现在分词

reduction n.减少；降低

【词根】

reduce 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的reducer；最初源自拉丁语的reducere，意为“带回，恢复，撤退”。

re-回ducere引导；带领

continue[kənˈtInjuː] 85

【释义】

vt.&vi.继续，连续（go on；go further without stopping or after stoppi ng）

【字字珠玑】

continue：persist ____□□□

continue：resume ____□□□

continue：maintain ____□□□

continued：carried on ____□□□

continued：constant ____□□□

continued：sustained ____□□□

continuous：successive ____□□□

continuous：endless ____□□□

continuous：uninterrupted ____□□□

continuous：ongoing ____□□□

continuously：steadily ____□□□

continual：consequent ____□□□

Syn.：abide，bide，endure，hold on，hold up，keep up，last，perdure，persist，remain，run on

作为单词题cope/flourish的选项出现。

8-2.cope○adapt○move○continue○compete

9-2.flourish○continue○occur○succeed○apply

例题

•But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites.不过在这些仪式中发展起来的神话故事继续在人们的口头流传，甚至可能脱离了仪式而被演绎着。

•Such impacts continue to pose a natural hazard to life on Earth.

这种影响对地球上的生物来说，仍然是一种自然威胁。

•The continued proliferation of banks made it easier for those without cash to negotiate loansin paper money.银行的不断发展使得那些没有现金的人贷款变得更容易了。

•The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways：

（1）by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and（2）by the dust dome the cloud like layer of poll uted air that most cities produce.第二个因素是从太阳到城市的辐射热以两种形式被拦截了：（1）通过大量建筑的垂直表面的不断反射；（2）通过尘埃，即大多数城市中由受污染空气组成的云状物质。

【派生】

continued adj.继续的；延续的v.动词conti nue的过去式和过去分词

continuing adj.连续的；持续的；不间断的v.动词continue的现在分词

continuous adj.（不间断地）连续的continual adj.（断断续续般）连续的

【词根】

continue 14世纪中期进入英语，直接源自古法语的continuer；最初源自古典拉丁语的

continuare，意为“制作的；连续的”。

vary[ˈveri] 80

【释义】

vt.&vi.不同；改变（be different；cause to change；cause to become different）

【字字珠玑】

vary：differ ____□□□

vary：fluctuate ____□□□

vary：diversify ____□□□

vary：range ____□□□

vary：change ____□□□

varied：assorted ____□□□

varied：different ____□□□

varied：heterogeneous ____□□□

various：diverse ____□□□

variation：fluctuation ____□□□

variability：tendency to change ____□□□

Syn.：contrast，differ

作为单词题reveal/differing的选项出现。

19-3.reveal○result from○vary with○show○preserve

35-3.differing○increasing○necessary○varying○high

例句

•The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty.

在中国，每一个朝代陶瓷的功能和地位都是不同的。

•Research involvi ng foram inifera fossil shells show that ocean temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere varied greatly during the most extensive periods of glaciation.

有关有孔虫类化石壳的研究表明，北半球的海洋温度在冰川作用最广泛的时期变化最大。

•Furthermore，even the most reliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in a drought.再者，即便是最可靠的水资源也会随季节变化、因干旱而枯竭。

•What varies is not the basic form but the i ncidental detai ls that do not obstruct the object’s primary function.它们的区别不是基本功能的不同，而是那些不影响其基本功能的细节。

•The Jovian planets have very thick atmospheres consisting of varying amounts of hydrogen，helium，methane，and ammonia.

类木行星有非常致密的大气层，主要由变化量的氢、氦、甲烷和氨组成。

【派生】

varied adj.各种各样的v.动词vary的过去式和过去分词

varyi ng adj.不同的v.动词vary的现在分词

various adj.各种各样的variation n.变种；变化

introduce[ˌIntrəˈduːs] 73

【释义】

vt.介绍，引入（make known for the first time by telling the person’s name to the other）

【字字珠玑】

introduce：impose ____□□□

introduce：inaugurate ____□□□

introduced：pioneered ____□□□

Syn.：acquaint，present

例句

•Less typical ly，the water is artificially introduced by bei ng pumped down from the surface.

少数情况下是人为从地表用泵抽取的水。

•Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies.西方国家和繁荣稳定的中国历代朝代之间的贸易促使双方互相引进了新形式的、不同的技术。

•Within them，infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society.

在主要群体里，婴儿与孩童可以学习处世方式。

•Because of intense interest in developing and introducing sound in film，the general use of other technological innovations being developed in the 1920s was delayed.因为发展和引入有声电影的浓烈兴趣，在20世纪20年代发展其他科技创新的广泛应用被延迟了。

【派生】

introduced v.动词introduce的过去式和过去分词

introducing n.引进v.动词introduce的现在分词

introduction n.介绍；引进；导论

【词根】

introduce 15世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的introducere。

play[pleI] 71

【释义】

vt.&vi.玩耍（amuse oneself with a game，using toys，running and jumping，etc.；hit and send a

ball）

vt.&vi.演奏；扮演（perform on a musical instrument；perform）

【字字珠玑】

play：perform ____□□□

Syn.：fun，recreation，relaxation，rollicking，sport

例句

•Here，the horse was already becoming the animal of prestige in many regions，though sheep，goats，and cattle could also play a vital role.在这里，尽管绵羊、山羊和牛扮演了非常重要的角色，但是马已经在许多地区成为具有优势地位的动物。

•Play also stimulates the development of the muscle tissues themselves and may provide theopportunities to practice those movements needed for survival.

玩耍也会刺激肌肉组织的生长，并提供练习生存技能的机会。

•With messages such as those，even dogs that are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes.有着这样的信息，哪怕是彼此陌生的狗也能在几分钟内迅速在一起玩耍。

【派生】

play a major/pri mary/vital/significant/key role/part扮演重要角色

played v.动词play的过去式和过去分词

playi ng n.比赛；演奏；表现v.动词play的现在分词

playable adj.可玩的；可演奏的playfu l adj.爱玩耍的；嬉戏的；开玩笑的

【词根】

play直接源自古英语的plegian，意为“快速移动”；最初源自日耳曼语西支的plegan，意为“繁忙”。

consider[kənˈsIdər] 69

【释义】

vt.&vi.考虑（think about）

vt.认为（think of in a stated way；regard as；have as an opi nion）

vt.关心，体谅（be concerned about；show understanding or sympathy for；take into account）

【字字珠玑】

considerable：substantial ____□□□

considerable：significant ____□□□

considerable：large much ____□□□

consider：allowing for ____□□□

Syn.：account，call，count，esteem，hold，look on，rate，reckon，regard，set down，view，take for

例句

•Most people consider the landscape to be unchangi ng，but Earth is a dynam ic body，and its surface is conti nually alteri ng-slowly on the human time scale，but relatively rapidly when compared to the great age of Earth（about 4，500 billion years）.大部分人认为自然风景是一成不变的，事实上地球是一个动态的机体，它的外貌在人类文明进程中一直保持着持续缓慢的变化。当然，与大约4万5千亿年前的冰河时代的地貌变化相比，这个进程的确快了很多。

•She considered herself an artist rather than a mere entertainer，and she，inturn，attracted the notice of other artists.她把自己定义为一位艺术家而不仅仅是一名演艺人员，于是其他艺术家对她颇为关注。

•Along the east coast Spartina is considered val uable for its ability to prevent erosion and marshland deterioration.

在东海岸，人们认为米属草非常有用，因为它有防止侵蚀和沼泽退化的能力。

•Apprentices were considered part of the family，and masters were responsible not only forteaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.学徒们被视为家庭的一分子，师傅不光负责给他们传授手艺，还要教育并监督他们的道德行为。

•The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

沙漠的扩大被认为是一种只有不同地区大量人都参与努力才能解决的严重问题。

【派生】

considered adj.考虑过的；被尊重的v.动词consider的过去式和过去分词

considering prep.鉴于；考虑到conj.就……而言v.动词consider的现在分词

consideration n.考虑；体贴considerable adj.相当大的

considerate adj.贴心的

【词根】

consider 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的considerer；最初源自拉丁语的considerare，意为“仔细看，观察”。

discover[dIˈskʌvər] 68

【释义】

vt.发现（find or learn out）

【字字珠玑】

discover：find ____□□□

discover：learn ____□□□

discover：detect ____□□□

discover：unravel ____□□□

Syn.：ascertain，catch on，find out，get on，hear，learn，realize，see，wise up，get wind of

作为单词题out of sight/postu lated/derives/engraved/extracted from的选项出现。

1-1.out of sight○far away○hidden○partly visible○discovered

16-2.postu lated○hypothesized○discovered○reported○generated

17-3.derives○digests○obtains○controls○discovers

26-3.engraved○carved○produced○dated○discovered

34-1.extracted from○taken out of○produced using○discovered in○combined with

例句

•Scientists have been surprised to discover that conditions just below the surface of Mars are very similar to conditions just below the surface of the Moon.

科学家之前非常惊讶地发现，火星表面下方的情况状态和月球表面下方如此相似。

•Lord Rayleigh，discovered a gaseous element in 1894 that did not fit into the previous classification scheme.瑞利男爵（约翰·威廉姆·斯特拉特），在1894年发现了一种气态元素，这一元素与之前的元素表不符。

【派生】

discovered v.动词discover的过去式和过去分词

discovering v.动词discover的现在分词discovery n.发现；发现物

【词根】

discover直接源自中古英语的discoveren，意为“发现，暴露，显示”。

relate[rIˈleIt] 67

【释义】

vt.讲述；叙述（tell a story）

vt.&vi.联系（connect in thought or meani ng）

【字字珠玑】

relate：connect ____□□□

relate：associate ____□□□

relate to：pertain to ____□□□

Syn.：bond，click，commune

例句

•Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous

system.其中一些潜在的好处与动物的大脑和神经系统的健康发展有关。

•For a long time scientists have argued that the exti nction of the dinosaurs was related to climate

change.很长一段时间，科学家们都在讨论恐龙的灭绝是否和天气变化有关。

【派生】

related adj.相关的v.动词relate的过去式和过去分词

relating adj.关联的v.动词relate的现在分词

relative adj.相对的；比较的；相关的n.亲戚

relationship n.关系；联系；亲属关系

【词根】

relate 1530年进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的relatus，意为“重新取”。

re-回latus携带

limit[ˈlImIt] 60

【释义】

vt.限制；限定（put a limit to；restrict；be the limit of）

n.限度，限制（the farthest point or edge，which can’t or must not be passed）

【字字珠玑】

limit：constraint ____□□□

limit：restrict ____□□□

limit：threshold ____□□□

limited：confined ____□□□

limitation：to some extent____□□□

limited to：confined to____□□□

Syn.：bound，boundary，cap，ceiling，confines，end，extent，limitation，line，termination

作为单词题attributes/marked/preposterous/enhance/termed的选项出现。

1-2.attributes○ascribes○leaves○limits○contrasts

4-2.marked○considerable○surprising○limited○adequate

11-2.preposterous○unbelievable○inadequate○limited○creative

20-3.enhance○control○limit○combine○increase

28-1.termed○considered○called○limited to○caused by

例句

•The structure of the periodic table appeared to limit the number of possible elements.

元素周期表的框架似乎限制了可能存在的元素数量。

•Rainfall was limited，and what water there was rushed across the plain in the annual flood of melted snow.降雨量有限，当地水资源的主要来源是每年冰雪融化后冲过平原的洪水。

•Wind energy production should be limited to large wind farms.

风力发电的制造应该仅限于大型风力发电厂。

•Predators help mai ntain biological diversity by limiting popu lations of a dom inant competitor species，thereby preventing that species from excluding others.

捕食者通过限制统治竞争者的数量来保持生物的多样性，这样也保护了物种的排他性。

•They include roots or root like structures，a waxy cuticle that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water，and pores called stomata in leaves and stems that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce，thus reducing water loss.

其中包括根或者类似根的结构、覆盖茎叶表面能阻止水分蒸发的蜡质角质层以及茎叶上被称为气孔的小孔——气孔的存在可以保证气体的交换，并在水分缺失时关闭气孔从而防止水分的进一步流失。

【派生】

limited adj.有限的v.动词limit的过去式和过去分词

limiting adj.限制的v.动词limit的现在分词

limitation n.限制；限度limitless adj.无限的

【词根】

limit 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自中古法语的limiter，意为“门槛，界限”。

Day 2

determine[dIˈtɜːrmIn]90

【释义】

vt.&vi.下决心，做决定（cause to make a firm decision to do sth.；cause sth.to be decided）

vt.确定，测定（fix or find out exactly）

vt.限定；制定；支配（have a controlling influence on；have a direct and important effect on）

【字字珠玑】

determine：decide ____□□□

determine：ascertain ____□□□

determine：calculate ____□□□

Syn.：adjudge，adjudicate，arbitrate，decide，judge，referee，rely on，settle，umpire

例句

•Hubbell and Johnson studied several species of sti ngless bees to determine whether there is a elationship between aggressiveness and patterns of colony distribution.

哈贝尔和约翰逊研究了几种无刺蜜蜂来确定攻击性和群体分布之间是否存在联系。

•This is significant because the amino acid sequence of an enzyme is determined by genes.

其重要性在于酶的氨基酸系列是由基因决定的。

•The investigation begins with an evaluation of toxic sites in the target area to determine the extent of contamination.这个研究是由目标地区的有毒区域评估开始的，以此来决定污染的程度。

•Determining the functions of play is difficu lt because the functions may be long-term，with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal’s adulthood.确定玩耍的功能很难，因为它的功能是长期的，伴随着一些直到动物成年才会显现出来的有利影响。

【派生】

determined adj.坚定的；坚决的；果断的；确定的，既定的v.动词determine的过去式和过去分词

determining adj.决定的v.动词determine的现在分词

determination n.决心；测定determinative adj.决定的；限定的

【词根】

determine 15世纪后期进入英语，直接源自古法语的determiner，意为“结束”；最初源自古典拉丁语的determinare，意为“设定期限”。

de-分开terminare分界

improve[Imˈpruːv] 66

【释义】

vi.&vt.改善，改进，提高（cause to become better）

【字字珠玑】

improve：enhance ____□□□

improve：upgrade ____□□□

improve：refine ____□□□

improve：advance ____□□□

Syn.：ameliorate，emend，better，enhance，enrich，help，meliorate，perfect，refine，upgrade

作为单词题enhance/instigate/refined/exploited/outdated/abundant/transformed的选项

出现。

3-1.enhance○protect○improve○organize○match

10-1.instigate○improved○investigated○narrowed○caused

17-1.refined○completed○improved○drawn○checked

20-2.exploited○explored○utilized○inhabited○improved

25-2.outdated○strict○enforced○improved○old-fashioned

32-1.abundant○new○improved○suitable○plentiful

33-1.enhance○serve○improve○control○protect

33-2.transformed○dominated○changed○improved○created

例句

•The result was relentless pressure to improve technique and design.

这样的结果是对技术和设计进步的残酷压力。

•In American society，however，the class structure was less rigid；some people changed

occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and econom ic position.

而在美国社会中，等级结构没有这么严格，一部分人很轻易地就换了工作，并且他们相

信提高自己的社会和经济地位是他们的职责。

•Another explanation for the focus on ani mals m ight be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting.对于画中以动物题材为主的另一个解释是，人们在探索如何提高打猎的命中率。

•Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines.香料在当时成为最受欢迎的商品，不仅显著提高了欧洲菜肴的口感，而且也被用于制作香水和一些药品。

【派生】

improved adj.改良的；改进的v.动词improve的过去式和过去分词

improving n.改良；改进v.动词improve的现在分词

improvement n.改进；改善

【词根】

improve 15世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自盎格鲁法语的emprouwer，意为“使获利，使受益”。

remove[rIˈmuːv] 60

【释义】

vt.移走；排除（take away from a place or take to another place；get rid of）

vi.迁移；移居（go to live or work in another place）

vt.开除（dismiss）

【字字珠玑】

remove：annihilate ____□□□

remove：eradicate ____□□□

remove：evacuate ____□□□

remove：delete ____□□□

remove：extricate ____□□□

remove：eliminate ____□□□

remove：strip ____□□□

remove：pay off ____□□□

Syn.：abolish，delete，discard，dismiss，eliminate，erase，get rid of，oust

作为单词题afford/impose on/triggered/extracted的选项出现。

5-1.afford○offer○prevent○increase○remove

11-3.impose on○increase for○remove from○place on○distribute to

18-2.triggered○removed○followed○increased○caused

28-1.extracted○used○poured○removed○kept out

例句

•A harvest of the shoots would remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial uses.有毒矿物质首先被根吸收，随后被运送至茎和叶。收割下来的枝叶将被焚烧以移除有毒化合物或被制成混合肥料回收金属用于工业。

•In most cases，heat travels into a heat reservoir so slowly that it is a much quicker process to remove the heat from a reservoir than to replace it.在大多数情况下，热量流经进入存储区的速度如此之慢，以至于提取热量的速度比更新取代的速度快得多。

•Once the soil has been removed by erosion，only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form.

一旦土壤被侵蚀，需要再经过几百或上千年的时间才会产生新的土壤。

•A century earlier，Henry Cavendish had noted the existence of a residual gas when oxygen and nitrogen are removed from air，but its importance had not been real ized.

一个世纪以前，亨利·卡文迪许就注意到，当氧气和氮气从空气中被移除后仍然有残余气体存在，但当时没人意识到残余气体的重要性。

【派生】

removed adj.离开的；分离的v.动词remove的过去式和过去分词

removing n.消除；排除；除去v.动词remove的现在分词

removal n.移除remote adj.遥远的；偏远的

【词根】

remove 1300年进入英语，直接源自古法语的remouvoir；最初源自古典拉丁语的removere，意为“移开”。

re-回，离开movere移

breathe[briːð] 56

【释义】

vt.&vi.呼吸（draw in and let out air from the lungs；take air into the body and send it out again）

vt.低语（say softly；whisper）

【字字珠玑】

breathe：nhale ____□□□

Syn.：respire

例句

•However，similar changes occurred when the subjects were asked simply to open their mouths

or to breathe deeply.

但是，在实验者被要求只是张开嘴或深呼吸时，皮肤传导性也发生了相似的变化。

•It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing.睡眠时需要付出两倍的努力去呼吸，因为呼吸道气流的阻力会比较强并且用来呼吸的肌肉的效率会有变化。

•Its control center is based in the forebrain，and it regulates breathing for use inspeech，singing，sighing，and so on.它的控制中心在前脑，调节说话、唱歌、叹息等动作时的呼吸。

【派生】

breathed adj.无声的；有气的v.动词breathe的过去式和过去分词

breathing n.呼吸v.动词breathe的现在分词

breathless adj.气喘吁吁的

compare[kəmˈper] 52

【释义】

vt.&vi.比较，对照（show or find out in what ways two or more things are like each other or are

different from each other）

【字字珠玑】

compare：liken ____□□□

comparable：equivalent ____□□□

comparative：relative ____□□□

comparably：similarly ____□□□

Syn.：analogize，assimilate，equate，liken

例句

•For instance，compared with chi ldren who did not participate i n early i ntervention programs，participants in various programs showed gains in emotional or cognitive development，better educational outcomes，increased econom icself-sufficiency，reduced levels of criminal activity，and improved health-related behaviors.例如，相对于没有参加早期介入课程的儿童，那些参加课程的儿童表现出了情感和认知上的进步，其教育结果也更好，经济自足水平也提高了，但并不是每个孩子的受益程度都相同。

•Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when compared to the amounts they hold in surface stores such as lakes and rivers.

与湖泊和河流等地表水相比，沙漠中地下水的贮藏量要大得多。

•Although oaks produce thousands of acorns，the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves，trunk，and roots.

虽然橡树可以生产数以千计的橡子，但是，它们对大量的橡子投入的能量，和用于树叶、树干和根部生长的能量相比，简直是微乎其微。

•The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St.Helens，in the northwestern United States，for example，pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.

就像美国西北部圣海伦火山的猛烈喷发所造成的破坏，在人类活动对环境造成的破坏面前也相形见绌。

【派生】

beyond compare无法比较comparison n.比较；对比

in comparison to和……相比in stark contrast to和……形成鲜明对比

pale in comparison相形见绌comparative adj.比较的；相当的

【词根】

compare 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的comperer；最初源自后期拉丁语的

comparare，意为“比较”。

locate[ˈloʊkeIt] 51

【释义】

vt.找出，定位（find the position of）

【字字珠玑】

locate：place ____□□□

locate：find ____□□□

Syn.：ascertain，detect，determine，dig out，dig up，discover，dredge up，ferret out，find out，

get，hit on，hunt down，learn，fi nd，nose out，root out，rout out，rummage，run down，scare up，scout

up，track down，turn up

例句

•Located in tropical areas at low altitudes，savannas are stable ecosystems，some wet and some dry consisti ng of vast grasslands with scattered trees or shrubs.

坐落于低纬度的热带地区，稀树大草原是稳定的生态系统，一些潮湿，而另一些则干旱。

•Water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.利用水利生产的工厂都必须建造在能够提供水资源动力的岸边。

•On overcast days，however，the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.

可是阴天的时候，它们就无法定位方向，很难找到装有食物的食罐。

【派生】

located adj.坐落于……的；位于……的；v.动词locate的过去式和过去分词

local adj.当地的；局部的location n.位置；外景拍摄地；定位；地点

replace[rIˈpleIs] 51

【释义】

vt.取代；更换（take the place of；change one person or thing for another，often better，newer，etc.）

【字字珠玑】

replace：supplant ____□□□

replace：substitute ____□□□

replace：supersede ____□□□

Syn.：displace，displant，relieve，substitute，supersede，supplant

作为单词题superseded/duplicated/alteration/exhibit的选项出现。

20-1.superseded○replaced○reformed○equaled○increased

22-2.duplicated○copied○replaced○handled○clarified

30-2.alteration○imperfection○replacement○change○duplication

35-1.exhibit○replace○show○cover○expand

例句

•Horses evolved in discrete steps，each of which persisted al most unchanged for millions of years and was eventually replaced by a disti nctive newer model.马的进化步骤是不连续的，

其中每个进化步骤都有上百万年时间保持不变，最后被一个不同的更新的模型取代。

•A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community.当地种群灭亡后，马上就会被相邻群落的移民取代。

•By the eighteenth century，Britai n was experienci ng a severe shortage of energy.Because of the growth of population，most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been

replaced by fields of grain and hay.

18世纪之前，英国正在经历一次严重的能源短缺。因为人口增长，英国在中世纪时大部

分森林已经被农田和牧草所取代，因此木材更加缺乏，但是却一直都很重要。

•A worseni ng of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land，logging，burning，and clearing，eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads，cities，towns，and factories.

当拓荒者入侵鹿的领地时，比如：在它们生活的土地上进行采伐、焚烧树木，清除障碍，最终用公路、城市、城镇和工厂取代了荒野风景，便可以预见鹿的境况会恶化。

【派生】

replaceable adj.可更换的replacement n.更换；接替者

recognize[ˈrekəgnaIz] 45

【释义】

vt.认出；认识（know again sb./sth.one has seen，heard，or experienced before；see clearly though perhaps unwill ingly；be prepared to adm it）

vt.承认（accept as being legal or real，or as having value）

【字字珠玑】

recognize：acknowledge ____□□□

recognize：distinguish ____□□□

recognize：appreciate ____□□□

recognized：tangible ____□□□

Syn.：appreciate，apprehend，assimi late，behold，catch，catch on to，cognize，compass，

conceive，decipher，dig，discern，get，grasp，know，make，make out，perceive，comprehend，

register，savvy，see，sense，tumble to，understand

作为单词题exploited/pinpoi nt/exploits/harnessed的选项出现。

6-1.exploited○utilized○recognized

○examined○fully understood

11-3.pinpoint○observe○locate exactly

○copy accurately○recognize

17-2.exploits○repeats○makes use of

○increases the intensity of○recognizes

29-3.harnessed○known○depended on

○recognized○utilized

例句

•Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states.

研究心理学的学者们通常认为，面部表情可以反映人们内心的情绪状态。

•The work of Wildman and Niles suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficu lties of instituting reflective practice.

怀尔德曼和奈尔斯的工作表明认识进行反思的某些困难的重要性。

•There is a danger，of course，that play may be misi nterpreted or not recognized as play by others，potentially leading to aggression.

当然玩耍也有危险。玩耍可能会被别的动物误会，或者不被当作玩耍而潜在地造成攻击。

•In 1831 when Smith was finally recognized by the Geological Society of London as the father of English geology，it was not only for his maps but also for something even more important.

1831年，史密斯最终被伦敦地质学会认可，并赋予他“英国地质学之父”的称号。这不仅仅是因为那张地图，而且还因为其他更重要的因素。

•The courts also recognized workers’right to stri ke，but these gains had little immediate impact.

法院也承认了工人罢工的权利，但这些权利的影响并没有立即显现。

【派生】

recognized adj.公认的；经过验证的v.动词recognize的过去式和过去分词

recognition n.识别

【词根】

recognize 1414年进入英语，直接源自中古法语的reconiss，意为“辨认，认出”；最初源自

古典拉丁语的recognoscere，意为“承认，回忆”。

expect[Ikˈspekt] 44

【释义】

vt.预计，预料（think or believe that sth.will happen or that sb./sth.will come）

vt.认为，想（believe；think）

【字字珠玑】

expect：anticipate ____□□□

Syn.：anticipate，await，hope for，watch for，look for，look forward to

例句

•An asteroid of this size would be expected to leave an immense crater，even if the asteroid itself was disintegrated by the impact.

按理说，这样大小的一个行星，即使受到冲击碎裂之后也会留下一个巨大的陨石坑。

•If，for instance，the program is expected to provide long-term increases in IQ（intelligence quotient）scores，it is a disappointment.

例如，如果这个课程是为了长期提高孩子的IQ（智商），那么它并不怎么样。

•Most researchers expect to find that both modes of transition from one species to another are at work in evolution.大多数研究者希望发现物种进化的这两种模式都存在。

【派生】

expected adj.预期的；预料的v.动词expect的过去式和过去分词

expectation n.预料；期望

【词根】

expect 1560年左右进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的expecare，意为“向外看”。

ex-向外spectare看

destroy[dIˈstrɔI] 40

【释义】

vt.&vi.破坏，毁坏（break into pieces；make useless；put an end to）

【字字珠玑】

destroy：annihilate ____□□□

destroy：devastate ____□□□

destroy：ravage ____□□□

destroy：shatter ____□□□

destroy：decimate ____□□□

destroy：ruin ____□□□

Syn.：annihilate，decimate，demolish，desolate，devastate，extinguish，nuke，pull down，pulverize，

raze，rub out，ruin，shatter，smash，tear down，waste，wreck

例句

•Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of

communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or

destroyed by human activities.生态学家更想弄清楚到底哪些因素有助于促进群落的恢复，

因为世界各地的顶级群落都因为人类活动而遭到了严重损坏或毁坏。

•The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries.兔子在广袤的澳大利亚肆虐，并给牛羊业带来了极大的威胁。

•They may be expressed toward parents inindirect ways such as destroying furniture，or they may be expressed toward strangers later inlife.孩子的侵略性冲动会间接发泄到父母身上，

比如毁坏家具，或在以后的生活中对陌生人发泄。

•Government’srolein the economy was to promote competition by destroying monopolies’and special privileges.政府在经济中的角色就是通过摧毁垄断和特权来鼓励竞争。

【派生】

destroyed adj.遭破坏的v.动词destroy的过去式和过去分词

destruction n.摧毁destructive adj.摧毁性的

【词根】

destroy 13世纪初期进入英语，直接源自中古英语的destroien；最初源自拉丁语的destruere，意为“建筑物倒下来”。

connect[kəˈnekt] 36

【释义】

vt.&vi.连接；结合；联系（join or fix one thing to another；tie or fasten or link together）

【字字珠玑】

connect：associate ____□□□

connect：relate ____□□□

connection：tie ____□□□

connection：intercourse ____□□□

connection：juncture ____□□□

connection：relation ____□□□

Syn.：chain，compound，dovetail，couple，hitch，hook，interconnect，interlink，join，link，yoke

例句

•They devised an apparatus that connected a baby’s pacifier to a counting device.

他们设计出了一种连接婴儿营养允吸设备和计数器的设备。

•Prior to 1815，western farmers who did not live on navigable waterways were connected to them only by dirt roads and mountain trails.

1815年前，那些没有生活在通航水路旁的西部农民只能通过土路和山道去往市场。

•Rocks with many internal spaces that are not connected with each other will have high porosity but low permeability.那些彼此不相连但有很多孔隙的石头会有高孔隙度和低渗透率。

•As a resu lt of crustal adj ustments and faulting，the Strait of Gibraltar，where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic，opened，and water cascaded spectacularly back into the

Mediterranean.由于地壳调整和断层作用，现在连接地中海和大西洋的直布罗陀海峡打开了，水流像瀑布一样壮观地涌回地中海。

【派生】

connected adj.相关的；连接的v.动词connect的过去式和过去分词

connecting n.连接，管接头v.动词connect的现在分词

connection n.联系；关系；连接；亲戚

【词根】

connect 17世纪70年代进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的connectere，意为“绑在一起”。

arise[əˈraIz] 35

【释义】

vi.&v.呈现，出现；发生（become evident；appear；originate）

vi.起身，起来，起立（get up or stand up）

【字字珠玑】

arise：come about ____□□□

arise：derive ____□□□

arise：emerge ____□□□

arise：stem ____□□□

Syn.：get up，rise，roll out，turn out，uprise

例句

•Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from pri mary groups.社会学家相信有助于社会团结的文化模式将成为主要团体间的桥梁。

•The archaeological evidence clearly indicates，though，that Teotihuacn was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.

考古资料清楚地表明，特奥蒂瓦坎就是在公元1世纪时崛起的中心。

•In other words，a series of events arising from asingle cataclysmic event caused the massive exti nctions.也就是说，这次灾难性的撞击引发了一系列连锁反应并最终导致了大灭绝。

•The idea of a world population crisis is therefore unlikely，although population pressure might have arisen in some areas.

因此虽然在某些地区可能会存在人口压力，但是世界性人口危机的观点就不太可能成立了。

•Moreover，the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order.

而且，由罗马国家内部产生的压力促使文学和艺术的造诣达到最高水平。

【派生】

arose v.动词arise的过去式arisen v.动词arise的过去分词

arising v.动词arise的现在分词

【词根】

arise直接源自古英语的arisan，表示“站立；上升”。

melt[melt] 35

【释义】

vt.&vi.融化；溶解（become liquid through heating；dissolve）

【字字珠玑】

melt：thaw ____□□□

Syn.：dissolve，evanesce，evaporate，fade，flee，fly，go away，disappear，sink，vanish

例句

•For example，as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away，huge volumes of water flowed from them.

比如，冰河时代覆盖北美的巨大冰层逐渐融化，水大量流出。水里总会携带一些石子、

砾石和沙石，这些颗粒会随着水流的减速而沉淀，这就是所谓冰河期的冰水沉积。

•These enigmatic chondrules must have formed when compact masses of nebular dust were fused at high temperatures approaching 1，700 degrees Celsius and then cooled before these surviving grains could melt.少数陨石球粒含有未被熔化的颗粒，所以这些神秘的陨石球粒肯定是在接近1700摄氏度的高温下熔化的星云尘埃致密团块中形成的，随后这些团块在幸存的颗粒尚未熔化之前就冷却了。

•Chondrules must have been melted in small pockets of the nebula that were able to lose heat rapidly.

陨石球粒肯定是在星云内部能够快速散热的小型袋状结构物中被熔化的。

•The substances that make up both groups of planets are divided into three groups-gases，rocks，and ices-based on their melting points.

两类行星的构成物质根据熔点可以划分为三类——气体、岩石和冰。

【派生】

melted adj.融化了的v.动词melt的过去式和过去分词

melting adj.熔化的；融化的v.动词melt的现在分词

molten adj.熔化的；铸造的

divide[dIˈvaId] 28

【释义】

vt.&vi.分，划分（split or break up）

【字字珠玑】

divide：split ____□□□

divide line：boundary ____□□□

division：branch ____□□□

Syn.：break up，disassociate，disconnect，disjoi n，disjoi nt，dissever，disunite，distribute，part，

resolve，separate，sever，split，sunder，uncouple，unlink，unyoke

例句

•Approaching crafts from the poi nt of view of function，we can divide them into si mple categories：contai ners，shelters and supports.

根据工艺品的实用性，我们可以把手工艺品简单分为：容器、遮蔽物和支撑物。

•According to their digestive systems，these herbivores can be divided into two categories：the nonrum inants（such as the zebra，which has a digestive system like a horse）and the ruminants（such as the wildebeest，topi，and gazelle，which are like the cow）.根据它们的消化系统，我们可以把这些草食动物分为两类：非反刍动物（比如有着和马类似消化系统的斑马）和反刍动物（比如角马、转角牛羚和小羚羊，它们的消化系统和奶牛的相似）。

•Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status，but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms，gender，conflicting religious perspectives，occupational differences，political party loyalties，and disagreements over tactics.

因为对工业体系和社会地位丧失的不满，工人们联合起来，但他们又被另外的因素分裂：民族和种族的敌对、性别差异、宗教信仰的冲突、职位差别、对不同政党的忠诚和工作策略的分歧等。

•And as the new markets created fortunes for the few，the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smal ler，less skilled tasks.并且由于新兴市场只给少数人创造财富，工业体系不得不通过将劳动分割成更小的、技术含量更低的工作来降低工人们的工资。

【派生】

division of labor劳动分工dividing line分界线

divided adj.分离的；分裂的dividi ng adj.区分的，分划的

【词根】

divide 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的dividere，意为“分开，分裂”。

di-分开videre分离

achieve[əˈtʃiːv] 27

【释义】

vt.达到；完成；成功（succeed in reaching a particular goal，status or standard）

【字字珠玑】

achieve：accomplish ____□□□

achieve：attain ____□□□

achievable：feasible ____□□□

Syn.：attain，gain，hit，log，make，notch up，perform，rack up，ring up，score，win

作为单词题attain的选项出现。

2-3.attain○require○resist○achieve○endure

例句

•To be architecture，a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements.

一幢建筑物必须实现各种要素的和谐搭配。

•Through association with people who are meaningful to us，we achieve a sense of security，love，acceptance，companionship，and personal worth.通过和对我们来说十分重要的人交流，我们可得到安全感、爱情、认同、友谊以及个人价值等一系列情感。

•It may be achieved by changi ng color according to the changing light conditions.

它们也可以根据光照程度的不同来改变自身的颜色。

•Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions，and even fewer cou ld achieve the artisan’sdream of setting up one’s own busi ness.很少有工人能够越级被提升到管理层的岗位，甚至基本上没有人能够实现身为工匠时的梦想：经营自己的生意。

•Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal.

工具纽带是我们为达到某种目的而与他人进行合作时产生的社会联系方式。

【派生】

achieved adj.高度完美的v.动词achieve的过去式和过去分词

achievable adj.可完成的，可有成就的

【词根】

achieve 14世纪初期进入英语，直接源自古法语的achever，意为“终止”；最初源自后期拉丁语的ad caput，意为“到头”。

avoid[əˈvɔId] 27

【释义】

vt.回避；避开；躲避（try not to do sth.；try not to go near sb.or sth.）

【字字珠玑】

avoid：avert ____□□□

avoid：shun ____□□□

avoid：prevent ____□□□

avoid：shy away from____□□□

unavoidable：inevitable____□□□

Syn.：escape，dodge，duck，elude，eschew，evade，get around，scape，shake，shirk，shuffle

out of，shun，weasel out of

例句

•An animal must be able to send visual signals to members of its own species and at the same time avoid being detected by predators.

动物必须能够给自己的同类发送视觉信号，同时避免被捕食者发现。

•But，whi le accepti ng that not everything inlife can be explained by Darwi nian evol ution，there are sound reasons for bei ng skeptical of theories like this one，which avoid the issue of what yawning does for adu lts.但是，当人们已经认同达尔文的进化论并不能解释所有现象时，

我们有充分的理由去怀疑这一无法解释成年人打哈欠的理论。

•This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high wi nds and perm its them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface.

这种特点使他们能够避开大风最强劲的势头，并且有助于他们利用紧邻地面相对较高的温度。

•Right-handed artists could more easily have avoided casting shadows on their work，because engravings in prehistoric caves were lit from the left.惯用右手的工匠更容易避免将影子投射在作品上，因为雕塑史前壁画时光线是从左边照过来的。

【派生】

avoided v.动词avoid的过去式和过去分词avoiding v.动词avoid的现在分词

avoidance n.避免；职位空缺unavoidable adj.不可避免的

avoid sb.like the plague像瘟疫一样躲着某人

【词根】

avoid 1300年左右进入英语，直接源自盎格鲁法语的avoider，意为“清理；退出”；最初源

自古法语的esvuidier，意为“倒空”。

es-出vuidier空的

bury[ˈberi] 26

【释义】

vt.埋葬，葬；掩藏（put a dead body in the ground，a tomb or the sea；hide sb.or oneselfin a

place）

【字字珠玑】

bury：cover ____□□□

bury：embed ____□□□

Syn.：entomb，hearse，hide，i nter，lay，put away，tomb

例句

•Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms such as jel lyfish or worms may accumu late，become buried and compressed，and lose their volatile constituents.树叶和水母或蠕虫之类的软体动物的有机体可能会堆积起来，被掩埋、压实，然后其中的挥发性成分会消失。

•We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dati ng of the carbon-14 i n logs buried in the drift.

我们现在通过测量掩埋在漂流物的木头中放射性的碳-14来精确确定冰川作用的时期。

•The remains of microscopic organisms transform into petroleum once they are buried under mud.

一旦有机物的残留被埋在泥土里，它们就会转变成石油。

【派生】

buried adj.埋在地下的v.动词bury的过去式和过去分词

buryi ng n.埋；埋葬v.动词bury的现在分词burial n.埋葬；葬礼

【词根】

bury直接源自中古英语的briem，意为“保存”。

lay[leI] 22

【释义】

vt.放置（set in proper position）

vt.压倒，使躺下（put down so as to lie flat；cause to lie flat）

vt.生蛋，产卵（produce）

【字字珠玑】

lay：deposit ____□□□

Syn.：depose，deposit，fix，place，position，put，set，set up，situate，stick

例句

•The size of the operations at Monte Testaccio，and the productivity and complexity that lay behind them，nonetheless cannot fail to impress.

泰斯·塔修山的制作规模及其背后的生产力和复杂性却绝对不容忽视。

•These problems needed still another sol ution，and the i ngredients for it lay close at hand.

这些问题都需要其他解决方法，解决问题所需要的条件其实唾手可得。

•Roman priorities lay in the organization，exploitation，and defense of thei r territory.

罗马人的天性就在于对领土的组织、扩张和防御。

•About 9000 B.C.，most human settlements layin the area along the Mediterranean coast and in the Zagros Mountains of Iran and their foothills.大约在公元前9000年，大部分人类定居点都位于地中海沿岸以及伊朗的扎格罗斯山脉和丘陵地带。

•The real ization that the physical self has conti nu ity in time，according to this hypothesis，lays the foundation for the emergence of autobiographical memory.

根据这个假说，身体自我在时间上的连续性是出现自传式记忆的基础。

【派生】

lay the foundation for打下基础laid v.动词lay的过去式和过去分词

layi ng n.产卵数v.动词lay的现在分词

【词根】

lay直接源自中古英语的lecgan，意为“放在地上”。

trace[treIs] 16

【释义】

vt.追踪；发现（track；follow or discover sb./sth.by observing marks，tracks，bits of evidence，

etc.）

vt.描绘；标出（draw or sketch the course，outl i ne，etc.；mark out）

n.[U][C]痕迹，踪迹（mark or sign that shows sb./sth.happened or existed）

n.[U]些许，微量（very small amount of sth.）

【字字珠玑】

trace：evidence ____□□□

trace：imprint ____□□□

Syn.：define，delineate，silhouette，sketch，outline

例句

•One can trace such expeditions back to ancient Sumeria，the earliest known M iddle Eastern civilization.探险活动最早可以追溯至古苏美尔——已知最早的中东文明。

•Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory？能不能在史前找到这一相似的状况呢？

•Occasionally one can determ ine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left，andit is even possible to assess how far back this feature can be traced.偶尔也能确定石器是左手使用还是右手使用的，甚至可以查出这些特征是在多久前的过去被留下的。

•It identifies certain present-day cultural traditions and rules and then traces them to their roots in the thi rteenth century.这些证明了一些今天的文化传统和规矩，并追溯到它们13世纪的源头。

【派生】

trace back to追溯到traced trace的过去式和过去分词

tracing n.追踪；描图v.动词trace的现在分词

【词根】

trace 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的trasser，意为“勾画，纹刻；跟踪”；最初源

自通俗拉丁语的tractiare，意为“勾画，纹刻；跟踪”。

assess[əˈses] 15

【释义】

vt.估价，估计（decide or fix the value of sth.；evaluate）

vt.评定，核定（decide or fix the amount of sth.）

【字字珠玑】

assess：evaluate ____□□□

Syn.：estimate

例句

•They could also avoid having to identify and assess the value of a wide variety of coins issued in many different places.它们同样避免了去识别和评估不同地方发行的多种多样硬币的价值。

•Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country.

评估军队对人口数量的影响要从士兵在国家中不均匀的分布开始讲起。

•Occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left，and it is even possible to assess how far back this feature can be traced.偶尔也能确定石器是左手使用还是右手使用的，甚至可以查出这些特征是在多久前的过去被留下的。

【派生】

assessed adj.已审估的；v.动词assess的过去式和过去分词

assessment n.评价；评估；评定

【词根】

assess 15世纪初期进入英语，直接源自盎格鲁法语的assesser；最初源自中世纪拉丁语的

assessare，意为“课税”。

Day 3

propose[prəˈpoʊz] 32

【释 义】

vt.&vi.提议；建议（offer or put forward for consideration，as a suggestion，plan or purpose）

【字字珠玑】

propose：come up with ____□□□

proposed：suggested ____□□□

Syn.：advance，bounce，offer，pose，proffer，propound，suggest，put forth，put forward

例句

•The age of Austral ia’s rock art is constantly bei ng revised，and earl ier dati ngs have been

proposed as the resu lt of new discoveries.

关于澳大利亚岩石艺术的时代一直在修正，早期的年代测定被提议为新发现的结果。

•Although the reasons for the rapid evol ution of ani mals duri ng the Cambrian period are not known，one proposed explanation is an abundance of niches with a lack of competitors.

虽然人们尚未得知寒武纪时期动物快速进化的原因，但一种可能性的解释是几乎没有任何竞争性物种的环境使然。

•Some of the proposed mechanisms requ ired a very brief period during which all exti nctions suddenly took place.这些生物机制，有一些在极短的时间内就会灭绝。

•Some have proposed that yawning plays a role in the development of the lungs before birth but that it serves no purpose in adults.

有人认为打哈欠对胎儿的肺部成长会起到作用，但是对成人的肺部没有作用。

•In the eighteenth century，Antoine Lavoisier，on the basis of careful experimentation，was led to propose a different theory of burni ng.

18世纪在仔细实验的基础上，Antoine Lavoisier提出了关于燃烧的不同理论。

【派生】

proposed adj.被提议的v.动词propose的过去式和过去分词

proposal n.求婚；建议；提议

【词根】

propose 14世纪中期进入英语，直接源自古法语的proposer，意为“把……放到前面”。

pro-前poser放置，安放

disappear[ˌdIsəˈpIr] 26

【释义】

vi.消失（no longer be visible；vanish）

【字字珠玑】

disappear：fade ____□□□

disappear：vanish ____□□□

disappear：stop existing ____□□□

Syn.：dematerialize，dissolve，evanesce，evaporate，fade，flee，fly，go away，melt，sink，vanish，drop out of sight

作为单词题disruption的选项出现。

11.disruption○exhaustion○disturbance○modification○disappearance

例句

•Many plants and ani mals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic.当人们对比白垩纪后期的岩层资料和新生代（中生代后面的一个时期）早期的资料时，发现很多植物和动物都突然消失了。

•Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters，trees disappear as alife-form and are replaced by low shrubs，herbs，and grasses.在一个垂直距离只有几十米的地方，树木这种生命形式就消失了，取而代之的是低矮的灌木、草本植物和牧草。

•Once the humus layer disappears，nutrients cannot be recycled and leach from the soil，converting soil from fertile to infertile and making it suitable only for savanna vegetation.

一旦腐殖质被破坏，营养物质就不能被循环利用，就从土壤中流失了，因此土壤将变得贫瘠，只能适合稀树草原了。

【派生】

disappeared v.动词disappear的过去式和过去分词

disappearing v.动词disappear的现在分词disappearance n.消失；失踪；绝迹

promote[prəˈmoʊt] 26

【释义】

vt.提升（give sb.a higher position or rank）

vt.促进；提倡（help the progress of）

【字字珠玑】

promote：boost ____□□□

promote：encourage ____□□□

Syn.：advance，elevate，raise，upgrade，kick upstai rs

5-3.promote○complicate○prevent○encourage○affect

31-1.promotes○describes○encourages○delays○requires

例句

•Physical separation between subpopu lations promotes the formation of new species because

once the members of one subpopu lation can no longer mate with members of another subpopu lation，they cannot exchange variant genes that arise in one of the subpopu lations.

亚族群间的物理隔离可以促进物种形成是因为隔离之后一个亚族群里的个体无法与其他亚族群个体交配，因此该族群里突变的基因将无法与其他亚族群交流。

•Conditions that promote fossilization of soft-bodied animals include very rapid covering by sediments that create an environment that discourages decomposition.

促使软体动物成为化石的条件是沉积物的迅速覆盖以形成一个抑制分解的环境。

•Government’s rolein the economy was to promote competition by destroying monopolies’and special privi leges.政府在经济中的角色就是通过摧毁垄断和特权来鼓励竞争。

•In the United States，the best-known program designed to promote future academic success is Head Start.在美国，最著名的以促进未来学术能力的教育课程是Head Start。

•In 1893，the World’s Columbian Exposition，an exhibition that aimed to promote American cultural，economical，and technological development...

1893年，世界哥伦比亚博览会上，一个旨在推广美国文化、经济和技术发展的展览……

•The killing of birds of prey by wind turbi nes has pitted envi ronmental ists who champion wildl ife protection against environmental ists who promote renewable wind energy.

风力涡轮机对飞禽造成伤害的这一事实，使主张保护野生动物的环保主义者和主张发展再生能源的环保主义者产生了争端。

•By regulating the economy and competition，the government could ensure equal opportunity.I ndeed，for Whigs the concept of government promoting the general welfare went beyond the economy.

通过规划经济和竞争，政府可以保证机会均等。确实，辉格党的政府促进公众福利的发展超过了促进经济的发展。

【派生】

promoted adj.升迁的v.动词promote的过去式和过去分词

promotion n.提升；促进；晋升；促销

【词根】

promote 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的promotus，意为“向前移动”。

pro-向前motus移动

adjust[əˈdʒʌst] 25

【释义】

vi.&vt.适应；调整；校正（change so as to make right or su itable）

【字字珠玑】

adj ust：modu late ____□□□

Syn.：acclimate，acclimatize，accommodate，adapt，condition，conform，fashion，fit，put，

shape，suit，tailor

作为单词题persistent的选项出现。

13-2.persistent○adjusted○strong○enduri ng○predicted

例句

•When crayfish are kept continuously in the dark，even for four to five months，their compound eyes conti nue to adjust on a daily schedule for daytime and nighttime vision.将小龙虾置于黑暗的环境中，即使持续四五个月，它们的复眼也仍然按昼夜交替的时间来调节视野。

•The semiarid lands borderi ng the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to i ncreased environmental pressures.沙漠边缘的半干旱土地所处的生态平衡非常脆弱，环境压力持续增加，而这些半干旱区域适应环境压力的能力极其有限。

•As preem inent general ists，members of this species ingeniously exploit a great range of habitats and resources，and they can quickly adjust to changes in their circumstances.

作为杰出的多面手，这个物种的成员们巧妙地利用了广泛的栖息地和资源，而且他们能很快适应环境的改变。

•Terrestrial plants adjusted to life on land by undergoing structural changes that enabled them to support themselves，resist drying，and exchange gases.

陆地植物经过自我独立、抗击干旱、光合作用的结构改变才适应了陆地上的生活。

•In dry periods，border areas have difficulty adjusting to stresses created by settlement.

在干旱季节，沙漠周边的土地很难应对人类活动带来的压力。

【派生】

adjust to调整

adjusted adj.调整过的v.动词adjust的过去式和过去分词

adjusting n.调节；校准；调整；调制v.动词adjust的现在分词

adjustment n.调整；调节

【词根】

adjust 17世纪进入英语，直接源自古法语的ajoster，意为“加入”；最初源自后期拉丁语的

adjuxtare，意为“接近”。

encourage[InˈkɜːrIdʒ] 25

【释义】

vt.鼓励，激励（make sb.feel brave enough or confident enough to do sth.；promote）

vt.促进，助长（give active approval to；support；foster）

【字字珠玑】

encourage：promote ____□□□

encourage：stimulate ____□□□

encourage：urge ____□□□

encourage：foster ____□□□

Syn.：buoy up，cheer up，chirk up，embolden，hearten，inspire，inspirit，steel

作为单词题promote/fostered/entitled to/accustomed to的选项出现。

5-3.promote○complicate○prevent○encourage○affect

7-2.fostered○accepted○combined○introduced○encouraged

19-1.entitled to○given the right to○able to afford to

○encouraged to○required to

26-1.accustomed to○in need of○used to○tired of○encouraged by

31-1.promotes○describes○encourages○delays○requires

例句

•According to psychodynamic theory，the best ways to prevent harmful aggression may be to encourage less harmful aggression.

根据精神动力学理论可知，避免有害侵略的最好方法是提倡危害较小的侵略方式。

•First，the opening of the kingdom to the full force of international trade by the BoringTreaty（1855）rapidly encouraged economic special ization in the growi ng of rice，mai nly to feed the

rice-deficient portions of Asia（India and China in particular）.

首先，通过《博林条约》，王国的国际贸易全面开放，迅速促进了水稻种植业经济的专门化，主要供给水稻供应不足的亚洲国家（尤其是印度和中国）。

•So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware madein imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture.

阿拉伯人对这些瓷器赞不绝口，于是他们鼓励制陶来仿制瓷器，并激励人们研究制作方法。

•As transportation improved，distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached，thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales.

随着交通运输的改善，商品可以到达全国范围内更远、更大的市场，这鼓励着大型工厂的生产与日益增长的销售量保持同步。

【派生】

encouraged adj.被鼓励的v.动词encourage的过去式和过去分词

encouraging adj.令人鼓舞的v.动词encourage的现在分词

encouragement n.鼓励；激励

【词根】

encourage 15世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的encouragier。

protect[prəˈtekt] 25

【释义】

vt.保护，保卫（keep sb./sth.safe from harm，etc.；defend sb./sth.）

【字字珠玑】

protect：cushion ____□□□

protect：shield ____□□□

Syn.：bu lwark，cover，defend，fence，fend，forfend，guard，keep...from，safeguard，screen，

secure，shield，ward

例句

•They believed that it should be used to protect individual rights and public liberty，and that it had a special role where individual effort was ineffective.

他们认为，应该用政府权力保护个人权利和公众自由，在个人努力无效时扮演特殊角色。

•In this newly emerging economic order，workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life.

在这种新的经济秩序中，有时工人们会组织起来共同保护他们的权利和传统的生活方式。

•Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer，now in a protected status.

回想起来，哥伦比亚白尾鹿的命运，现在已经处于被保护地位。

•In the face of this onslaught，l iving thi ngs have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms.面对这一猛攻，生物为了保护自己

的身体免受其他生物的侵害，进化到具有各种各样的防御机制。

【派生】

protected adj.受保护的v.动词protect的过去式和过去分词

protecting v.动词protect的现在分词protective adj.保护性的

protection n.保护；防卫

【词根】

protect 15世纪中期进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的protectus，意为“保护”。

recover[rIˈkʌvər] 25

【释义】

vt.找回；重获（find again；regain possession of sth.）

vt.恢复（get back the use of sth.；get back the control of sb./sth.）

【字字珠玑】

recover：revive ____□□□

Syn.：get back，reacquire，recapture，reclaim，re-collect，regain，repossess，retake，retrieve

作为单词题rebound的选项出现。

27-3.rebound○escape○recover○survive○resist

例句

•On August 23，1970，they recovered a sample.1970年8月23日，他们找到了一个样本。

•A harvest of the shoots wou ld remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial uses.有毒矿物质首先被根吸收，随后被运送至茎和叶。收割下来的枝叶将被焚烧以移除有毒化合物或被制成混合肥料回收金属用于工业。

•Samples recovered from the expedition revealed important differences in chemical composition and fossil distribution among the sediment layers.

地质调研收集的样本表明了沉淀层中化学成分和化石分布的主要差异。

•Areas that are recovering from serious disturbances like volcanic eruptions and heavy floods provide special opportunities to observe the development of plant communities.

那些从火山爆发、严重洪水这样的灾难中恢复的地区给观察植物社区发展提供了好机会。

•In North America，potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agricu lture，for it was esti mated that as much as half the cost of cleari ng land could be recovered by the sale of potash.在北美，制作钾肥很快成为农业土地清理的附属物，因为

据估计高达一半清理土地的成本是由钾肥销售补偿的。

【派生】

recovered adj.恢复的v.动词recover的过去式和过去分词

recovery n.恢复；痊愈；复原；重获

【词根】

recover 1300年左右进入英语，直接源自盎格鲁法语的rekeverer；最初源自古典拉丁语的

recuperare，意为“恢复”。

detect[dIˈtekt] 24

【释义】

vt.检测；发现（discover；notice；find out）

【字字珠玑】

detect：notice ____□□□

detect：find ____□□□

detect：discover the presence of____□□□

detectable：apparent____□□□

Syn.：ascertain，descry，find，determine，dig out，dig up，discover，dredge up，ferret out，find out，get，hit on，hunt down，learn，locate，nose out，root out，rout out，rummage，run down，scare up，scout up，track down，turn up

例句

•These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments，but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling.

这些结构在早些年被回声探测器探测过，但是它们从未被钻探过。

•Animals that have different predators at different times of day change color to avoid bei ng detected.在多样和不断变化的森林光照条件下，动物必须能够给自己的同类发送视觉信号，同时避免被捕食者发现。

•When researchers measured the heart rate，muscle tension and skin conductance of people

before，during and after yawning，they did detect some changes in skin conductance following yawning.研究人员在（志愿者）打哈欠的前、中、后三个阶段均测量了心率、肌肉张力

以及皮肤传导性，而他们测得皮肤传导性在打哈欠后的确存在一些变化。

•Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis，necrosis，anthocyanin formation，stunted growth，and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant.

矿物质缺乏通常可通过特定的症状表现出来，如褪绿（叶绿素损失导致黄叶或白叶的现象）、坏疽（孤立的坏死斑）、花青素的形成（形成深红色叶片和茎色素沉积）、发育不良以及草本植物长木质组织。

【派生】

detected adj.检测到的v.动词detect的过去式和过去分词

detecting n.探测；检定；检波v.动词detect的现在分词

detective n.侦探detector n.探测器

detection n.探测；侦查；察觉；发觉

【词根】

detect 15世纪中期进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的detectus（detegere的过去分词），意

为“揭开盖住之物”。

de-不，分tegere盖住

display[dIˈspleI] 24

【释义】

vt.陈列，展览（put sth.on show）

vt.显示，显露（show signs of having a qual ity or an emotion，etc.）

n.[U][C]陈列，展览（an act of displaying sth.，or sth.that is displayed）

【字字珠玑】

display：show ____□□□

display：exhibit ____□□□

Syn.：exhibition，exhibit，expo，expose，exposition，fair，flash，flaunt，lay out，parade，produce，show，show off，unveil

作为单词题interpret/exhibit的选项出现。

27-1.interpreted○documented○debated○displayed○understood

28-3.exhibited○rel ied on○increased○displayed○preferred

例句

•A male bird of paradise may put himself in the limel ight by displaying his spectacu la plumage in the best stage setting to attract a female.雄性极乐鸟会置身于汇聚的光线之下，在最佳的场景中展现自己缤纷绚烂的羽翼，以吸引雌鸟的注意。

•Because this region has been settled the longest，it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.因为这个地区是人类定居时间最早的地区，所以它同样也表现出了美国本土语言最大程度的多样性。

•Experi ments revealed that caged starlings displayed a lack of directional sense and restless movements.实验表明被囚的星椋鸟难以分辨方向，骚动不安。

•The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.问卷中还给出了一些

人们熟悉的基本表情，要求答卷者回答如果他们是故事中的人物会做出哪种基本表情。

•The male riflebi rd exploits both of these modes of signaling simultaneously in his courtship display.雄性极乐鸟在求爱期则同时运用了这两种信号传送方式。

•Its public display and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy：people could now coordi nate comings and goings without dictation from above.它的公开展示和私人拥有为短期自治奠定了基础：人们现在可以不用根据上层的命令来调整去留。

【派生】

displayed adj.显示的v.动词display的过去式和过去分词

displayi ng n.显示；陈列v.动词display的现在分词

【词根】

display 13世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的despleier，意为“展开”；最初源自拉丁语的

displicare，意为“分开地展开来”。

dis-分离plicare展开

regard[rIˈgαːrd] 24

【释义】

vt.视为（consider in the stated way）

n.[U]注意，关心（attention to or concern for sb./sth.）

n.[U]尊重，尊敬（esteem or consideration；respect）

n.[U]关于（某人或某事）（in connection with sb./sth.；in this/that connection；concerning

sb./sth.）

【字字珠玑】

high regard：prestige ____□□□

regardless of：no matter what ____□□□

Syn.：account，admiration，appreciation，behold，catch，descry，discern，distinguish，espy，esteem，estimation，eye，favor，look，note，notice，observe，perceive，respect，see，remark，sight，spot，view，witness

12-2.regarded○analyzed○considered○altered○criticized

例句

•Despite all the highly visible technological developmentsin theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then，no single innovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed.

尽管在戏剧和家庭移动影像的传输方面的高级视觉技术在此之前已经发展了数十年，却依然没有哪项革新可以像这项技术一样成为分水岭。

•In the United States，in comparison，parents regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more i ndependent and self-reliant，although obtaining a good academic start and having group experience are also important.相比较而言，美国家长则认为学前教育的

首要目的是有助于儿童更加独立，尽管进行学术启蒙和群体经验也很重要。

•Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence，successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature，but in fact they tend to be relatively short-livedin geological terms.山峰和山脉因为能够经受得住自然的洗礼，通常被视为永恒的代名词，但从地质学的角度上来说，他们的存在实际上是相对比较短暂的。

•One interpretation regarding the absence of fossi ls during this important 100-million-year period is that early animals were soft bodied and simply did not fossilize.关于这重要的1亿年内化石的缺失，有一种解释是早期的动物都是软体动物，它们很难形成化石。

•Regarding the appearance of celebrities in advertisements that do not involve host selling，the evidence is mixed.至于名人代言广告并不涉及“主角”销售，证据是复杂的。

•These laws are universal in their appl ication，regardless of cultural beliefs，geography，or climate.

这些规律在工艺品应用过程中非常普遍，不会因文化信仰、地理条件和气候的改变而改变。

【派生】

regarded adj.被认为是……的v.动词regard的过去式和过去分词

regarding prep.关于；至于regardless of不管

【词根】

regard 14世纪中期进入英语，直接源自古法语的regard，意为“仔细观察”。

re-强调gard看，观察

operate[ˈαːpəreIt] 23

【释义】

vt.&vi.运转，操作（work；bein action）

vt.经营，管理（manage）

vt.&vi.做手术（cut the body in order to set right or remove a diseased part）

【字字珠玑】

operate：function ____□□□

Syn.：handle，run，work

例句

•However，the cycle was retai ned if either of the factors was allowed to operate alone.

但是，在任意一个因素单独存在时，循环都会出现。

•Because an animal’s internal clock does not operate on a 24-hour cycle，environmental stimuli are needed to keep the biological day aligned with the solar day.因为一个动物的内部时间不是24小时一个循环周期，所以就需要环境刺激使得生物钟遵守日出日落的循环周期。

•It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars.

星盘通过测定太阳和恒星的高度来计算罗盘与星体之间的夹角。

•This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating—and a very precise clock at that

这就意味着，它们形成了非常精准的生物钟。

【派生】

operated adj.被操作的v.动词operate的过去式和过去分词

operating adj.操作的；外科手术的v.动词operate的现在分词

operation n.操作；运转；经营

【词根】

operate 1600年左右进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的operari，意为“工作，劳动”。

predict[prIˈdIkt] 23

【释义】

vt.&vi.预言；预测；预示（say，tell，showin advance）

【字字珠玑】

predict：expect ____□□□

predict：foretell ____□□□

prediction：expectation ____□□□

prediction：forecast ____□□□

prediction：prophecy ____□□□

Syn.：augur，forecast，foretell，presage，prognosticate，prophesy，read

11-3.prediction○surprise○discovery○explanation○expectation

例句

•The hypothesis that beggi ng cal ls have evolved properties that reduce thei r potential for attracti ng predators yields a prediction：baby bi rds of species that experience high rates of nest predation shou ld produce softer beggi ng signals of higher frequency than nestl i ngs of other species less often victi m ized by nest predators.一个关于乞食行为的假说认为，乞食声已经进化出一种避免引起捕食者注意并及时做出预警的特性：与那些较少受到捕食者捕食的雏鸟相比，被捕食率高的鸟类的雏鸟需要发出更轻柔频率更好的叫声。

•They may yield results that do not accurate predict changes of popu lations in the wild.

研究可能会给出不能精确预测野外数量变化的结果。

•Although some critics predicted well before the First World War that sound film would be an important technical innovation，it was not attempted until the 1920s.

虽然一连串的批判性观点预测有声电影在第一次世界大战前可能成为一个技术创新，但

一直到19世纪20年代才成为可能。

•A useful theory，inaddition to explaining past observations，helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed.

一个有用的理论，除了可以解释过去的问题，还可以帮助预测还未被观察到的事件。

【派生】

predicted v.动词predict的过去式和过去分词

predicti ng v.动词predict的现在分词

prediction n.预言；预报

【词根】

predict 1623进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的prdicatus，意为“预言”。

pr-提前dicatus说

reject[ˈriːdʒekt] 21

【释义】

vt.拒绝，驳回（refuse to accept）

【字字珠玑】

reject：dismiss ____□□□

Syn.：cast away，cast off，decl i ne，disal low，disapprove，leper，negative，outcast，refuse，

deny，reprobate，withhold

作为单词题repudiate/acquire的选项出现。

16-1.repudiate○respect○reject○review○revise

18-3.acquire○reject○obtain○need○produce

例句

•Darwin’s evolutionary thesis was rejected because small changes could not be observed in the evolutionary record.达尔文的进化论被反对是因为在进化记录中微小的改变是不能被观察到的。

•The idea of associations of plants and animals that function as super-organisms was later rejected by biologists who saw no strong evidence in support of that idea.对动植物作为超级

有机体联系的描述的观点都被生物学家们批评了，他们没有看到强有力的支持。

•Should the use of rewards fail，members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group’s norms.

如果奖励方式不当，群体成员就会通过拒绝或威胁来摒弃那些背离群体规范的人。

•After the 1870’s，a number of important authors began to reject the romanticism that had prevai led immediately following the Civil War of 1861-1865 and turned instead to realism.

19世纪70年代后，很多重要的作家开始反对在1861—1865年内战后突然流行起来、转向现实主义的浪漫主义。

【派生】

rejected v.动词reject的过去式和过去分词rejecting v.动词reject的现在分词

rejection n.拒绝；被弃

【词根】

reject 1415年左右进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的rejectus，意为“阻止……的前进”；

jacere，意为“扔掉”。

extract[ˈekstrækt] 20

【释义】

vt.抽出（pull or take out，especially with effort or difficulty）

vt.提取（remove with a machine or instrument or by chem ical means）

n.[C]摘录（a passage of written or spoken matter that has been taken from a longer work）

【字字珠玑】

extract：descend ____□□□

extract from：remove from ____□□□

Syn.：corkscrew，educe，excerpt，passage，prize，pry，pull，root out，tear out，uproot，wrest，wring，yank

28-1.extracted○used○poured○removed○kept out

34-1.extracted from○taken out of○produced using

○discoveredin○combined with

例句

•A groundwater reservoir from which water can be extracted is called an aquifer.

可以从中抽取出地下水的聚集层叫作水层。

•It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Musl ims in 751，and the technique of papermaking which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water，caught on a fine screen，and then dried into flexible sheets—slowly spread westward.

据说是因为751年中国和穆斯林在撒马尔罕附近的一场战役中，中国的造纸工匠被虏成为囚犯，造纸术才逐渐向西传播。造纸术这项技术首先将从植物中提取的纤维素纸浆悬浮在水中，然后用筛选设备过滤，再烘干成柔软的纸张。

•The rest is far too difficu lt to extract and has to remai n underground.

其余的因为太难抽取而不得不留在地下。

•Water ci rcu lated through heat reservoi rs i n this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential，commercial，and i ndustrial spaces.

在此温度范围内，热储内循环的水可以提取出足够的热量供居住区、商业区和工业区取暖。

•Thousands of tons were extracted before 1875，when undertaken that establ ished the significance of this remarkable site.

在1875年意识到这个非凡地点的重要性之前，成千上万吨被提取出来了。

•The DSDP’s drill ship，the Glomar Chal lenger，was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep waters，extracting samples of sedi ments and rock from the ocean floor.DSDP的科考船“格拉玛挑战者号”能够停留在大洋表面一个稳定的位置上，并通过提取海底沉积物和岩石的标本对深水进行研究。

【派生】

extracted adj.萃取的v.动词extract的现在分词

extracti ng n.萃取；提取；提炼v.动词extract的现在分词

extraction n.抽出；拔出；抽出物

【词根】

extract 15世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的extractus（extrahere的过去分词），意

为“取出来”。

ex-出来trahere取出

shape[ʃeIp]20

【释义】

vt.&vi.形成；影响（make in a particu lar form）

n.[C][U]外形，形状（outer form or appearance；outline of an area，a figure，etc.）

n.[U]状态（condition；health；state；effectiveness）

【字字珠玑】

shape：mold ____□□□

Syn.：acclimate，acclimatize，accommodate，adjust，condition，conform，doctor，edit，estate，

fettle，fit，form，health，keeping，kilter，nick，order，suit，trim

作为单词题configuration/justified的选项出现。

23-2.configuration○location○history○temperature○shape

19-2.justified○supported○shaped○stimulated○suggested

例句

•How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain.

最早的政府在这些地方是如何形成的不得而知。

•There are two principal in fluences that shape the terrain：constructive processes such as upl ift，

which create new landscape features，and destructive forces such as erosion，which gradually

wear away exposed landforms.主要有两种影响会改变地形：建设性的过程，如产生新的

地表特征的地壳隆起；破坏性的力量，如缓慢清除突出地貌的地表侵蚀。

•The human figures represented in the paintings appear to be less carefully shaped than those of

animals.岩洞画上的男人图像看起来没有动物那么清晰。

•In 15 or 30 seconds，a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question，cannot detai l the probable causes of the problem，and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others.

在15或30秒内，一个说话者不能建立起一个能形成问题中议题的历史文本，不能提供问题可能原因的细节，也不能检查讨论一个人对于其他人是否更好的可选择性提议。

【派生】

take shape成型shape one’s character塑造某人的品格

shaped adj.具有……形状的pear-shaped adj.梨形的；走样的

shaping n.成形；塑造v.动词shape的现在分词

reshape vt.重塑

【词根】

shape直接源自古英语的scanpan；最初源自古日耳曼语的skapjanan，意为“产生，命中注

定”。

invent[Inˈvent] 19

【释义】

vt.发明；创造（make up，think of，or produce for the first time）

vt.编造（make up sth.unreal or untrue）

【字字珠玑】

inventive：creative ____□□□

Syn.：concoct，construct，contrive，cook up，devise，fabricate，make up，manufacture，think up，trump up，vamp up，come up with

例句

•In an attempt to overcome these disadvantages，Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines.为了克服这些弊端，托马斯·萨瓦瑞在1698年、汤姆斯·纽克门在1705年、分别发明了第一批最早的蒸汽机。

•No one knows exactly when the waterwheel was invented，but irrigation systems existed at least 5，000 years ago.

无法知晓水轮是什么时候发明的，但灌溉系统至少在五千年前就已经存在了。

•An easy means of produci ng ice commercial ly had been invented in the 1870’s，and by 1900 the nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants，most of which made home deliveries.一种商业生产制冰的简单方法在19世纪70年代就被创造出来了，到了1900年国家已经有超过2000个商业制冰厂了，大部分都是家庭传输。

【派生】

invented adj.已发明的；v.动词invent的过去式和过去分词

inventing v.动词invent的现在分词invention n.发明；发明物

inventor n.发明家inventory n.清单；库存

pump[pʌmp] 19

【释义】

vt.&vi.用抽水机汲水；给……打气（cause to empty or fill with al iquid or gas by means of a pump）

n.[C]泵，打气筒（amachine，usually with a tube and a handle，for forcing liquids，air，or gas

intoor out of sth.）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：bob，bobble，jog，jounce，nod，seesaw，wag

例句

•The situation is most critical i n Texas，where the cl i mate is driest，the greatest amount of water is bei ng pumped，and the aqu ifer contai ns the least water.这种现象在气候最干旱的得克萨斯州尤为严重。大量的水从地下抽出，蓄水层含水量最少。

•If water is not pumped to the top of a tal l tree，and if it is not pushed to the top of a tal l tree，then we may ask，How does it get there？如果水不是用泵抽到高树的顶端，也不是被推到树顶的，那么我们会问：它是怎样到达树顶的呢？

•Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out.

通过相邻的井注入水或蒸汽，将推出石油。

•Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping，milling，or sailing.高效地利用水能和风能有助于完成诸如抽泵、碾磨或航海等工作。

【派生】

pumped adj.<俚>喘得上气不接下气的v.动词pump的过去式和过去分词

pumping n.抽吸；汲取；泵作用v.动词pump的现在分词

accompany[əˈkʌmpəni] 18

【释义】

vt.陪同；伴随（travel or go somewhere with sb.；go with sb.，especially on a journey）

vt.为……伴奏（play a musical instrument，especially a piano while sb.else sings or plays the maintune）

【字字珠玑】

accompany：occur with ____□□□

accompany：associate ____□□□

Syn.：attend，companion，company，convoy，escort，chaperone，see

例句

•For example，the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer“when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast”.举个例子，称早餐食用谷物食品对健康是有益的广告可能会附带一个免责声明“前提是早餐营养要均衡”。

•The diffusion of agricu lture and later of iron was accompanied by a great movement of people who may have carried these i nnovations.

农业和后来冶铁技术是伴随着那些已经掌握了新技术的人们的大迁徙而传播的。

•Although music and speech had frequently accompanied film presentations before the 1920s，there was a strong desi re to add sound to the films themselves.虽然在20世纪20年代前，音乐和配音已经频繁地伴随着电影出现，但还是有强烈的需求电影自带声音。

•This opi nion holds that the pictures and whatever ceremony they accompanied were an ancient method of psychological ly motivati ng hunters.

画面及它们所反映出的各种仪式是一种对猎人进行心理激励的古老方法。

•Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by mixing films and other entertai nments together in whichever way they thought would be most attractive to audiences or by

accompanying them with lectures，thei r creative control remai ned limited.

即便这样，早期的电影放映者还是将电影和其他娱乐节目或者演讲结合在一起，他们认为用这样的方法能最大限度地吸引观众，他们管理的创造力还是非常有限的。

【派生】

accompanied adj.被陪伴的v.动词accompany的过去式和过去分词

accompanying adj.陪伴的；附随的v.动词accompany的现在分词

companion n.伙伴accompani ment n.伴唱（奏）；伴随物

【词根】

accompany 15世纪初期进入英语，直接源自中古法语的accompagner，意为“伴随”。

handle[ˈhændl] 18

【释义】

vt.处理，应付（deal with；treat，behave towards）

n.[C]手柄，把手（a part of an object which is special ly made for holdi ng it or for openi ng it）

【字字珠玑】

handle：manage ____□□□

Syn.：grip，haft，handgrip，helve

作为单词题duplicated的选项出现。

22-2.dupl icated○copied○replaced○handled○clarified

例句

•These vessels are sol id，they are pleasant and easy to handle，and with their hard and someti mes glossy surfaces，they hold liquids well and are easy to wash.这些容器都很坚硬（脆却不易碎），很优雅也很好用（质轻而光滑），其表面坚硬而有时带有光泽。

•When people today are shown a very ordi nary Roman pot and，in particular，are allowed to handle it，they often comment on how modern it looks and feels，and they need to be convinced of itstrue age.当将这些陶器展示给今天的人们看，并允许他们把玩时，他们常常认为其形状和手感如此现代以至于很难相信其实际生产年代。

•Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression keep a stiff upper lip as a recommendation for handling stress.埃克曼的看法可能与英国习语“保持咬紧牙关”有关，人们可以通过紧咬牙关缓解自身压力。

•The huge amounts of data that are gathered come from many different locations and require special techniques for handling data.

收集的大量数据来自许多不同的位置，要求用特殊技术来处理数据。

【派生】

handled adj.有（门）把手的；有把柄的v.动词handle的过去式和过去分词

handling n.处理；操作adj.操作的v.动词handle的现在分词

alter[ˈɔːltər] 14

【释义】

vt.&vi.改变，更改（become different；change；make sth.different）

【字字珠玑】

alter：change ____□□□

altered：transformed ____□□□

alter：wear ____□□□

Syn.：change，make over，modify，recast，redo，refashion，remake，remodel，revamp，revise，

rework，vary

29-3.unaltered○unmproved○unequaled○unchanged○unsatisfactory

30-2.alteration○imperfection○replacement○change○duplication

例句

•The waterwheel，unaltered for nearly 2，000 years，had fi nal ly been superseded.

水轮在保持了近2000年的原始模样后终于被超越了。

•If it seems difficult to conceive how major changes could occur rapidly，consider this：an alteration of a single gene in files is enough to turn a normal fly with a single pai r of wi ngs i nto one that has two pairs of wings.如果很难设想大的改变会迅速发生，想想这些：一个单一基因的改变就足以将有一对翅膀的苍蝇变成两对翅膀。

•Human intervention may alter the host，the parasite，and the relationship between them.

人类的干预可能会转变寄主、寄生虫还有两者之间的关系。

•Writing inink on paper，unlike parchment，could not easily be erased，and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it.和羊皮纸不同，使用纸张的优势在于：用墨汁在纸上写的东西不易擦除，所以写在纸上的东西很难改变。

•As the Earth developed，the concentrations of these poll utants were altered by various chem ical reactions.随着地球的发展，通过各种化学反应改变这些污染物的浓度。

•Perceptions of the visible world were greatly altered by the invention of photography in the middle of the nineteenth century.

19世纪中叶，摄影术的发明极大地改变了人们对可视世界的认知。

•Leaving its insect predators behind，the cord grass has been spreading slowly and steadi ly along Washington’s tidal estuaries on the west coast，crowdi ng out the native plants and drastically altering the landscape by trapping sediment.

由于将天敌甩在了身后，网茅沿着华盛顿州西海岸的潮汐河口缓慢而稳定地传播开来，挤走了本地植物，并通过截留沉积物极大地改变了当地的景观。

【派生】

altered adj.被修改的，被变更的v.动词alter的过去式和过去分词

altering n.修改；变更v.动词alter的现在分词

alternative adj.两者择一的n.替代的选择

Day 4

survive[sərˈvaIv] 86

【释义】

vt.&vi.幸存；存活；比……活得长（conti nue to l ive or exist；l ive or exist longer than；remai n

al ive after）

【字字珠玑】

survive：persist ____□□□

survive：last ____□□□

survive：endure ____□□□

survival：subsistence ____□□□

Syn.：ride out，weather，make it through

作为单词题endured/rebound/viable的选项出现。

6-2.endured○vanished○developed○varied○survived

27-3.rebound○escape○recover○survive○resist

32-1.viable○able to survive○ndividual○large○remaining

例句

•Seed-bearing plants arrived and spread quickly in Hawaii，thanks to characteristics that increased their seeds ability to survive and to move to different areas.多亏提高了种子的生存能力并能移到不同的地方，种子植物在到达夏威夷后才能很快传播开来。

•Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation.那些拥有竞争优势的个体更容易存活，并且会将它们有利于生存竞争的基因遗传给下一代。

•The wolves eat mostly old or diseased animals that would not survive long anyway.

狼吃掉的大部分是年老的或生病的动物，他们本身就不会存活很久。

•So why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one？

所以为什么恐龙在之前的海洋起伏中能幸免于难，而在这一次却不能呢？

•The surviving rabbits were increasingly immune to the virus.

然而，生存下来的兔群的后代对这种寄生虫有免疫力。

【派生】

survived v.动词survive的过去式和过去分词

survivi ng adj.继续存在的；依然健在的v.动词survive的现在分词

survival n.幸存；幸存（状态）

【词根】

survive 1473年进入英语，直接源自盎格鲁法语的survivre；最初源自古典拉丁语的

supervivere，意为“活得比……长”。

super-超过vivere生活

apply[əˈplaI] 82

【释义】

vt.敷，涂（put on or next to sth.）

vt.应用（bring or put into use）

vi.申请（request sth.）

【字字珠玑】

apply：use for ____□□□

applied：exerted ____□□□

applied：exercised ____□□□

application：use ____□□□

Syn.：appertain，pertain，refer，relate，have to do with，get one’s act together，get with it，turn

one’s hand

作为单词题flourish/discern的选项出现。

9-2.flourish○continue○occur○succeed○apply

23-3.discern○indicate○apply○identify○repeat

例句

•In the twentieth century，fine artists and applied artists became more similar to one another in their attitudes toward their materials.

20世纪，纯艺术家和实用艺术家在对于材料的态度上变得相似。

•There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization，ancient or modern.

罗马具有一种希腊和其他任何不论是古代的还是现代的文明都不具备的凝聚力。

•The term retreat is applied to the short-term escape behavior of desert animals，and it usually assumes the pattern of a daily rhythm.撤退一词是用来形容短期的沙漠动物逃离的行为，而且这通常被认为是一种日常性的节律模式。

•In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use.

18世纪末期，詹姆斯·瓦特设计了一款高效且具有商业利益的蒸汽机，由于价格低廉，很快就被运用到各种工业生产之中。

•In order to increase production on existi ng land，the peasants made more use of crop rotation and，in particular，began to apply animal waste to the soil regu larly，rather than leavi ng the fertil ization process up to the grazing livestock.为了提高已有土地的产量，农民们利用农作物轮作，特别是用动物粪便来给土地定期施肥而不是随意让牧区的牲畜进行施肥。

【派 生】

applied adj.应用的v.动词apply的过去式和过去分词

applying v.动词apply的现在分词applicable adj.适用的

applicant n.申请者application n.应用；申请

【词根】

apply 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的aplier；最初源自拉丁语的applicare，意为“致力于，使事物相关联”。

ad-去plicare折叠

identify[aIˈdentIfaI] 77

【释义】

vt.识别（select，notice，recognize or specify）

vi.&vt.有关联（associate with；equate with；align with；involve with）

vt.认同，同情（sympathize with）

【字字珠玑】

identify：discern ____□□□

identify：clarify ____□□□

identify：spot ____□□□

Syn.：distinguish，finger，pinpoint，single out，put one’s finger on

作为单词题pinpoint/discern的选项出现。

8-1.pinpoint○identify precisely○make an argument for

○describe○understand

23-3.discern○indicate○apply○identify○repeat

例句

•By the late 1860’s more than 60 chem ical elements had been identified，and much was known about their descriptive chemistry.

19世纪60年代后期，已经发现了60种以上的化学元素，而许多描述性化学被认知。

•Even diluted by the terrestrial material excavated from the crater，this component of meteorites is easily identified.即便这些物质从陨石坑被挖掘出来后受到地球物质稀释，其中的成分仍然很容易被鉴定出来。

•Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes：overcultivation，overgrazing，firewood gathering，and overirrigation.

导致沙漠化的主要因素有四个：过度种植、过度放牧、过分砍伐和过度灌溉。

•Several other mass exti nctions in the geological record have been tentatively identified with large impacts.一些其他大批生物的灭绝也被初步认定为与类似的撞击有关。

•Fossils are thus identifying markers for particu lar periods in Earth’s history.

化石才是真正划分地球历史特定年代的指针。

【派生】

identified adj.经鉴定的v.动词identify的过去式和过去分词

identifyi ng n.确认；识别v.动词identify的现在分词

identity n.身份identifiable adj.能识别的

identification n.确认；鉴定；识别

【词根】

identify 1644年进入英语，直接源自法语的identifier，意为“识别，发现”。

evolve[iˈvɒlv] 75

【释义】

vt.&vi.演变；进化；发展（be developed gradual ly）

【字字珠玑】

evolve：develop ____□□□

Syn.：elaborate，develop，unfold

10-1.evolve○divided○extended○developed○vanished

例句

•Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provi nces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelai ns of the Song Dynasty（A.D.960-1279），long regarded as one of the high points in the history of China’s ceram icindustry.从7世纪到10世纪，河北以及河南省产的白瓷逐渐演变成为享有盛名的宋瓷（公元960—1279年）——长久以来被认为是中国陶瓷业历史中的巅峰时期之一。

•Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships.

有时主要群体的关系也会从次要群体中演化而来。

•A closely related theory sees theater as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic，rhythm ical or gymnastic，or from imitations of animal noises and sounds.

另外一种与之相关的理论认为，戏剧主要是从无声的、有节奏的舞蹈或体操，或模仿动物声音的过程中逐渐演变而来的。

•Competition between a pair of species tends to lessen over time because the species tend to

evolve to occupy different ecological niches and ranges.两种物种间的竞争会随着时间慢慢

缓和，因为物种会倾向于进化，以占据不同的生态环境和范围。

•The technology for modern cinema evolved at the end of the nineteenth century.19世纪末期现代电影院的技术进化了。

•The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption untilits technology evolved from the initial“peepshow”format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater.

电影院的播放技术从最初的西洋镜形式演变为将影像投影到幽暗的影院屏幕上，这一转变使得电影院大众化消费成为可能。

【派生】

evolved adj.进化的v.动词evolve的过去式和过去分词

evolving adj.进化的；展开的v.动词evolve的现在分词

evolution n.进展；进化

【词根】

evolve 17世纪40年代进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的evolvere，意为“展出来，展开”。

ex-出volvere展开

adapt[əˈdæpt] 55

【释义】

vt.&vi.适合；改编（make suitable to；alter or modify）

【字字珠玑】

adaptation：modification ____□□□

adapted：modified ____□□□

Syn.：acclimate，acclimatize，accommodate，adjust，condition，conform，doctor，edit，fashion，

fit，put，shape，suit，tailor

作为单词题prone/cope/dispersed的选项出现。

2-3.prone○adapted○likely○difficult○resistant

8-2.cope○adapt○move○continue○compete

32-2.dispersed○spread out○gained power○adapted○specialized

例句

•Animals also have to adapt to desert conditions，and they may do it through two forms of behavioral adaptation：they either escape or retreat.

动物也必须要适应沙漠环境，它们通过两种行为模式来适应沙漠：逃离或撤退。

•The ability of a species to compete and adapt to a gradually changing environment is not the only ability that is essential for survival.

物种生存的基本要素并不仅仅是其竞争能力和适应逐渐变化的环境的能力。

•As aresult，practically every aspect of the body form and function of these swimming“machines”is adapted to enhance their ability to swim.

事实上，这些游泳“机器”身体结构的每个部位及其功能都有利于它们更好地游行。

【派生】

adapted adj.适合的v.动词adapt的过去式和过去分词

adapting n.配合；适应v.动词adapt的现在分词

adaptation n.适应；改编作品adaptability n.适应能力

【词根】

adapt 17世纪进入英语，直接源自中世纪法语的adapter；最初源自拉丁语的adaptare，意为

“加入新环境”。

reveal[rIˈviːl] 53

【释义】

vt.显示；透露（allow or cause to be seen；display；make known）

【字字珠玑】

reveal：disclose ____□□□

reveal：manifest ____□□□

reveal：show ____□□□

reveal：make known ____□□□

Syn.：disclose，discover，divulge，expose，leton，spill，tell，unbosom，uncloak，uncover，

unmask，unveil，bring to light，go public with，let the cat out of the bag，spill the beans about

19-3.reveal○resu lt from○vary with○show○preserve

例句

•One of the most difficu lt aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate.要证实当前气候是否受到人类的影响，最困难的是很难得到一种构成气候自然变化的方法。

•However，studies of the textures of inclusions reveal that the order in which the mi nerals appeared in the inclusions varies frominclusion to inclusion.

然而，对内含物质地的研究发现，不同的内含物中矿物质出现的顺序并不相同。

•Experi ments revealed that the restless movement of caged starl i ngs had no clear di rection.

实验证明关在笼子里的椋鸟躁动不安的活动没有明确的方向。

•Tools themselves can be revealing.工具本身也会反映这一现象。

•One mill worker who finally quit complai ned revealingly about“obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machi nes.”一名最终辞职的磨坊工人袒露真情地抱怨道：“让我们听命于叮叮当当的钟表，简直就把我们当成了活生生的机器。”

【派生】

revealed adj.被揭露的v.动词reveal的过去式和过去分词

revealing adj.有启迪作用的；透露内情的；袒露身体的v.动词reveal的现在分词

revelation n.透露；揭发

【词根】

reveal 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的reveler；最初源自古拉丁语的revelare，意为“展现，展示”。

collapse[kəˈlæps] 17

【释义】

vi.&vt.倒塌，塌陷，崩溃（make to fall down or in；come or break to pieces suddenly；break down）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：crumple，fatigue，founder，exhaustion，frazzle，i mplode，lassitude，prostration，ti redness，

tumble，weari ness，yield

例句

•Without this muscular action，inhaling islike sucking air out of aballoon—the narrow passages tend to collapse.这种肌肉运动，呼吸空气就像从气球里吸气一样，狭窄的通道会面临崩溃。

•Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass exti nctions around the globe.因为在世界范围内的灭绝事件中，至少五次有物种大规模减少的情况。

•The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837，but in the depression that followed，labor’s strength collapsed.在1837年大恐慌之前的十年中，工人运动取得了进步，不过随之而来的经济大萧条最终导致了工人力量的瓦解。

【派生】

collapsed adj.倒塌的；v.动词collapse的过去式和过去分词

collapsing n.毁坏；压扁；折叠；伸缩v.动词collapse的现在分词

【词根】

collapse 1732年进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的collapsus（col labi的过去分词），意为

“一起落下”。

com-一起labi滑倒

spray[spreI] 14

【释义】

vt.喷射（bestrew，scatter，sprinkle）

n.喷雾（water in small drops in the atmosphere）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：sprinkle，spatter，splash

例句

•Even though the pai nt was often sprayed on by mouth，one can assume that the dom i nant hand

assisted in the operation.即使一幅画作需要用嘴喷涂，也可以想象占优势的手是如何在这

一过程中起到协助作用的。

•Methods of applying color varied：some colors were brushed or smeared on rock surfaces and

others were blown or sprayed.

上色的方法多种多样，岩石表面的颜色有的是涂刷上去的，有的是轻吹或喷涂上去的。

•Modern irrigation devices，each capable of spraying 4.5 m i l l ion l iters of water a day，have

produced a landscape dom i nated by geometric patterns of ci rcu lar green islands of crops.

日喷水量达到450万升的现代灌溉设备，形成了一个以圆形绿岛作物为主的景观。

【派生】

sprayer n.喷雾器；喷出水沫的人；洒水车

oppose[əˈpoʊz] 12

【释义】

vt.反对（setin action against；put forward as contrast or opposite）

【字字珠玑】

oppose：rebel ____□□□

oppose：disagree ____□□□

opposition：adverse ____□□□

Syn.：defy，fight，resist，repel，withstand

例句

•Fulfillment in life—as opposed to concern about an afterl ife—became a desi rable goal，and

expressing the entire range of human emotions and enjoyi ng the pleasures of the senses were no

longer frowned on.在生活中实现价值，而不是关注来世，成为一个理想目标，并表达了

人类情感的整个范围，享受感官的乐趣已不再被反对。

•There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect for example，the

value of external ly motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by

habit.关于反思的动力存在许多未知的问题，例如外部驱动的反思的价值与通过习惯进

行反思的价值是不同的。

•Religion and politics，they believed，should be kept clearly separate，and they generally

opposed humanitarian legislation.

民主党人确信，宗教和政治应划清界限，而大体上，他们也反对人道主义立法。

•In 1972 paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional wisdom

with an opposing viewpoi nt.

1972年，古生物学者Stephen Jay Gould和Niles Eldredge用相反的论点挑战了世俗的结论。

【派生】

as opposed to反对；而不是

opposed adj.反对的；对立的；敌对的v.动词oppose的过去式和过去分词

opposi ng adj.反作用的；反向的v.动词oppose的现在分词

opposite adj.相反的opposition n.反对

accustom[əˈkʌstəm] 10

【释义】

vt.使习惯（make psychological ly or physical ly used to sth.）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：acquai nt，familiarize，i nitiate，i ntroduce，orient，orientate

26-1.accustomed to○inneed of○used to

○tired of○encouraged by

6-1.grew accustomed to○began to prefer○wanted to have

○became used to○insisted on

例句

•Also，the availability of jobs in railway construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment.同时，铁道建设方面的更多就业机会也吸引了那些习惯于季节性工作或者短工制的农村劳动力。

•Few of the cu ltural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense popu lations existed for these people accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will.现在帮助我们处理密集人口的文化传统与规则几乎不存在于这些习惯了家庭自治和有能力随意搬迁的人中。

•Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles，and early in the new century，well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets.

新世纪伊始，煤气灯在与冒烟的油灯和忽闪的蜡烛的比较中尽占优势，经济富裕的伦敦人也开始习惯煤气做家用照明甚至街道照明。

•The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily.想要获得适应在工厂中工作的劳动力并不容易。

•Gall up had to allow the chimpanzee to become accustomed to the mirror before he began the experiment.盖洛普在开始实验之前，不得不允许黑猩猩适应镜子。

【派生】

accustomed adj.习惯了的；通常的v.动词accustom的过去式及过去分词

accustoming v.动词accustom的现在分词customize vt.个性化

cope[koʊp] 10

【释义】

vi.（with）应付；对付（manage successfu l ly）

【字字珠玑】

cope with：mange to handle ____□□□

cope：deal ____□□□

cope：compete ____□□□

Syn.：address，deal with，tackle，troubleshoot

8-2.cope○adapt○move○conti nue○compete

例句

•It’s hard to understand why they would not be affected，whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope，especially if，as some scientists believe，dinosaurs were warm-blooded.

很难理解它们为什么毫不受影响，然而恐龙却无法适应，尤其是如有些科学家认为的，如果恐龙是热血动物。

•While the number of schoolchi ldren rose because of warti me and postwar conditions，these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the flood.由于战争和战后情况，学生数量急剧上升，这些情况导致学校甚至还没有准备好接收大批量的学生。

•Wildman and Niles identified three principles that teachers can use to help themselves cope with problems that may arise as a resu lt of reflection.Wildman和Niles定义了三条理论，教师可以用来帮助他们克服反思中遇到的困难。

【词根】

cope 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自中古英语的coupen，意为“打，击”。

participate[pαːrˈtIsIpeIt] 10

【释义】

vi.&vt.参加，参与（take part in or become involved）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：engage in，partake

例句

•In addition，results from other types of preschool readiness programs indicate that those who

participate and graduate are less like to repeat grades.

另外，其他学前准备课程的研究表明参加学前准备课程并毕业的儿童在读书期间更少留级。

•The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government，so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown.

实行军事统治也强行剥夺了本地领导参与政府事务的机会，因而社会的发展受到了阻碍，

由此播下了不满的种子。

•Preschoolers who participate in Head Start are better prepared for future schooling than those who do not.参加了Head Start课程的儿童比没有参加的儿童更能适应未来的学校教育。

【派生】

participated v.动词participate的过去式和过去分词

participating v.动词participate的现在分词

participant n.参与者participation n.参加；参与

【词根】

part-（部分）+cip（cap表示“拿”，=take）+ate（表示一个单词）→参与

starve[stαːrv] 10

【释义】

vt.&vi.（使）挨饿，饥饿（cause to suffer from great hunger）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：fam ish，hunger，crave，go hungry，fast，hungry

例句

•I ron manufacturers，which had starved for fuel whi le depending on charcoal，also benefited from ever-increasi ng supplies of coal.

依赖于木炭供应的铁匠们急需燃料，他们也得益于越来越多的煤炭供应。

•Famous explorers of the north American frontier，Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Col umbia River on November 14，1805，in nearly starved circumstances.

著名的北美探险先驱者刘易斯和克拉克在1805年1月14日到达落基山脉时几乎饿昏。

•I ndeed，if you take baby tree swal lows out of a nest for an hour feeding half the set and starving the other half，when the birds are replaced in the nest，the starved youngsters beg more loudly than the fed birds，and the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those who beg less vigorously.所以，如果你将树燕雏鸟带离鸟巢一个小时，并将一半雏鸟喂饱同时不让另外一半吃东西，当把雏鸟们放回巢时，饥饿的雏鸟们会比已经吃饱的雏鸟们叫得更响，而鸟父母会给积极乞食的雏鸟们比不积极的雏鸟喂更多的食物。

【派生】

starved adj.饿死了的v.动词starve的过去式和过去分词

starvi ng adj.饥饿的v.动词starve的现在分词

starvation n.饥荒

【词根】

starve直接源自古英语的steorfan，意为“死”。

outline[ˈaʊtlaIn] 9

【释义】

vt.画出……轮廓（draw or mark the outer edge of sth.）

vt.概述，列大纲（give a short general description of sth.）

n.[C]提纲，概要（statement of the mai n facts or poi nts）

n.[C]轮廓，略图（lines showing the shape or outer edge of sth.）

【字字珠玑】

outline：summary ____□□□

Syn.：contour，define，delineate，figure，si lhouette，sketch，trace

例句

•...and Ming three-color temple ornaments，in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip—as well as the many burial ceram ics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intri nsic value.……以泥釉凸纹展现轮廓的明代——三彩寺庙装饰物，以及很多用来仿制贵重器皿的陪葬瓷器。

•Townes and Arthur Schawlow，then at Bell Telephone Laboratories，wrote a long paper outl ining the conditions needed to amplify sti mu lated emission of visible light waves.

当时在贝尔电话实验室的Townes和Arthur Schawlow，撰写了一长篇论文概括了增强可见光波的受激发射所需要的条件。

【派生】

outlined v.动词outline的过去式和过去分词outlining v.动词outl ine的现在分词

disturb[dIˈstɜːb] 8

【释义】

vt.&vi.打扰，扰乱（break the qu iet，cal m，peace or order of；stop sb.thinking or worki ng well；put out of the right or usual position；change the usual or natural condition of）

【字字珠玑】

disturb：bother ____□□□

disturb：upset ____□□□

Syn.：agitate，ail，alarm，bother，concern，derail，discomfort，discompose，dismay，disquiet，distemper，distract，distress，flurry，frazzle，freak out，fuss，unhinge，unsettle，upset，weird out，worry

作为单词题disruption的选项出现。

8-11.disruption○exhaustion○disturbance○modification○disappearance

例句

•If an impact is large enough，it can disturb the environment of the entire Earth and cause an ecological catastrophe.

当撞击力度特别大时，陨石和地球的相撞将扰乱整个地球的环境，并引发一场生态灾难。

•David Douglas，Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s，found a disturbing change in the animall ife around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.19世纪30年代，苏格兰植物学探险家大卫·道格拉斯发现了他在

1825年第一次探访和1832年最后接触之间出现在温哥华堡附近令人不安的变化。

•In the earl iest version，the gods destroy the human race because its clamor had been so disturbing to them.

在最早的版本中，神灵们意图毁灭人类，因为人类太过喧嚣吵闹令诸神厌烦不已。

【派 生】

disturbed adj.心理失常的；不安的v.动词disturb的过去式和过去分词

disturbi ng adj.烦扰的；令人不安的v.动词disturb的现在分词

disturbance n.干扰

【词根】

disturb 14世纪初期进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的disturbare，意为“完全混乱”。

dis-完全的turbare混乱

finance[ˈfaInæns] 8

【释义】

vt.提供资金，从事金融活动（give money to pay for sth.）

n.[U]财 政，金 融（the management of money，especially of large amounts of money by

governments，companies，or large organizations）

n.[P]财务情况（money，especial ly provided by a bank or similar organization，to help run a

busi ness or buy sth.）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：bankroll，capital ize on，endow，fund，stake，subsidize，underwrite

例句

•This capital financed the production of goods，storage，trade，and even credit across Europe and overseas.

这些资本为商品的生产、存储、交易提供了资金甚至向全欧洲乃至海外提供贷款。

•New types of ships were needed，new methods of finding one’s way，new techniques for financing so vast a scheme.因此，开辟新的航线就需要新型的轮船、新的导航技术，以及支持这一庞大计划的新的融资技术。

【派生】

financed adj.被资助的v.动词 finance的过去式和过去分词

financng n.融资；资金供应v.动词 finance的现在分词

financier n.金融家

【词根】

finance 1400年左右进入英语，直接源自中古法语的finance，意为“结束，债务的结束”；最

初源自古典拉丁语的finis，意为“结尾，完成”。

mature[məˈtʃʊr] 8

【释义】

vi.&vt.（使）成熟（bring to full development or to a state ready for use）

adj.成熟的（fully grown and developed）

【字字珠玑】

mature：fu l ly developed ____□□□

Syn.：develop，ful l-fledged，grow，grow up，matured，progress，ripe，ripen，ripened

例句

•If the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low，tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the wi nter months.

如果生长季节太短并且气温太低，树芽和树苗都无法充分地成长以挨过冬季。

•Once a redwood forest matures，for example，the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced.

红杉树林一旦成熟，其中的物种数量以及单个物种的数量都会减少。

•They continue to do so as the flower develops and whi le the fruit matures.

随着花朵的发育和果实成熟，花萼蜜腺仍然继续分泌花蜜。

【派生】

matured adj.成熟的；（保单）到期的v.动词mature的过去式和过去分词

maturity n.成熟i mmature adj.不成熟的

【词根】

mature 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的maturare，意为“成熟”。

restrict[rIˈstrIkt] 7

【释义】

vt.限制；约束（limit；keep within limits）

【字字珠玑】

restrict：limit ____□□□

restrict：prevent ____□□□

restrict：inhibit ____□□□

restricted：impeded ____□□□

Syn.：cap，circumscribe，confine，hold down，limit

作为单词题unprecedented/inhibits/subject to的选项出现。

3-2.unprecedented○difficu lt to control○without any restriction

○unl ike anything in the past○rapidly expanding

4-1.inhibits○consists of○combi nes

○restricts○establ ishes

25-3.subjected to○restricted by○distant from

○exposed to○combined with

例句

•The other species，the Columbian white-tailed deer，in earl ier times was common in the open prairie country；it is now restricted to the low，marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.另一种哥伦比亚白尾鹿，从前在开阔的草原上很常见，而现在只能在低矮的沼泽岛屿地带和哥伦比亚河下游的河滩地区才能看到它们。

•The produce was then transported by water to markets in the cities，where the consumption of fruit and vegetables was no longer restricted to the wealthy.产品通过水路运送到城市的市场中，在那里对水果和蔬菜的消费也不再只是有钱人的专利。

【派生】

be restricted to受限于

restricted adj.受限制的；有限的v.动词restrict的过去式和过去分词

restrictive adj.限制的，约束的restriction n.限制；约束

【词根】

restrict直接源自拉丁语的restrictus。

mislead[ˌmIsˈliːd] 6

【释义】

vt.误解；误导（cause sb.to have a wrong idea or i mpression about sb./sth.）

【字字珠玑】

misleading：erroneous ____□□□

misleading：inaccurate ____□□□

misleading：unreliable ____□□□

Syn.：bamboozle，beguile，bluff，buffalo，burn，catch，con，cozen，deceive，delude，dupe，fake out，fool，gaff，gammon，gull，have，have on，hoax，hoodwink，hornswoggle，humbug，juggle，misguide，misinform，snooker，snow，spoof，string along，sucker，suckin，takein，trick

作为单词题deceiving的选项出现。

15-7.deceiving○approximate○exaggerated○unusual○misleading

例句

•Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience.虚构是广告中常见的一种手段，很容易误导年轻观众。

•Claims such as“the best”or“better than”can be subjective and misleading；even adults may be unsure as to their meaning.声称产品“最好”或“好于其他产品”都具有很强的主观性且容易产生误导，即使是成年人可能也很难判别。

【派生】

misled adj.误导的v.动词mislead的过去式和过去分词

misleadi ng adj.令人误解的；引入歧途的v.动词mislead的现在分词

object[ˈɒbdʒekt] 1

【释义】

vi.反对；抗议（say that one is not in favor of sb./sth.；protest）

n.[C]物体（solid thing that can be seen and touched）

【字字珠玑】

objection：arguments in opposition ____□□□

objects：entities ____□□□

Syn.：demur，except，expostu late，kick，protest，remonstrate，take exception，take issue

例句

•The role of envi ronmental cues in birds’navigation is clear，for on overcast days，birds use objects besides the Sun to orient themselves.环境提示在鸟类导航中的作用是明显的，因为在阴天鸟类利用除了太阳以外的物体辨认方向。

【派生】

objected adj.被反对的v.动词object的过去式和过去分词

objective adj.物体的；客观的n.目标objection n.反对；异议

【词根】

object 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自中世纪法语的objectum，意为“在心与视觉前的事物”；最初源自拉丁语的objectus，意为“心或感觉所投射到的事物”。

ob-反对jacetus投，映射

Day 5

measure[ˈmeʒər] 96

【释义】

vt.测量；评估（find the size，length，volume，etc.of sth.by comparing it with a standard unit）

n.措施（an action，especially an official one，that is intended to deal with a particular problem）

【字字珠玑】

measure：gauge ____□□□

measure：size up ____□□□

measure：degree ____□□□

measurable：detectable ____□□□

作为match单词题的选项出现。

3.match○measure○enlarge○approxi mate○equal

例句

•Isotopic analysis of shel ls al lowed geologists to measure another glacial effect.

对壳的同位素分析使得地质学家能够测量其他的一些冰川影响。

•Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now

and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.在这一领域的进步可以用现在修

建的建筑和100年前建造的同规模建筑之间的重量差异来衡量。

•By measuring how many of these meteorites fal l to Earth over a given period of time，scientists

can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir in the boundary

clay.通过确定在一段给定时间内掉落在地球上的这种陨石的数量，科学家们就可以确定

沉积在隔层黏土里的可观测到的铱元素的形成时间。

【派生】

measurable adj.可测量的measurement n.测量；长度

countermeasure n.对策

【词根】

measure 13世纪初期进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的mensura，意为“测量”。

account[əˈkaʊnt] 41

【释义】

vi.（for）解释（explai n；to be the reason why somethi ng happens）

n.考虑（consideration）

n.描述（a written or spoken description that says what happens i n an event or process）

n.账户（statement of money paid or owed for goods or services）

【字字珠玑】

account for：describe ____□□□

account：explain ____□□□

account：description ____□□□

15-2.account for○describe○chal lenge○explai n○test

例句

•This process of settling in as a community over several generations，combined with local recru itment，presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period.这种像群落一样的定居过程持续了好几代，再结合当地的士兵招募大概就是罗马帝国后期英国北部边境比较稳定的原因。

•Scientists have concl uded that human activity accounts for the rapid global warming in recent decades.科学家已经得出结论，人类活动导致近几十年全球气候迅速变暖。

•Production of British cotton goods i ncreased sixtyfold，and cotton cloth became Great Britai n’s most important product，accounting for one-half of al l exports.

英国棉纺产品的生产量增加了60倍，而棉布则成了英国最重要的产品，占出口总额的一半。

•Climatic changes at the end of the glacial period 13，000 years ago have been proposed to account for the emergence of farming.

有人提出冰河时代末期，也就是13000年前的气候变化是农业起源的原因。

•Consequently，chi ldren of aparticu lar age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development.

因此，特定年龄段的孩子就很难掌握不考虑他们目前认知水平的发展而制定的教育材料。

【派生】

take account of sth.=take...into account考虑account for解释；负责

accountable adj.负责任的accountability n.责任

accountant n.会计

【词根】

account中的ac-表示强调，count表示“数，数字”。代表词：accountant n.会计（数数字的

人）；account n.账户。

profit[ˈprαːfIt] 40

【释义】

n.收益；利润（money that you gain by selling thi ngs or doi ng busi ness，after your costs have

been paid）

vi.获益（benefit from）

【字字珠玑】

profit：benefit____□□□

profitable：lucrative____□□□

例句

•With their profits they purchased manufactured goods that earlier they might have made at home.他们用取得的利润购买制成品。而在这之前，他们都是在家里制作自己所需的物品。

•The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water，and in the process are drawing down the entire regions water supplies.当那些想节水的农场主得知邻居们通过大量耗水的种植而盈利的时候，他们的热情降低了，从而导致整个区域的供水量减少了。

【派生】

profit by/from从中获益profitable adj.可获益的

dwell[dwel] 209

【释义】

vi.居住（to live in a particu larplace）

vi.（on）细想（think or talk for too long about something，especially something unpleasant）

【字字珠玑】

dwell：live ____□□□

dwell：reside ____□□□

dwellin：reside in ____□□□

dweller：inhabitant ____□□□

例句

•Those queried ranged from European col lege students to members of the Fore，a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.这些人包括欧洲大学生、居住在新几内亚高地的部落等。

•If so，the green algae wou ld have been subjected to environmental pressures that resu lted i n adaptations that enhanced their potential to give rise to land-dwell ing or organisms.

如果事实如此的话，绿藻可能曾经受到环境的压力，产生了适应机制，即提高进化出陆生植物或其他有机体的可能性。

【派生】

land-dwelling adj.陆生的city dweller n.城市居住者

assist[əˈsIst] 21

【释义】

v.协助；帮助（help someone to do sth.）

【字字珠玑】

assist：aid ____□□□

assistin：help in____□□□

assistance：help ____□□□

12-1.assisted in○initiated○dominated○helped with○set up

例句

•Even though the pai nt was often sprayed on by mouth，one can assume that the dom i nant hand assisted in the operation.

即使一幅画作需要用嘴喷涂，也可以想象惯用手是如何在这一过程中起到协助作用的。

•Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifyi ng pots，although these sometimes confuse an already large and compl icated picture.

现存的关于不同类型陶瓷器的很多长篇且抒情的描述可以帮助我们对其进行分类，尽管这些描述有时候会使得一幅大而复杂的画面显得凌乱。

【派生】

assistance n.援助assistant n.助手

【词根】

assist中的as-表示强调，词根sist表示“站立”。assist v.协助；exist v.生存（站出来）。

recharge[ˌriːˈtʃαːdʒ] 18

【释义】

vt.充电；重新注入（put an electrical charge back into the battery；to regain energy or spirit）

【字字珠玑】

recharge：refill ____□□□

例句

•These aquifers became saturated more than 10，000 years ago and are no longer being

recharged.这些蓄水层注满水起码已经1万多年了，而其无法再生。

•The periodic deepening of wells and the use of more-powerful pumps would help increase the

natural recharge rate of the Ogallala.

水井周期性的加深以及使用更大功率的泵有助于增加蓄水层的自然补水率。

【派生】

discharge v.排放；排出

【词根】

recharge中的re-表示“再次”，charge源于词根“car”，表示“奔走”。refine[rIˈfaIn] 18

【释义】

vt.提炼；提纯（remove i mpurities from sth.；purify）

vt.改良（make sth.better）

【字字珠玑】

refine：improve ____□□□

refined：decent ____□□□

refined：with high quality ____□□□

refined：sophisticated ____□□□

17-1.refined○completed○improved○drawn○checked

例句

•Also beginning in the thirteenth century，there were new maps refined by precise calcu lations.

也是在13世纪初期，经过精密计算，绘制的地图更为精准。

•From the first appearance of cylinder seals，the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined，indicati ng the work of special ist stone-cutters.

从圆柱章的出现开始，被雕刻的图像就非常精致，这表现了石头切割者的专业技术。

•Finally，the refining and burning of petroleum and its products can cause air pollution.

最后，石油炼制、燃烧以及其产品也会造成空气污染。

•Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires，the group repeats，refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies，or rituals.当他们意识到自己的某些行为和期许的结果之间存在明显的联系后，人们便开始重复并且完善这些行为，最终形成固定的典礼或宗教仪式。

【派生】

refined adj.精致的（sophisticated）；提炼后的v.动词refine的过去式和过去分词

refining v.动词refine的现在分词

【词根】

refine中的re-表示“再次”，-fine源于词根“fin”，表示“界定，边界”。

afford[əˈfɔːd] 17

【释义】

vt.提供（to make available）

v.能够……（have enough money，time，space，etc.for a specified purpose）

【字字珠玑】

afford：offer ____□□□

afford：provide ____□□□

affordabillity：pocketbook ____□□□

5-1.afford○offer○prevent○increase○remove

例句

•We find evidence of such extended events i n the fossi l record，which affords gl impses into the breakup of formerly conti nuous envi ronments.

我们在化石记录中发现过这类事件，原本连续的环境突然终止。

•Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world，where accumu lation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eati ng i nsects and microbial pathogens.许多富集植物在热带和亚热带地区被发现。在那些地方金属可以为植物提供保护，对抗植食性昆虫和细菌病原体。

•If you are constantly on the move，you cannot afford to accumu late large material surpl uses.

如果你频繁迁移，就难以负担大量的盈余物资。

【派生】

affordable adj.承担得起的

satisfy[ˈsætIsfaI] 17

【释义】

vt.满足（to make someone feel pleased by doi ng what they want）

【字字珠玑】

satisfy：fulfill ____□□□

satisfied：fulfilled ____□□□

例句

•Within these cities，new forms of l ivel ihood appeared to satisfy the growi ng need for social

services and consumer goods.

在这些城市中，新的谋生手段开始出现，以满足日益增长的对社会服务和消费品的需求。

•Another，advanced in the twentieth century，suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy，

through which they seek to reshape real ity into more satisfying forms than those encountered in

daily life.另外，20世纪提出的先进理论认为人类擅长幻想，通过幻想将日常生活中的现

实重塑成更加令人满意的形式。

【派生】

satisfy sb’s needs/demands/desi res满足某人的需求

satisfaction n.满足感satisfactory adj.令人满意的

dissatisfaction n.不满

【词根】

satisfy源自词根-sat，表示“充满；塞满”，-fy表示动词后缀。

deliver[dIˈlIvə] 12

【释义】

vt.递送，传送（to take goods，letters，packages etc.to a particular place or person）

vt.发表，发言（state sth.）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：pass，hand，transfer，give，express，say，state

例句

•Prices of spices delivered by ship from the eastern Mediterranean came to equal those of spices transported by Portuguese vessels.

从地中海东部船运过来的香料价格与葡萄牙航线船运的香料价格相当。

•This was a society with similarities to modern one—moving goods on a gigantic scale，manufacturing high-quality contai ners to do so，and occasionally，as here，even discardi ng them on delivery.这和现代社会很像，大规模运输货物，生产高品质的容器油罐，并时不时在运输过程中丢掉一些。

【派生】

delivery n.快递；投递

attach[əˈtætʃ] 9

【释义】

vt.系；绑缚；联系（to fasten or connect one object to another）

【字字珠玑】

attach：fasten ____□□□

attach to：cling to ____□□□

attach to：stick to ____□□□

attachment to：preference for ____□□□

例句

•A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machi nes to be driven，resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton.与蒸汽机相连的旋转式发动机带动轴承转动，从而驱动机器，导致运用蒸汽动力纺织棉布的纺织厂随之出现。

•Wooden statues contained pieces of metal or stone attached to the front.

木质雕像上有一些附着在前方的金属和石头。

【派生】

be attached to附于

attached adj.依附的；依恋的v.动词attach的过去式和过去分词

attachment n.附件；附属物

【词根】

attach中的-tach表示“绑缚”。代表词：attach v.依附；detach v.拆卸。

incline[InˈklaIn] 7

【释义】

vt.倾向于（to lean，tend，or become drawn toward an opi nion or course of conduct）

vi.倾斜（have a physical or mental tendency towards sth.）

【字字珠玑】

incline：tend to ____□□□

incline：slope ____□□□

inclination：preference ____□□□

inclination：tendency ____□□□

例句

•Despite Andrew Jackson’s inclination to be a strong President，Democrats as a rule believed in limited government.

抛开安德鲁·杰克逊想做一个强势的总统不谈，民主党本身就主张限制政府的做法。

•Being so educable，individual birds have markedly different interests and inclinations，strategies and scams.由于善于学习，每只鸟的个体都有迥然不同的兴趣、爱好、策略和花招。

【派生】

be inclined to倾向于inclination n.倾向；偏好

【词根】

incline中的in-表示“内”，-cline源于词根“cl inare”，表示“倾斜”。

privilege[ˈprIvəlIdʒ] 7

【释义】

vt.给……特权，特免（treat sb./sth.better or differently）

n.特权；优待（a special advantage that is given only to one person or group of people）

【字字珠玑】

privilege：favor，advantage ____□□□

例句

•The Venetian Council made sure that Venetian-built and owned ships kept special privileges intransporting luxury goods in and out of Venice.

威尼斯市议会确保那些建造和拥有船只的威尼斯人拥有在威尼斯进出口奢侈品的特权。

•Portraiture，once a luxury for the privileged few，was suddenly well within the reach of many more

people.肖像这个一度只是少数权贵的奢侈品，突然就变得触手可及了。

【派生】

privileged adj.有特权的；优待的v.动词privi lege的过去式和过去分词

【词根】

privilege中的pri-表示“私人，个人”。private adj.私人的；deprive v.剥夺（de-消除prive-个人）。-ledge源于词根“leg”，表示“法律”。代表词：legal adj.法律的。

私人的法律→特权

shatter[ˈʃætər] 6

【释义】

vi.粉碎（to cause sth.to break suddenly into very smal l pieces）

【字字珠玑】

shatter：destroy ____□□□

shatter：break ____□□□

例句

•Under very cold conditions，rocks can be shattered by ice and frost.

在严寒的环境下，岩石能被冰霜粉碎。

•Most Roman pottery is l ight and smooth to touch and very tough，although，l ike al l pottery，it shatters if dropped on a hard surface.绝大部分罗马陶器都很轻、很光滑，也很坚韧，尽管，像所有陶器一样，当撞到坚硬地面时也容易破碎。

undertake[ˌʌndəˈteIk] 5

【释义】

vt.着手；承担（to accept that you are responsible for a piece of work，and start to do it）

【字字珠玑】

undertake：attempt to____□□□

undertake：wage ____□□□

undertake：take on ____□□□

undertaking：enterprise ____□□□

例句

•Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking，joint_- stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company.

与由投资家组成的以单个商业项目为目的的短期财团不同，股份制公司通过商人和其他投资者购买公司股份所带来的投资提供长期的投资。

•One of the biggest projects undertaken there was the draining of the Beemster lake which began in1608.其中完成的最大的一个工程是1608年贝母斯特湖的排水。

【派生】

undertake a task/a project/research etc.承担任务、项目、研究等

undertaking n.事业，工作

【词根】

under（下）+take（拿）→拿下

distract[dIˈstrækt] 4

【释义】

vt.干扰；分散（stop sb.concentrating on sth.）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：divert，disturb，confuse

作为单词题overshadowed的选项出现。

12-2.overshadowed○distracted from○explained

○conducted○coordinated with

例句

•He thought that if all the boxes contained food，this would distract the birds from fol lowing their migratory route.他认为如果所有的盒子都装满了食物，将会干扰鸟类的迁徙路线。

•Yawning is distracting，consumes energy and takes time.打哈欠是分散精力的，费时又耗力。

【派生】

distraction n.干扰；分散

【词根】

distract中的dis-表示“分散”；tract表示“拉，吸引”，源于drag的辅音变形（d→tr，g→ct）。

attract v.吸引。

assure[əˈʃʊər] 3

【释义】

vt.保证（tell sb.positively or confidently）

vt.确保（insure）

【字字珠玑】

assure：guarantee ____□□□

assure：solidify ____□□□

assured：guaranteed ____□□□

assuredly：certainly ____□□□

26-2.assured○pure○diminished○guaranteed○deep

例句

•These have adapted to the envi ronment by the development of long taproots that penetrate downward until they approach the assured water supply provided by groundwater.这类植物通过繁衍长的主根来适应环境，这些主根可以向下延伸直达地下水充足的水源。

•By suchingenious adaptations to specific pollinators，orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant crossbreedig in the wild，assuring the survival of species as discrete identities.

兰花通过某些特定授粉者受精，这种巧妙的变化使得兰花得以在野外避免过度杂交的危险，从而确保它作为独特物种生存下来。

【派生】

assured adj.自信的；有保障的v.动词assure的过去式和过去分词

assurance n.自信，保证

【词根】

assure中的as-表示强调，sure表示“确保”。代表词：ensure v.确保（en-使动）。

persuade[pəˈsweId] 2

【释义】

vt.&vi.劝说，说服（cause sb.to do sth.by arguing or reasoning with him）

【字字珠玑】

persuade：convince ____□□□

persuade：sway ____□□□

persuasively：convincingly ____□□□

例句

•Major ceremonial events were occasions for leaders to persuade people from the countryside to move into a pueblo.重大的宗教活动是首领们说服人们从周边搬入印第安人村庄的好契机。

•What persuaded Lou is Agassiz that glaciation in the past had been widespread？

是什么让路易斯·阿加西相信过去的冰川已经扩展了？

【派生】

persuasion n.说服persuasive adj.令人信服的

【词根】

persuade中的per-表示“完全”，suade表示“说服”（谐音“说（shui）服的”）。

drown[draʊn] 1

【释义】

vi.&vt.溺水；淹死（to die from being under water for too long，or to kill someone in this way）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：si nk，i mmerse，submerge

例句

•If a nesting begs loudly when it is not truly hungry，then when it is tru ly hungry its own beggi ng may be drowned out by that of its well-fed siblings.如果雏鸟在不是真的饥饿时大声乞食，

那么等它真正饿了的时候它自己的乞食声可能会被喂得很好的同类的乞食声淹没。

soar[sɔːr] 1

【释 义】

vi.骤升；翱翔（to increase quickly to a high level；to fly，especially very high up in the sky，

floating on air currents）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：fly，hover，ascend，rise，tower

例句

•If their popu lation is tracked through time，it will be seen to be particu larly unstable soaring and plummeting in irregular cycles.

跟踪它们一段时间，就会发现它们的数量特别不稳定，在不规则周期内飙升或暴跌。

Day 6

prevent[prIˈvent] 55

【释义】

vt.预防（stop sth.from happeni ng）

vt.阻止（stop sb.from doing sth.）

【字字珠玑】

prevent：restrict ____□□□

prevent：inhibit ____□□□

prevent：preclude ____□□□

Syn.：advert，forestal l，head off，help，obviate，precl ude，stave off

例句

•Unlike predator species，prey species use play to prevent inappropriate social behaviors，such as biting.和捕食者不同，被捕食者用玩耍躲避如撕咬这样不恰当的社会行为。

•The introduction of recorded sound prevented the development of other technological innovations in the 1920’s.20世纪20年代，录音的引进阻碍了其他技术革新的发展。

•When burning occurs，it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the poi nt where some species exclude others，reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem.

燃烧可以阻止植物物种间的竞争以防止某一物种排斥其他物种，进而减少了整个生态系统的多样性。

•The water evaporates and the salts are left behind，creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.水分蒸发后，盐分留在表面，形成白色的地壳层，这一地壳层阻止了空气和水接触地底下的土壤。

【派生】

preventive adj.预防性的；防备的prevention n.阻止；妨碍；预防

【词根】

prevent 15世纪初期进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的prventus，意为“妨碍”。

overcome[ˌoʊvərˈkʌm] 28

【释义】

vt.&vi.战胜，克服（fight successfully；defeat）

vt.压倒；使……难受（make helpless；defeat，especial ly by smoke or by feel i ng）

【字字珠玑】

overcome：defeat ____□□□

overcome：surmount ____□□□

overcome：counter ____□□□

Syn.：conquer，defeat，dispatch，get around，l ick，master，overbear，beat，overmatch，prevai l，

skunk，stop，subdue，surmount，tri m，tri umph over，upend，wi n agai nst，worst

例句

•So once natural selection had shaped the adaptations that helped plants overcome the obstacles to terrestrial living，plants prospered and diversified.所以，一旦自然选择塑造了植物的适应机制，使之克服在陆地生活的障碍，植物物种就生机勃勃且丰富多样了。

•Whether teachers can overcome the difficu lties i nvolved in reflection may depend on the nature and intensity of their motivation to reflect.

教师能否克服反思中的困难取决于他们自身反思动机的性质和强度。

•In an attempt to overcome these disadvantages，Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 i nvented the first pri m itive steam engi nes.为了克服这些弊端，托马斯·萨瓦瑞1698年、汤姆斯·纽克门1705年分别发明了第一批最早的蒸汽机。

•The rate at which the flowi ng water overcomes this resistance is related to the permeability of rock.水克服阻力流动的速率与岩石的渗透率相关。

【派生】

overcame v.动词overcome的过去式overcome v.动词overcome的过去分词

overcoming v.动词overcome的现在分词

calculate[ˈkælkjʊleIt] 19

【释义】

vt.&vi.计算；打算（work out or find out sth.by using numbers；compute）

【字字珠玑】

calcu late：determine ____□□□

Syn.：cipher，compute，figure，reckon，work out

例句

•Ever since people had begun to catalog the strata in particular outcrops，there had been the hope that these could somehow be used to calculate geological time.

从人们开始对露出地面的特殊岩层进行分类的时候起，大家就开始认为这些岩石可能会以某种方式被用于计算地质年代。

•Then exchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain，as measured（rather roughly）by air gauges，and the losses by evaporation，measured with models that correct for other sources of water loss.

和大气的交换是通过发现雨水中得到的水（通过雨量器大致测得）和蒸发损失的水（通过准确测量其他的水损失来源的模式测得）的差别来计算的。

•The explosion is also calculated to have produced vast quantities of nitric acid and melted rock that sprayed out over much of Earth.

据估计，爆炸过程还产生了大量的硝酸和被溶解的岩浆，并且许多岩浆喷出地球外。

【派生】

calcu lated adj.有计划的；经计算的；可能的v.动词calcu late的过去式与过去分词

calcu lati ng adj.深谋远虑的；精明的；计算用的v.动词calcu late的现在分词

calcu lation n.计算；估计incalcu lable adj.不可计量的；很多的

withstand[wIðˈstænd] 18

【释义】

vt.经受，承受（endure sth.without giving in，collapsing，wearing out，etc.）

【字字珠玑】

withstand：endure ____□□□

withstand：against ____□□□

Syn.：buck，defy，fight，oppose，repel，resist

例句

•The result was the exterm ination of a large fraction of the South American mammals，which were apparently unable to withstand the competition from invading North American species—although added predation was also an important factor.结果是大量南美洲哺乳动物因抵抗不了来自北美洲物种的竞争而灭绝——尽管过度捕杀也是一个很重要的因素。

•Some animals have behavioral，physiological，and morphological（structural）adaptations that enable them to withstand extreme conditions.有些动物还具有行为学、生理学以及形态学（结构）上的适应机制，以确保它们可以抵抗极端环境。

•A popu lation of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time，and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events.橡树的数量在一段时期内似乎是相对稳定的，它的存活可能更多地取决于它善于面对竞争或掠食的压力，并非依赖于利用偶然事件。

【派生】

withstood v.动词withstand的过去式与过去分词

withstanding v.动词withstand的现在分词

【词根】

withstand直接源自古英语的withstandan，意为“忍住”。

convince[kənˈvIns] 16

【释义】

vt.使相信（make sb.feel certain；cause sb.to realize）

【字字珠玑】

convince：persuade ____□□□

Syn.：argue，bring around，convert，persuade，gain，get，induce，move，prevailon，satisfy，

talki nto，win over

例句

•Eventual ly，Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general publ ic that a great cont nental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far i nto regions that now enjoy temperate climates.最终，阿加西和他的支持者说服了地质学家和公众相信大型的大陆冰川已经将极地冰盖延伸到如今的温带气候地区。

•When people today are shown a very ordi nary Roman pot and，i n particu lar，are al lowed to handle it，they often comment on how modern it looks and feels，and they need to be convinced of its true age.当将一个非常普通的罗马陶器展示给今天的人们，并允许他们把玩时，他们常常认为其形状和手感如此现代以至于很难相信其实际生产年代。

•Few farmers are convinced that the aqu ifer wi l l eventual ly run dry.农场主相信蓄水层最终会枯竭。

•When this research resu lted i n the development of vastly i mproved sound techniques，fi l m studios became convinced of the i mportance of converti ng to sound.当这个研究导致了有声技术的大幅度改进时，电影制片厂开始确信向有声电影的转换是非常重要的。

•A convincing 50-million-year sequence of modern horse ancestors—each slightly larger，with more complex teeth，a longer face，and a more prom inent central toe—seemed to provide strong support for Darwin’s contention that species evolve gradually.一个有说服力的五千万年的马祖先的进化模型——每一代都稍稍大一点，有更复杂的牙齿、更长的脸和中间更突出的脚趾——这一切都看似强有力地支持了达尔文的论点，物种是逐步进化的。

【派生】

convinced adj.信服的；确信的v.动词convince的过去式和过去分词

convincing adj.使人信服的v.动词convince的现在分词

【词根】

convince 1530年进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的convi ncere：con（强化前缀）+vincere（征

服），意为“完全征服”。

employ[ImˈplɔI] 15

【释义】

vt.雇用（give work and pay to；take on or appoint a person as a paid worker）

vt.使用（use a particu lar object，method，ski l l etc.i n order to achieve sth.）

【字字珠玑】

employ：use ____□□□

Syn.：hire，engagement，recru it，retai n，sign up，take on，use

例句

•General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of

exaggeration.人们普遍担心广告商夸大其词的误导策略。

•Because railway construction employed mostly rural laborers，unemployment i ncreased among

urban workers.因为铁路建设雇用了绝大多数的农村劳动力，所以城市工作的失业率就会增加。

•This atmospheric engine，invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner，

Thomas Newcomen，embodied revol utionary pri nciples，but it was so slow and wastefu l of fuel

that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed.

这一由托马斯·赛佛瑞发明并由他的同伴托马斯·纽科门对其进行改良的“大气引擎”，被赋予了革命性的工作原理，但其效率低下且浪费燃料，无法在煤矿以外的地区使用，这与最初的设计期望背道而驰。

•For instance，some social groups employ shunning（a person can remainin the community，but others are forbidden to interact with the person）as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particu lar group.

例如，一些社会群体采取规避措施（人可以留在群体中，但禁止其他成员与其交流），从而将特定群体中逾矩的个体慢慢同化与他人一致。

•In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose，architecture employs methods of support that，because they are based on physical laws，have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed

dramatically.为了达到建筑的目的，一定的大小和强度是必需的。尽管建筑材料已经发生了翻天覆地的变化，但是建筑采用的各种支撑方法自从人们发现它们以来鲜有改变，因为这些方法都建立在物理定律的基础上。

【派生】

employed adj.被雇用的；使用的v.动词employ的过去式和过去分词

employing v.动词employ的现在分词employment n.职业；雇用；使用

【词根】

employ 17世纪60年代进入英语，直接源自法语的eemploi，意为“雇用，聘”。

switch[swItʃ] 15

【释义】

vt.&vi.转变（change or exchange）

n.开关（a piece of equipment that starts or stops the flow of electricity to a machi ne，light etc.when you push it）

【字字珠玑】

switch on：activate ____□□□

Syn.：change，exchange，commute，shift，substitute，swap，trade，whip

例句

•Competition can eliminate a species，but since most species do not depend on a single resource，competition is often reduced by switching to alternative resources.

竞争可以消灭一个物种，但是绝大部分物种并不只依靠一种资源，当它们转向其他候选资源时，竞争就不会那么激烈了。

•They switch between cold-blooded and warm-blooded modes throughout their hatchling stage.

在孵化阶段，它们在冷血与温血模式之间转化。

•Then，about 7000 B.C.，within the space of a few generations，they switched abruptly to herding domesticated goats and sheep and to growing einkorn，pulses，and other cereal grasses.在公元前7000年，经过几代，这些居民就忽然转向饲养家养的山羊和绵羊，并种植单粒小麦、豆类及其他谷类植物。

【派生】

switched adj.转换的v.动词switch的过去式和过去分词

switching n.转换；开关v.动词switch的现在分词

explore[Ikˈsplɔːr] 14

【释义】

vt.勘查，探索（travel into or through a place for the purpose of discovery）

【字字珠玑】

explore：investigate ____□□□

explore：probe into ____□□□

Syn.：delveinto，diginto，examine，inquire into，investigate，look into，probe，research，check into，check up on

作为单词题exploited的选项出现。

20-3.exploited○explored○utilized○inhabited○improved

例句

•Play allows a young animal to explore its environment and practice skill in comparative safety since the surrounding adults generally do not expect the young to deal with threats or predators.玩耍有助于幼年动物探索其生存环境，并且由于周围的成年动物一般不期望孩子去处理威胁和捕食者，所以它们可以在相对安全的环境中练习技能。

•Most teachers need to explore ways to form the habit of reflection even when no external motivation exists.大多数教师需要探索如何在没有外部刺激的情况下仍能形成反思习惯。

•The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revol ution whose consequences have barely been explored.纸张的引进催生了一次概念革命，其影响几乎还未被探索。

•In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater，scholars have also theorized about the motives that ledpeople to develop theater.

为了进一步探寻戏剧的起源，一些学派开始从人类发展戏剧的动机上建立理论。

•These expeditions were likely driven by popu lation growth and political dynam ics on the home islands，as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters.

远征可能是由本土的人口增长、政治动荡以及探索未知水域的挑战和兴奋所驱动的。

【派生】

explored adj.探究的；被勘测的v.动词explore的过去式和过去分词

exploring n.扫描adj.探索的，探测的v.动词explore的现在分词

exploration n.探险；探索

【词根】

explore 16世纪80年代进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的resilire，意为“调查，搜索”；最

初源自此语的exporare，为打猎用语，意为“大声叫喊将猎物赶出来”。

ex-出来plorare叫喊

enlarge[Inˈlαːrdʒ] 13

【释义】

vt.&vi.放大；扩大（make larger）

【字字珠玑】

enlarge：expand ____□□□

Syn.：accelerate，accumu late，appreciate，balloon，boom，build up，burgeon，climb，escalate，

expand，gain，increase，mount，multiply，mushroom，proliferate，rise，roll up，snowball，spread，wax

例句

•Large quantities of water may also be stored in limestones when joints and cracks have been enlarged to form cavities.

只要节理和裂缝扩大形成容器，石灰岩中也能够储存大量水资源。

•During his adm inistration，he immeasurably enlarged the power of the presidency.

在他任职期间，总统的权力被无限量地扩大了。

•Since the basic infrastructure was in place，the Industrial Revol ution fueled itself with enlarging markets requiring ever more expansion of factories and workforce.

因为基础设施到位了，工业革命用要求扩张工厂工人的更大市场给自己动力。

【派生】

enlarged v.动词enlarge的过去式和过去分词

enlarging n.扩大v.动词enlarge的现在分词enlargement n.扩大；扩建

examine[IgˈzæmIn] 13

【释义】

vt.仔细检查（look at carefully in order to learn about or from）

vt.考试，考核（ask questions to find out what sb.knows or what they can do）

vt.审查，审问（investigate；interrogate）

【字字珠玑】

examine：inspect ____□□□

Syn.：grill，interrogate，pump，query，question，quiz，scrutinize

例句

•The findings of these geologists inspi red others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world.

这些地质学家的发现鼓舞了其他人去研究世界不同地方的岩石和化石记录。

•Teachers，it is thought，benefit from the practice of reflection，the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the i nteractions and events within their own classrooms.

教师被认为从反思实践中受益——有意识地更深入思考、仔细地检查发生在他们自己教室里的事件和相互影响。

•Artists were fasci nated by photography because it offered a way of examining the world in much greater detail.

艺术家沉醉于摄影，因为摄影为他们提供了一种可以更加细致地审视这个世界的方法。

【派生】

examined adj.检查过的；诊查过的；测验过的v.动词examine的过去式和过去分词

examining n.检查；调查；审问v.动词examine的现在分词

examination n.考查；考试；检查

【词根】

examine 1300年左右进入英语，直接源自古法语的examiner，意为“质问”；最初源自拉丁语的examinare，意为“测量；检查”。

govern[ˈgʌvərn] 13

【释义】

vt.&vi.统治；管辖（control and direct the affairs of a country，city，etc.and its people，using

political power）

【字字珠玑】

government：regime ____□□□

governed：subjected ____□□□

Syn.：boss，captain，command，control，preside over，rule

例句

•Some theories of theater development focus on how theater was used by group leaders to group leaders govern other members of society.

一些戏剧产生的理论主要关注团队领导如何利用戏剧来统治其他社会成员。

•The government left working people to govern themselves，much as shepherds of tribal confederacies were left alone by their leaders.

政府允许劳动人民自主管理，这和部落首领让牧羊者们离群索居一样。

•This mode of craft production favored the growth of self-governing and ideologically egal itarian craft guilds everywhere in the M iddle Eastern city.这种生产模式有助于自主管理制度的发展，在中东城市里意识形态上秉持人人平等的手工行会比比皆是。

•The glacial system is governed by precipitation and temperature in such a way that glaciers cannot form in temperate latitudes.

冰川系统受两个基本气候变量控制：降水和气温，这样冰川不能形成于中纬度地区。

【派生】

governed adj.被管理的，被治理的v.动词govern的过去式和过去分词

governi ng adj.治理的；管理的；n.治理；管理；v.动词govern的现在分词

governor n.统治者，管理者

threaten[ˈθretn] 13

【释义】

vt.&vi.威胁（express a threat agai nst）

vi.可能会来临（seeml ikely to happen or come）

【字字珠玑】

threaten：endanger ____□□□

Syn.：hang over，hover over，i mpend over，menace，overhang

例句

•The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absol ute certai nty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.

精神上的控制则建立在恐惧和惩罚上——毫无疑问，任何人或任何事，只要威胁到罗马的权威，都终将被摧毁。

•The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries.兔子肆虐了广袤的土地，并给牛羊业带来了极大的威胁。

•Should the use of rewards fail，members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group’s norms.

如果奖励方式不当，群体内成员就会通过拒绝或威胁的方式来摒弃那些背离群体规范的人。

【派生】

threatened v.动词threaten的过去式和过去分词

threatening adj.威胁（性）的；凶兆的；胁迫的v.动词threaten的现在分词

bound[baʊnd] 13

【释义】

vi.跳，弹跳（jump or bounce）

vt.定界限（mark or form the boundaries or limit）

adj.被捆绑的，被束缚的（tied together）

adj.一定的，必定的（certain to do sth.）

【字字珠玑】

bound：rebound ____□□□

bound：limit ____□□□

bound for：going to □□□

bound：tied ____□□□

bound：held ____□□□

Syn.：certain，leap，jump，spring，sure，tied，desti ned for，on the way

4-1.rebound○decline○recovery○exchange○movement

27-3.rebound○escape○recover○survive○resist

例句

•Many of those who experienced this sharp break thereafter lacked the ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place.

很多经历过这场巨变的人此后都失去了把他们祖先束缚在一个地方的纽带。

•The old patron-client relations that had bound together local societies si mply disi ntegrated.

将旧式的地方社会结合在一起的保护人—委托人关系分崩离析。

•The worker was bound to the master by a mutual contract that either one cou ld repudiate，and the relationship was conceptualized as one of partnership.

工人和店主双方具有劳务关系，任一方都有权终止，这是合作关系中的一种。

【派生】

bounded adj.有界限的；[数]有界的v.动词bound的过去式和过去分词

bounding v.动词bound的现在分词boundary n.边界；分界线

【词根】

bound 1580年左右进入英语，直接源自法语的bondir，意为“回声，响应”；最初源自古法语的bondir，意为“跳跃”。

compose[kəmˈpoʊz] 12

【释义】

vt.组成，构成（make up；form）

vt.&vi.创作，谱曲（put together i n l iterary，musical，etc.form；write music or l iterary works）

【字字珠玑】

compose：consist of ____□□□

compose：create ____□□□

Syn.：cast，craft，draft，draw up，formu late，frame，prepare，put together

34-1.composed of○made up of○developed from

○in addition to○similar to

例句

•We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the i ndividual organisms that compose the ecosystem.

也就是说，一个生态系统自身的属性要比由单一生物体组成的生态系统更稳定。

•It motivated artists to thi nk about new ways to compose i mages in their pai nti ngs.

这激发了艺术家想出新的方式在他们的画中加入图像。

•Eventually，six round forms of handwriting，composed of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens，became the standard repertory of every cal l igrapher.

最终，书写的六个圆形符号，包括三组大小写法，伊本穆格来被称为Six Pens，成为每个书法家的标准配置。

•They are composed of minerals uncommon on Earth，all rich in calcium，aluminum，and titanium，the most refractory（resistant to melting）of the major elements in the nebula.

它们是由地球上罕见的矿物质组成的，富含钙、铝以及在星云中最耐高温的（耐熔化的）主要元素——钛。

【派生】

composed adj.镇静的；沉着的v.动词compose的过去式和过去分词

composing n.著作；组成v.动词compose的现在分词

composer n.创作者（尤指乐曲的）compound n.混合物

【词根】

com-（共同）+pose（放）→放一起→创作，写作

confi rm[kənˈfɜːrm] 12

【释义】

vt.证实；肯定；坚定（prove to be true or correct；make certai n）

vt.批准；认可（ratify；agree defi nitely to a treaty，an appoi ntment，etc.）

【字字珠玑】

confirm：attest to ____□□□

Syn.：argue，attest，authenticate，bear out，certify，corroborate，substantiate，support，val idate，

verify，vindicate

作为单词题substantiated的选项出现。

19-2.substantiated○confi rmed○noticed○defi ned○publ icized

例句

•About the closest any research has come to supporti ng the tiredness theory is to confirm that adu lts yawn more often on weekdays than at weekends，and that school children yawn more frequently in their first year at primary school than they doinkindergarten.

最近所有用于支持疲劳理论的研究是为了证实成人在工作日比在周末打哈欠的频率更高；学生在小学一年级比在幼儿园时打哈欠的频率要高。

•They revealed output powers rangi ng from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmed that for maxi mum efficiency，the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with mini mum speed，having given up al most all of its kinetic energy.它们的输出功率从1马力到最大的60马力，并且人们确信要想产生最高效率，

水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑地流过，并以最慢的速度落下，以便输出其几乎所有动能。

•As on our Moon，the smal ler craters are often filled with surface matter—mostly dust—confirming that Mars is a dry desert world.与我们的月球类似，那些较小的陨石坑经常被一些物质填满（主要是灰尘），这表明火星是一个干燥的沙漠世界。

•Study of the textures of chondrules confirms that they cooled rather qu ickly，in times measured in mi nutes or hours，so the heating events that formed them must have been local ized.

对陨石球粒质地的研究证实它们的确是以极快的速度冷却的，短则几分钟，长则数小时，所以形成陨石球粒的高温事件肯定是局部的。

【派生】

confirmed adj.确认的；坚定的v.动词confirm的过去式和过去分词

confirming v.动词confirm的现在分词confirmation n.确认；证实

【词根】

confirm 13世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的confirmare，意为“进一步加强”。

con-表强调firmare加强

consume[kənˈsuːm] 12

【释义】

vt.消耗；消费；吃喝（use up）

【字字珠玑】

consume：use up，exhaust ____□□□

consumption：eating ____□□□

Syn.：devour，eat up

例句

•An adu lt grasshopper can consume a large corol la，about 2.5 i nches long，i n an hour.

一条成年草蜢可以在不到一个小时的时间内消耗一个2.5英寸的大型花冠。

•To keep 40 people al ive that wi nter，they consumed approxi mately 150 el k and 20 deer.

为了让40人在冬天里存活，他们消耗了150只麋鹿和20只小鹿。

•After the death of an organism，the soft tissue is ordi nari ly consumed by scavengers and bacteria.生物体死后，软组织一般会被食腐动物和细菌吃掉。

•The explosion is also calcu lated to have produced vast quantities of nitric acid and melted rock that sprayed out over much of Earth，starti ng widespread fi res that must have consumed most terrestrial forests and grassland.据估计，爆炸过程还产生了大量的硝酸和被溶解的岩浆并喷出地球外，造成了大面积火灾，大部分的森林和草原被烧毁。

•Yawni ng is distracti ng，consumes energy and takes ti me.

打哈欠是分散精力的，费时又耗力。

【派生】

consumed adj.耗尽的；用光的v.动词consume的过去式和过去分词

-consuming adj.消耗……的time-consuming adj.耗时的

energy-consum i ng adj.消耗精力的consumer n.消费者

consumer goods消费品consumption n.消耗；消费

【词根】

consume 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的consumere，意为“大肆地买”。

con-加调作用sumere拿

ensure[Inˈʃʊr] 12

【释义】

vt.确保……，担保（make sth.certain to happen）

【字字珠玑】

ensure：make...certainto happen ____□□□

ensure：guarantee ____□□□

Syn.：assure，cinch，guarantee，guaranty，insure，secure

作为单词题guarantee的选项出现。

3-3.guarantee○increase○ensure○favor○complicate

例句

•In general，diversity，by itself，does not ensure stabi l ity.

一般来说，多样性本身并不能保证稳定性。

•By regulating the economy and competition，the government cou ld ensure equal opportunity.

通过规划经济和竞争，政府可以保证机会平等。

•It is generally made with carefully selected and purified clay，worked to thin-walled and standardized shapes on a fast wheel and firedin a kiln（pottery oven）capable of ensuring a consistent finish.它们一般是精心筛选和净化后的黏土在快速旋转的圆盘上制成壁薄而形状标准的坯子，然后放入陶器窑中烧结，并确保一气呵成。

•At first，they control led the movement of the herd whi le ensuring conti nuance of their meat diet.起初他们控制兽群的迁移以获得持续的肉食来源。

【派生】

ensured v.动词ensure的过去式和过去分词ensuri ng v.动词ensure的现在分词

【词根】

ensure 15世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自盎格鲁法语的enseurer；最初源自古法语的asseurer，意为“使确认”。

cast[kæst] 11

【释义】

vt.&vi.投，掷（throw；al low to fall or drop）

vt.浇铸（shape by pouring or squeezing into a mold to harden）

n.[C]演员表，全体演员（all the actors in aplay，etc.）

【字字珠玑】

cast：project ____□□□

cast about：seek ____□□□

cast off：get rid of ____□□□

Syn.：discard，radiate，release，shoot，throw

例句

•Experi ments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by a drop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide.实验结果也对“打哈欠是由血液中氧含量下降或由血液中二氧化碳含量上升所引起的”这一论断产生了严重怀疑。

•Although earlier scientific studies strongly supported the tiredness theory，new evidence has cast doubt on these findings.

虽然早期的科学研究强烈支持疲劳理论，但是新的证据还是对它持怀疑态度。

•A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more，out-competing all other wou ld-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil.

一棵巨大的橡树占据它的领地长达200年甚至更久，通过制造浓密的树荫和吸收土壤中

多余的水分驱逐所有可能生长的冠层树木。

【派生】

cast doubt on怀疑cast v.动词cast的过去式和过去分词

casting n.角色分配；投掷；铸造v.动词cast的现在分词

【词根】

cast 14世纪初期进入英语，直接源自古北欧语的kasta，意为“投，扔”；最初源自古英语

的weorpan，意为“弯曲，转动”。

classify[ˈklæsIfaI] 11

【释义】

vt.分类；归类（arrange in classes or groups；putinto a class）

【字字珠玑】

classify：categorize ____□□□

Syn.：assort，categorize，compartmentalize，digest，disti ngu ish，distribute，grade，group，peg，

range，rank，relegate，separate，sort，type

例句

•Because their seeds grow in places where competi ng plants are no longer present，dandel ions

are classified as opportunists.

因为蒲公英的种子要在没有竞争者的地方生长，所以蒲公英被定义为机会主义者。

•Glaciers are someti mes classified by temperature as faster-flowi ng temperate glaciers or as slower-flowi ng polar glaciers.

按照温度分类，冰川可分为快速流动温带冰川和慢速流动极地冰川。

•Most desert plants are probably best classified as xerophytes.

大部分的沙漠植物可能最好都被归类为旱生植物。

•Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots，although these sometimes confuse an already large and compl icated picture.

现存的关于不同类型的陶瓷器的很多长篇且抒情的描述可以帮助我们对其进行分类，尽管这些描述有时候会使得一幅大而复杂的画面显得凌乱。

【派生】

be classified as被分类为classified adj.机密的；归类的

classification n.分类；类别

invest[Inˈvest] 11

【释义】

vt.&vi.投资；花费（use money to make more money out of sth.that will increase i n val ue）

vt.授予（endow）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：adorn，advance，arm，authorize，capitalize，clothe，commission，comm it，devote，

enable，endow，endue，empower，enthrone，finance，gift，induct，indue，license，place，provide，

put，put in，seat，siege，stake，supply，venture

例句

•Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and comm it ourselves to other people.

情感纽带是当我们做情感投资并致力于他人的一种社会关系。

•At the other extreme are competitors，almost all of whose resources are invested in building a huge body，with a bare mini mum allocated to reproduction.

处于另一个极端的是“竞争者”，“竞争者”几乎将其所有的能量都用于生长一个庞大的身躯，而仅用最低限度的能量进行繁殖。

•Government funds invested early in life may ulti mately lead to a reduction in future costs.

投资给早期教育的政府资金可以最终减少未来的成本。

•Farmers responded by special izing in cash crops，borrowing to purchase more land，and investing in equipment to increase productivity.

农民因此专门种植经济作物，借款购买更多的土地，并且投入设备增加生产率。

【派生】

invested v.动词invest的过去式和过去分词

investing n.投资；v.动词invest的现在分词

investment n.投资；投资额；投入

Day 7

drain[dreIn] 50

【释义】

vt.&vi.（使）流失；喝光（cause to become gradually dry，as water or other l iquid is removed；

cause to flow off gradually or completely）

n.[C]排水管（a pipe that carries away di rty water from a building）

n.[C]流失（sth.that drai ns，empties or uses up）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：bleed，draft，draw（off），pump，siphon（also syphon），tap

例句

•If the pores are large，the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold，and it will drain away.如果孔隙很大，其中的水会形成水滴，水滴重量太大足以克服吸引它的表面张力，就会流走。

•It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water wou ld drain i nstantly from any wet surface，leaving it totally dry.

要不是因为表面张力，这些水分也会立刻蒸发，仅留下完全干燥的样本。

•Endogenous rivers often do not reach the sea but drain i nto i nland basi ns，where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground.

内陆河通常都不能流入大海而是注入内陆盆地，蒸发掉或者消失在地表。

•By contrast，dry soils are sandy and porous，their coarse textures perm itting water to drain rapidly.相反，干旱的土壤都是砂质和多孔的，他们粗糙的性质会使得水分很快流失。

•The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere.这款蒸汽机帮助解决了煤矿中地下水的排水问题并且提高了煤的产量，这些煤用来为别处的蒸汽机提供动力。

•What，then，determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away？

那么，是什么决定了有多少水分会保留或者流失呢？

【派生】

drained adj.累死人的；耗尽的v.动词drain的过去式和过去分词

draining n.排水；泄水v.动词drain的现在分词

drainage n.排水；排水系统brain drain人才流失

【词根】

drai n直接源自古英语的dreahnian；最初源自原始日耳曼语的draug，意为“干旱”。

contradict[ˌkɒntrəˈdIkt]28

【释义】

vt.&vi.反驳，否认（deny the truth of sth.said or written；deny the words of a person）

vt.与……矛盾（be opposite in nature or character to sth.）

【字字珠玑】

contradiction：paradox ____□□□

Syn.：disagree（with），gainsay

例句

•A warm-blooded turtle may seem to be a contradiction in terms.

温血海龟似乎是一个自相矛盾的术语。

•The studies are compl icated by the fact that the data are someti mes contradictory and the

mechanisms apparently change from time to ti me.由于这些数据有时会自相矛盾并且物理过程经常随着时间发生变化，使得这些研究非常复杂。

【派生】

contradicted v.动词contradict的过去式和过去分词

contradicti ng v.动词contradict的现在分词

contradiction n.矛盾；反驳；否认；不一致contradictory adj.矛盾的n.矛盾

【词根】

contradict直接源自拉丁语的contradicere，意为“同……抵触”。

transfer[trænsˈfɜːr] 28

【释义】

vt.&vi.转移；迁移（change position；move）

n.迁移；汇兑（the act of moving sth.from one location to another）

【字字珠玑】

transfer：move ____□□□

Syn.：alienate，assign，cede，convey，deed，make over，dispose of

•The impact of rai ndrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces，sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration.

雨水对松散土壤的冲击会把细小的黏土颗粒冲到土壤缝隙中，封闭了土壤并降低土地表层水的渗透率。

•Newly raised regi ments were normally transferred to another province from whence it wasunlikely that individual recru its wou ld ever return.

新建立起来的军团通常会被转移到一个不可能回到原籍的省区。

•The intention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertised product and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience’s mind.

目的是将人们对名人的正面态度转化为对广告产品的评价，使两者在观众的脑海中自动产生联系。

•Geothermal energy becomes avai lable in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks.

水流经地表下可能几百甚至几千英尺^[3]深的热岩区域（一种热储）被加热，当被加热的水将热量传递出来时，地热能就可以实际形式加以利用了。

【派生】

transferred v.动词transfer的过去式和过去分词

transferring n.转移；v.动词transfer的现在分词

【词根】

transfer 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的transferre，意为“转移”。

orient[ˈɔːrient] 25

【释义】

vt.指引，指导（adj ust sb./sth.to the surrounding or a situation）

n.[S]东方（countries of the East，e.g.Japan，China）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：accustom，familiarize，initiate，introduce，acquaint，orientate

例句

•Furthermore，the birds orient themselves carefully with regard to the Sun and gently flap their wings to increase convection cooling.此外，鸵鸟会根据太阳的位置谨慎调整自己的方向，轻轻拍打翅膀，增加对流的降温效果。

•Gustave Kramer conducted important research related to the ability of birds to orient and navigate.Gustave Kramer展开了一项关于鸟类定位和导航的重要研究。

•One moves from the task-oriented time consciousness of the peasant（working on job after another，as time and light permit）and the time-filling busyness of the domestic servant（who always had something to do）to an effort to maximize product perunit of time.

人们从农民以任务为导向的工作方式（在时间和光线条件允许的情况下，一件工作接着一件地干）和家奴以时间为导向的工作方式（总有事情做）中转变到了努力将单位时间的生产量达到最大化。

•A sharp rise in demand for grai n abroad also encouraged farmers i n the Northeast and M idwest to become more commercially oriented.

国外对粮食需求的急剧增加同时也鼓励东北部和中西部的农民变得越来越商业化。

【派生】

-oriented adj.以……为方向的；以……为目的的task-oriented adj.任务为导向的

orienting v.动词orient的现在分词orientation n.适应；定位

erupt[Iˈrʌpt] 19

【释义】

vi.&vt.爆发，喷发（explode and pour out fire；break out）

【字字珠玑】

erupt：explode ____□□□

Syn.：belch，disgorge，eject，expel，jet，spew，spout，spurt

例句

•If，as some evidence suggests，these volcanoes erupted as recently as 100 million years ago，they may continue to be i nterm ittently active.如果像一些证据表明的，这些火山确实是在一千万年前爆发的，那它们有可能持续保持活跃状态。

•Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions.

科学家们没有直接证据显示这些火山近期是否喷发过，或是否正处于喷发阶段。

【派生】

erupted v.动词erupt的过去式和过去分词erupti ng v.动词erupt的现在分词

eruption n.爆发；喷发

purchase[ˈpɜːrtʃəs] 14

【释义】

vt.购买（buy）

【字字珠玑】

purchase：buy ____□□□

purchase：grip ____□□□

Syn.：pick up，buy，take

例句

•Farmers responded by specializng in cash crops，borrowing to purchase more land，and investing in equ ipment to increase productivity.

农民因此专门种植经济作物，借款购买更多的土地，并且投入设备提高生产率。

•Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more thanone projector from him.

除非展览者同意从爱迪生那里购买不止一台投影仪，否则他不愿发展、研究投影技术。

•Photography was so cheap and readi ly avai lable that it cou ld be purchased by people who were too poor to purchase fine art.

摄影是如此廉价且容易得到，以至于它可以被那些穷得买不起纯艺术的人购买。

•With their profits they purchased manufactured goods that earlier they might have made at home.他们用取得的利润购买制成品。而在这之前，他们都是在家里制作自己所需的物品。

•An Amsterdam merchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchanger and pay the exchanger the equivalent sumin guilders，the Dutch currency.阿姆斯特丹商人要

在马赛购买肥皂，可以找到货币兑换商用等值的荷兰货币——荷兰盾兑换。

【派生】

purchased adj.购买的v.动词purchase的过去式和过去分词

purchasing n.购买；采购v.动词purchase的现在分词

recruit[rIˈkruːt] 13

【释义】

vt.&vi.招募（get sb.as a new member）

vi.恢复（get sufficient quantity of；bri ng back to what is usual or normal）

【字字珠玑】

recruit：enlist ____□□□

recruit：obtain ____□□□

Syn.：assume，engage，hi re，lay on[chiefly British]，pay，place，employ，retai n，sign（up or

on），take on

例句

•In the fifteenth century there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the gal leys.

15世纪，为单层甲板大帆船（一种靠划桨驱动的大船）征募水手不算一个问题。

•Such units recruited on an ad hoc（as needed）basis from the area in which they were stationed，and there was evidently large-scale recruitment within Britain.

这样的人就是从这些驻地中特别招募来的，并且不列颠的招募规模特别大。

•In larger groups，leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

在更大的团体中，领导者通常通过选举或征募产生。

【派生】

recruited v.动词recruit的过去式和过去分词recruiting v.动词recruit的现在分词

recruitment n.招聘；招募

inflate[InˈfleIt] 8

【释义】

vt.&vi.使膨胀；（使）通货膨胀（fill a tyre，bal loon，etc.with air or gas；cause to swel l；take

action to increase the amount of money in circulation so that prices rise）

【字字珠玑】

inflate：enlarge ____□□□

inflate：expand ____□□□

Syn.：amplify，develop，dilate（on or upon），enlarge（on or upon），expand，flesh（out）

•However，some modern architectural designs，such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures，are again unifying skeleton and skin.但是，一些现代建筑的设计，例

如那些运用折叠混凝土板或充气结构的设计，也将骨骼和表皮融为一体。

•Duri ng courtship and aggressive displays，the turkey enlargesits colored neck col lar by inflating sacs in the neck region and then flings about a pendu lous part of the colored signaling apparatus as it utters cal ls designed to attract or repel.在求爱期和发起进攻时，火鸡通过给颈部液囊充气扩张颈圈，摆动下垂的鲜艳的信号装置，随之发出叫声来吸引异性或击退敌人。

•They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970’s，which，combi ned with Cal ifornia’s rapid popu lation growth，pushed housing prices，as well as rents，to record levels.

他们是由20世纪70年代的通货膨胀导致的，通货膨胀与加利福尼亚州的快速人口增长、被推动的房价和租金一起，到了破纪录的水平。

【派生】

inflated adj.膨胀的；夸张的v.动词inflate的过去式和过去分词

inflating adj.加压的；充气的v.动词inflate的现在分词

recur[rIˈkɜːr] 8

【释义】

vi.再发生；重现（happen again）

【字字珠玑】

recur：repeat ____□□□

Syn.：come again，come back，fall back，go back，persist，reappear，relapse，repeat，resort

•American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski，who have studied exti nction rates in a number of fossil groups，suggest that episodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically，approxi mately every 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period.

美国古生物学家David Raup和John Sepkoski曾经在大量化石群中研究物种灭绝的比率。

他们指出，自从白垩纪中期以来，灭绝的物种不断增加，大约每隔两千六百万年就会定

期发生一次。

•The periodic table is a chart that reflects the periodic recurrence of chem ical and physical properties of the elements when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number（the number of protons in the nucleus）.元素周期表是按原子序数（元素原子核中质子的数量）由小到大依次排列，反映化学周期性和元素的物理特征的图表。

•It is important for ani mals’daily activities to be coordi nated with recurring events in their

environment.动物日常生活与周围环境循环的协调性是非常重要的。

【派生】

recurred v.动词recur的过去式和过去分词

recurring adj.重复出现的；循环的v.动词recur的现在分词

recurrence n.重现；复发

【词根】

re-（再次）+cur（car跑）→重现

stabilize[ˈsteIbəlaIz] 8

【释义】

vi.&vt.（使）稳定（be steady；make or become firm）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：alleviate，balance，brace，calm，calm down，even out，fix，soothe

例句

•Thus，natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.

这样，自然选择便使得寄主—寄生虫的关系趋于稳定。

•The plant functions as a stabilizer and a sediment trap and as a nursery area for estuari ne fish and shellfish.

植物起到了稳定器和沉积物收集器的作用，而且还充当了河口鱼类和贝类的温床。

•Spartina is very well adapted to conditions in salt marshes，where it plays a val uable role in stabilizing them and making them highly productive marine habitats.米草属植物能很好地适应盐碱地，并起到稳定盐碱地的作用，使它们成为高产的海洋栖息地。

•Except for Boston，whose popu lation stabilized at about 16，000 in 1760，cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century.除了波士顿——这个人口于1760年稳定在16000的城市，其他城市在整个18世纪经历了成指数倍的增长。

【派生】

stable adj.稳定的stability n.稳态，稳定

stabilization n.稳定；稳定化

【词根】

sta（=stand表示“站立”）+ble（形容词）→站立的→稳定的bloom[bluːm] 7

【释义】

vi.开花（produce flowers；come into flower or be in flower）

n.[C]花（a flower）

n.[S]最佳时期，茂盛时期（the best or most favorable time of）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：blossom，blow，burgeon（also bourgeon），flower，unfold

例句

•The seeds then lie dormant until the next wet year，when the desert blooms again.

这些种子会静静地休眠直到下一个雨量较充沛的年份，再次在沙漠中绽放。

•The seeds of grasses，flowers，and blooming trees made the long trips to these islands.

草、花和开花植物的种子经过长途跋涉来到这些岛屿上。

•One type of seed-bearing plants，the angiosperm，incl udes all forms of blooming vegetation.

其中一种种子植物——被子植物，包含了所有的开花植物。

【派生】

blooming adj.开花的；有活力的；妙龄的v.动词bloom的现在分词

【词根】

bloom直接源自中古英语的blom，意为“花”。

struggle[ˈstrʌgl] 6

【释义】

vi.斗争；挣扎；努力（fight；try to overcome difficu lties，etc.；make great efforts）

n.[C]努力，打斗，搏斗（fight）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：battle，blunder，bumble，fight，flog[British]，flounder，fray，limp，lumber，plod，

scrabble，stumble，throes，trudge

例句

•Darwin held that many more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood.A struggle for survival follows.达尔文认为，个体存在的数量远远超过那些可以

找到食物并且活到成年的个体数量，个体之间开始进行生存竞争。

•Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the

struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation.

那些拥有竞争优势的个体更容易存活，并且会将它们有利于生存竞争的基因遗传给下一代。

•These writers，cal led natural ists，often focused on econom ic hardship，studyi ng people struggl ing with poverty，and other aspects of urban and i ndustrial l ife.这些被称为博物学者的作家，总是关注经济的艰难，研究与贫穷抗争的人们和城市工业生活的其他方面。

•One of the advantages of the awards is that many go to the struggl ing artists，rather than to those who are already successful.

这些奖项的好处之一在于很多颁给了正在挣扎的、而不是那些已经成功的艺术家。

【派生】

struggling adj.努力的；困苦的v.动词struggle的现在分词

【词根】

struggle 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古北欧语的strugr，意为“恶意”。

catalog[ˈkætəlɔːg] 6

【释义】

n.目录；商品型录（list）

vt.编目录；分类说明（classify，group）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：canon，checkl ist，enroll（also enrol），enter，index，inscribe，listing，menu，putdown，

record，register，registry，roll，rollcall，roster，schedule，slate，table

例句

•Ever since people had begun to catalog the strata in particular outcrops，there had been the hope that these could somehow be used to calcu late geological time.

从人们开始对露出地面的特殊岩层进行分类的时候起，大家就开始认为这些岩石可能会以某种方式被用于计算地质年代。

【派生】

cataloged v.动词catalog的过去式和过去分词

cataloging v.动词catalog的现在分词

squeeze[skwiːz] 5

【释义】

vt.&vi.挤，榨（press on from the opposite side or from all sides）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：compact，condense，constrict，contract，compress，crush，mash，press

例句

•As muddy sediments are pressed together，the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezedout of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby.当泥状沉积物被挤压在一起时，天然气和石油液滴会被挤出泥层，并进入附近的沙层。

•And then the new cities and towns，squeezed by their wal ls，had to know and order timein order to organize collective activity and ration space.另外新的城市和小镇，由于其空间的限制，必须要知道并且安排时间，以组织集体活动和分配空间。

【派生】

squeezed v.动词squeeze的过去式和过去分词

squeezing n.挤；压v.动词squeeze的现在分词

【词根】

squeeze 1600年左右进入英语，直接源自古英语的cwysan，意为“强力挤压”。

declare[dIˈkler] 4

【释义】

vt.宣布，宣告；声明（say sth.firmly and clearly）

vt.申报（make a full statement of property for which tax may be owed to the government）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：advertise，annunciate，blare，blaze，blazon，broadcast，announce，enunciate，flash，give

out，herald，placard，post，proclai m，promu lgate，publicize，publish，release，sound，trumpet

例句

•Establ ished in the 1960s when the United States declared the War on Poverty，the program has

served over 13 million children and their families.20世纪60年代美国决定向贫穷宣战，自

那时起，该项目设立，至今已经惠及1300万儿童及其家人。

【派生】

declare war on对……宣战

declared adj.承认的；公告的v.动词declare的过去式和过去分词

declaring n.声明；宣告v.动词declare的现在分词

declaration n.宣言；宣布；申报

【词根】

declare 14世纪初期进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的declarare，意为“使清楚，澄清”。

de-强调clarare清楚

frown[fraʊn] 4

【释义】

vi.&vt.皱眉（draw the eyebrows together；knit brows，as in anger or deep thought；lines appear on the forehead）

vi.不赞成（disapprove of）

【字字珠玑】

frown on：disapprove of ____□□□

Syn.：glare，gloom，glower，gri mace，look daggers（or stare daggers），lower（also lour），moue，mow，mug，pout，scowl，snoot

例句

•When they are caused to frown，they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.

当他们皱眉头时，则变得更加咄咄逼人。

•Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will，for example，and frowning to anger？

比如，微笑可以让你心情大好吗？皱眉会让你变得愤怒吗？

【派生】

frown（up）on反对frowned v.动词frown的过去式和过去分词

frowning n.皱眉；不悦v.动词frown的现在分词

inherit[InˈherIt] 4

【释义】

vt.&vi.继承（receive property，a title，etc.left by sb.who has died）

【字字珠玑】

inherit：receive ____□□□

Syn.：accede to，come into，get，obtain，receive，succeed to

例句

•Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents’control，such as inherited abil ities and a child’s rate of maturation.Elkind认为学术上的成功很大程度上取决于父母不能控制的因素，如遗传的能力和孩子成熟的速度。

【派生】

inherit...from继承于

inherited adj.继承的；遗传的v.动词inherit的过去式和过去分词

inheriting v.动词inherit的现在分词

【词根】

in-（内）+her（她）+it（它）→在母亲身体里的它→继承

suspend[səˈspend] 3

【释义】

vt.悬挂，吊起（hang sth.up）

vt.暂停（stop for a time；delay；keep in an undecided state for a time）

【字字珠玑】

suspend：float ____□□□

suspend：hang ____□□□

Syn.：defer，prorogue，recess，adjourn

5-1.suspended○grown○protected○spread out○hung

例句

•Aeroponics，a technique in which plants are suspended and the roots misted with a nutrient solution，is another method for growing plants without soil.空气培养法—— 一种将植物悬挂起来，在其根部喷洒营养液的技术，是另外一种无土栽培的方法。

•Cellu lose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water，caught on a fine screen，and then dried into flexible sheets.首先将从植物中提取的纤维素纸浆悬浮在水中，然后用筛选设备过滤，再烘干成柔软的纸张。

【派生】

suspended adj.暂停的v.动词suspend的过去式和过去分词

suspension n.暂停；中止suspense n.悬念

【词根】

suspend 13世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的suspendre；最初源自古典拉丁语的

suspendere，意为“悬挂，停止”。

sub-自下而上pendere挂，称

buffer[ˈbʌfər] 2

【释义】

vt./n.缓冲（器）（act as a buffer to）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：cushion，gentle，soften

例句

•The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air，keeping it relatively constant.大陆上的浅海可能使附近空气的温度少受影响，以保持其相对稳定。

【派生】

buffered v.动词buffer的过去式和过去分词

buffering n.缓冲v.动词buffer的现在分词

launch[lɔːntʃ] 2

【释义】

vt.发起；发射（set in motion；send；aim）

【字字珠玑】

launch：start ____□□□

Syn.：begin，constitute，establish，inaugurate，initiate，innovate，institute，introduce，found，pioneer，plant，set up，start

例句

•Furthermore，he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage，they often launched

themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route.

而且，他注意到，当这些鸟在笼子里躁动不安时，它们通常会飞向迁徙路径的方向。

【派生】

launched v.动词launch的过去式和过去分词

launching n.发射；（船）下水v.动词launch的现在分词

launching pad n.发射台；阵地；跳板

【词根】

launch 1300年左右进入英语，直接源自古法国北方语的lancher，意为“扔，抛”；最初源自后期拉丁语的lanceare，意为“挥动长矛”。

Day 8

charge[tʃαːrdʒ] 65

【释义】

vt.充电；注入（put electricity etc.i nto sth.；fi l l）

vt.收费（ask an amount as a price）

n.电荷（amount of electricity put into a battery or contai ned i n a substance）

n.掌控（taking charge of the position of having control or responsibi l ity for a group of people or an

activity）

【字字珠玑】

charge：attack ____□□□

be charged with：be assigned to ____□□□

in charge of：responsible for ____□□□

例句

•The electrical discharge takes place when the attractive tension between a region of negatively charged particles and a region of positively charged particles becomes so great that the charged particles suddenly rush together.当带正电荷粒子区域与带负电荷粒子区域之间的吸引力大到使带电粒子瞬间碰撞到一起时，就会发生放电现象。

•Exhibitors，however，wanted to maxi mize their profits，which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time（rather than one at a time）and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission.

然而，电影放映者们期望将自己的收益最大化，他们希望能更轻易地将少量电影同时放映给几百个顾客（而不是每次为一个顾客播放一次电影），每次收入场费25到50美分。

【派生】

discharge v.排出；卸货recharge v.重新注入

【词根】

charge源于词根“car”，表示“奔跑”。可以联想记忆car（汽车），帮助记忆“奔跑”的含

义。代表词：carry v.携带；occur v.出现（跑出来）。

benefit[ˈbenIfIt] 41

【释义】

vt.有益于（be useful，profitable，or helpful to）

vi.（from）得益（gain advantage；receive benefits）

n.[U][C]益处，好处（profit；gai n；future good）

【字字珠玑】

benefit：boon ____□□□

beneficial：helpful ____□□□

Syn.：advantage，aid，avail，asset，boon，help，profit，serve

作为单词题option的选项出现。

21-2.option○choice○benefit○idea○experience

例句

•For example，the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclai mer“when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast.”举个例子，称早餐食用谷物食品对健康有益的广告可能会附带一个免责声明：前提是早餐营养要均衡。

•Art is valuable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit，and their efforts to synthesize form and content.

艺术本身具有价值，而不是因为它在道德或者教育上的益处而具有价值。

•Hosts benefit more from natural selection than parasites do.

寄主从自然选择上得到的比从寄生虫身上得到的多。

•Econom ic growth would benefit everyone by raising national income and expandi ng opportunity.

经济发展会通过增加国民收入和就业机会使每个人受益。

•I ron manufacturers，which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal，also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal：blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machi nery.依赖于木炭供应的铁匠们急需燃料，他们也受益于越来越多的煤炭供应。配备有蒸汽动力的鼓风炉使得越来越多的钢铁供应成为可能。

【派生】

beneficial adj.有利的；有益的beneficiary n.施主；施惠者

【词根】

benefit14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自盎格鲁法语的benfet，意为“做得好”；最初源自拉丁语的benefactum，意为“好事”。

attempt[əˈtempt] 35

【释义】

vt./n.试图；尝试（make an effort at；try to do sth.especially without succeeding；an effort

made to do sth.）

【字字珠玑】

attempt：try ____□□□

attempt：effort ____□□□

Syn.：assay，bash[chiefly British]，bid，crack，endeavor，essay，fling，go，have a go at，

offer，pass，seek，shot，shoot at（or shoot for），stab，strive，trial，try，try one’s hand（at），whack，

whirl

作为单词题efforts/seek的选项出现。

21-3.efforts○laws○suggestions○attempts○fail ures

31-2.seek○clai m○manage○fai l○attempt

例句

•Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the i nformation and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it.

人们是否能够回忆起一件事情的关键在于这两种方式的匹配程度。在这两种方式中，前者对信息进行解码，后者尝试重新获得信息。

•Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in an attempt to supplement meager family income.为了贴补本已经微薄的家庭收入，贫困

潦倒的农民们通过在家纺织衣料或亚麻来换取少量报酬。

•In an attempt to overcome these disadvantages，Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first pri m itive steam engi nes.为了克服这些弊端，托马斯·

萨瓦瑞在1698年托马斯·纽克门在1705年分别发明了第一批最早的蒸汽机。

•Many complex theories attempt to explain the early domestication of ani mals.

很多复杂的理论尝试去解释早期动物家禽化的原因。

•In addition，Teotihuacn’selite may have consciously attempted to attract new inhabitants.

另外，特奥蒂瓦坎的贵族们也可能会有意吸引新的移民。

•This opinion also attempts to solve the overpainting by explaining that an animals picture had no further use after the hunt.

同时，这种观点尝试解释重复绘画的原因：狩猎结束后，之前所绘的猎物图不再有用。

【派生】

attempted v.动词attempt的过去式和过去分词

attempting v.动词attempt的现在分词

【词根】

attempt15世纪初期进入英语，直接源自古法语的attempter，意为“试图”；最初源自拉丁语的attemptare，意为“尝试”。

ad-去temptare尝试

decay[dIˈkeI] 17

【释义】

vt.&vi.（使）腐朽；衰败（make or become bad）

n.[U]腐烂；腐朽（the process or resu lt of bei ng destroyed by natural causes or by not bei ng

cared for）

【字字珠玑】

decay：decompose ____□□□

decay：perish ____□□□

decay：rot ____□□□

Syn.：break down，corrupt，debilitation，decline，decayi ng，decompose，degeneration，descent，

deterioration，disi ntegrate，ebbing，enfeeblement，fallapart，fester，fou l，go to seed（or run to seed），mold，molder，perish，putrefy，rot，spoi l，weakening

例句

•As the seaweed and marsh grass leaves die，bacteria break down the plant material，and i nsects，smal l shri mpl i ke organisms，fiddler crabs，and marsh snails eat the decaying plant tissue，digest it，and excrete wastes high in nutrients.

随着海草和沼泽禾草叶子的死亡，细菌将植物体分解，昆虫、小型虾状浮游生物、招潮蟹和沼泽蜗牛吃掉了腐烂的植物组织，消化后排出富含营养的排泄物。

•Attack by scavengers and bacteria，chem ical decay，and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high.腐动物和细菌的破坏、化学性腐烂、腐蚀以及其他地质因素都会非常不利于保存东西。

【派生】

decayed adj.腐败的；被蛀的v.动词decay的过去式和过去分词

decaying v.动词decay的现在分词

【词根】

decay15世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的decair，意为“烂掉”。

undergo[ˌʌndərˈgoʊ] 15

【释义】

vt.经历，承受（experience or endure sth.unpleasant or painful；be subjected to a process，etc.）

【字字珠玑】

undergo：experience ____□□□

Syn.：endure，feel，know，pass，see，suffer，sustain，taste，experience，witness

例句

•In that study，each of eight different trilobite species was observed to undergo a gradual change in the number of segments.研究中，人们观察到了八种三叶虫身体节数数量逐渐变化的过程。

•They may be more interested in researching，for example，the adaptations that some aquatic animals undergo to survive in dry desert environments.

比如说，他们对研究一些海洋动物如何在干燥的沙漠环境下生存更加感兴趣。

•Terrestrial plants adj usted to l ife on land by undergoing structural changes that enabled them to support themselves，resist dryi ng，and exchange gases.

陆生动物通过能支撑自身、抵抗干旱和交换气体的结构改变来适应陆地上的生活。

•The Sahara is a highly diverse，albeit dry，region that has undergone major cl i matic changes since 10，000 B.C.

尽管干旱，撒哈拉的物种极其多样，并自从公元前10000年就已经历了数次重大气候变迁。

【派生】

undergo change/adaptation/transformation改变/适应/转型

underwent v.动词undergo的过去式undergone v.动词undergo的过去分词

undergoi ng v.动词undergo的现在分词

initiate[IˈnIʃieIt]15

【释义】

vt.开始，着手（set a scheme，etc.worki ng）

vt.接纳新成员，让……加入（introduce sb.into a cl ub，group，etc.）

vt.传授；使初步了解（give sb.some secret or mysterious knowledge）

【字字珠玑】

initiate：start ____□□□

initiate：begin ____□□□

Syn.：begi n，constitute，establish，inaugurate，found，innovate，institute，introduce，launch，

pioneer，plant，set up，start

18-3.i nitiated○started○intensified○finished○expected

19-2.i nitiated○approved○identified○started○foreseen

26-1.i nitiated○anticipated○accelerated○spread○started

例句

•The formation of the channel is initiated when electrons surge from the cloud base toward the ground.电子从云层基部涌向地面就会形成通道。

•In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establ ish rapport with them.

而在小群体中我们有更多的机会建立联系并与他人和睦相处。

•The opposition to the Clementsian concept of plant ecology was initiated by Herbert Gleason，soon joined by various other ecologists.对克莱门茨关于植物群落概念的反对意见最早是由赫伯特·格里森提出来的，并且获得了很多其他生态学家的支持。

•However，the arrival of the steam engi ne initiated a complete transformation inrail transportation，entrenching and expandi ng the I ndustrial Revol ution.

然而，蒸汽机的到来引发了铁路运输的彻底变革，巩固和扩大了工业革命的成果。

【派生】

initiated adj.新加入的；启动的v.动词initiate的过去式和过去分词

initiating v.动词initiate的现在分词initial adj.首要的

【词根】

in-（入）+it（走）+iate（动词后缀）→踏入，走入→开始

enrich[InˈrItʃ] 15

【释义】

vt.使丰富，充实（make rich or richer，fertilize）

【字字珠玑】

enrich：enhance ____□□□

Syn.：ameliorate，amend，better，enhance，improve，help，meliorate，perfect，refine，upgrade

例句

•Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter，enrich space，complement their site，su it the climate，and are econom ically feasible.

建筑物为人类的生活提供遮蔽处、增加人们的活动场所、完善人们的居所、帮助人们适应气候的变化，同时使人们在经济上也可以承受。

•One group developed in an“enriched”envi ronment，which al lowed the rats to interact with other rats，play with toys，and receive maze trai ni ng.第一组成长在一个比较“富裕”的环境中，这样的环境使其可以与其他老鼠接触，有玩具玩儿，并接受迷宫训练。

•This sedi ment layer is enriched i n the rare metal i ridi um and other elements that are relatively abundant i n a meteorite but very rare in the crust of Earth.

该沉积层富含稀有金属铱和其他在陨石中含量较丰富但在地壳中却很稀有的元素。

•Ani mal dung enriches the soil by providing nutrients for plant growth.

动物排泄物提供植物生长所需的营养，使土壤的肥沃。

【派生】

enriched adj.加浓的；丰富的v.动词enrich的过去式和过去分词

enriching v.动词enrich的现在分词

【词根】

en-（使动）+rich（富裕）→使丰满

encounter[Inˈkaʊntə]10

【释义】

vt.遇到，遭遇（meet or have to deal with）

n./vt.偶然碰到，邂逅（meet（-ing）unexpectedly）

【字字珠玑】

encounter：meet ____□□□

Syn.：brush，catch，chance（upon），hassle，happen（upon），meet，run-i n，scrape，ski rm ish，

stumble（upon）

例句

•In the 1930s，wel ls encountered plentifu l water at a depth of about 15 meters.

20世纪30年代，井下15米就有丰富的水源。

•Another，advanced in the twentieth century，suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy，through which they seek to reshape real ity into more satisfying forms than those encountered in dai ly l ife.

另外，20世纪提出的先进理论认为人类擅长幻想，通过幻想将日常生活中的现实重塑成更加令人满意的形式。

•Specu lation on the origi n of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them，in the absence of sol id l i ngu istic，archaeological，and biological data，many fancifu l and mutually excl usive theories were devised.

对于太平洋群岛居民起源的思索开始于外来者和岛民们最初的接触，由于缺乏可靠的语言学、考古学和生物学资料，出现了很多奇异并且互斥的理论。

•Early in the ni neteenth century，encounters with Aborigi nal rock art tended to be i nfrequent and

open to specu lative interpretation.

19世纪早期，遇到的岩石艺术品还比较少，大多是猜测性的解释。

【派生】

encountered adj.遇到的；遭遇的v.动词encounter的过去式和过去分词

encounteri ng v.动词encounter的现在分词

【词根】

encounter 1300年左右进入英语，直接源自古法语的encontre，意为“碰见”。

grind[graInd] 9

【释义】

vt.&vi.摩擦；磨碎（rub harshly together，especially with a circu larmotion）

vt.压迫；折磨（oppress or crush）

n.[S]磨，碾（the act of gri ndi ng）

n.[S]苦差事，苦活儿（a long steady ti ring effort of movement）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：buff，creak，file，hone，jar，rasp，rub，sand，scrape，scratch

•The earliest waterpower mills were probably vertical-axis mills for grinding corn，known as Norse or Greek mills.

最早用于研磨谷物的水力磨可能都是垂直轴的，比如斯堪的纳维亚磨或希腊磨。

•These figures depict a wide range of actions，such as grinding grain，baking bread，produci ngpots，and makng music，and they are shownin appropriate poses，bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.这些雕像形态各异，例如他们有的在研磨谷物，有的正在烤焙面包、制作瓦罐或者演奏音乐。他们姿态逼真，工作时弯腰或蹲下被描绘得惟妙惟肖。

【派生】

ground n.地面；立场v.使……搁浅v.动词gri nd的过去式和过去分词

grinding adj.磨的；碾的；磨擦的v.动词gri nd的现在分词

grinder n.研磨机ground-breaking adj.开拓性的

【词根】

grind直接源自古英语的gri ndan，意为“磨”。

discourage[dIsˈkɜːrIdʒ] 7

【释义】

vt.使气馁；使沮丧（lessen or take away the courage or confidence）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：chill，daunt，demoral ize，dishearten，dismay，dispi rit，frustrate，unman，unnerve，throw

cold water on

例句

•Although many immigrants settled in Teotihuacn between A.D.150 and 700，the increasi ng

threat of coerced labor discouraged further settlement and limited Teotihuacn’s population

growth.即使许多移民者于公元150年到700年间在特奥蒂瓦坎定居，但是强制劳动威胁

的增加使得移民进一步受阻，并且限制了特奥蒂瓦坎人口的增长。

•High interest rates discouraged people from buying land al ready avai lable.

高利率使人们不能也不愿去购买可得到的土地。

【派生】

discouraged adj.泄气的v.动词discourage的过去式和过去分词

discouraging adj.令人气馁的；令人沮丧的v.动词discourage的现在分词

【词根】

dis-（否定）+courage（勇气）→气馁

capture[ˈkæptʃər] 5

【释义】

vt.俘虏，捕获（take...as a prisoner）

vt.夺取，占领（hold interest；take control of sth.by force from an enemy；win；gain）

【字字珠玑】

capture：catch ____□□□

Syn.：acquire，attain，bag，bringin，carry，come by，draw，earn，gain，get，internee，knock

down，land，make，obtain，procure，pull down，reap，secure，win

例句

•The beasts were more discipl ined，so that it was easier for hunters to predict their habits，and capture animals at will.

兽群变得更加自律，因此猎人更容易了解他们的习性并随意抓捕。

•The algae capture the sun’s energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules.

海藻通过光合作用获取太阳的能量，并将它储存在有机分子中。

•It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslimsin 751.据说在751年中国和穆斯林在撒马尔罕附近的一场战役中，中国的造纸工匠被虏，成为囚犯，造纸术才逐渐向西传播。

【派生】

captured v.动词capture的过去式和过去分词

capturi ng n.捕捉v.动词capture的现在分词

【词根】

capture 16世纪40年代进入英语，直接源自中古法语的capture，意为“一次夺取”；最初源

自古典拉丁语的captura，意为“（尤其是一次猎取的动物的）数量”。

parallel[ˈpærəlel] 5

【释义】

vt.与……平行，与……相当（be equal to sth.；match sth）

adj.平行的（having the same distance between each other at every point）

n.[C]平行线〔面〕（a paral lelline or surface）

【字字珠玑】

parallel：similarity ____□□□

Syn.：akin，analogous，cognate，commonal ity，common denominator，comparable，congruity，

connate，correspondent，corresponding，ditto，like，equal，alike，resemblant，resembling，similar，

such，suchlike

作为单词题paradoxes的选项出现。

12-2.paradoxes○difficulties○accomplishments

○paral lels○contradictions

例句

•Parallel rails had long been used inmining operations to move bigger loads，but horses were still the primary source of power.长期以来，在采矿作业中平行铁轨被用来运输大型货物，但是马匹仍然是主要的动力来源。

•Her interest in color and light paralleled the research of several artists of the period.

她对色彩和灯光的研究与当时几位艺术家相似。

•The Canada lynx shows a ten-year cycle of abundance that parallels the abundance cycle of

hares.加拿大山猫的数量与野兔的数量相同，并以十年为一个周期循环。

【派生】

paral leled adj.并行的；并联的v.动词paral lel的过去式和过去分词

unparal leled adj.无双的；可匹敌的（unrivaled）

counter[ˈkaʊntər] 4

【释义】

vt.&vi.对抗，反驳（oppose；move or act in opposition）

adv.反方向地（in the opposite direction to sth.；in opposition to sth.；contrary to sth.）

n.[C]柜台（a narrow table or flat surface at which customers are served i n a shop，bank，etc.）

n.[C]计数器（an electrical apparatus that counts）

【字字珠玑】

counter：combat ____□□□

countered：argued back ____□□□

Syn.：adverse，battle，combat，contend（with），disadvantageous，fight，hosti le，i ni m ical，

negative，oppose，oppugn，prej udicial，unfavorable，unfriendly，unsympathetic，untoward

26-2.countering○eliminating○making use of○acti ng agai nst○experienci ng

例句

•Another way of countering drought is to have a limited amount of mass above ground and to have extensive root networks below ground.

另一种抵抗干旱的方法是抑制植物地上部分的生长，转而发展发达的地下根系。

•To counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all over Europe.

为了反对一个声明：太阳和生物钟在全欧洲使用。

【派生】

countered v.动词counter的过去式和过去分词

countering v.动词counter的现在分词run counter to背道而驰；相反

multiply[ˈmʌltIplaI] 4

【释义】

vt.&vi.增加；繁殖（produce a large number of；make greater in number）

vt.&vi.乘（combine two numbers by adding one number to itself a certai n number of times）

【字字珠玑】

multiply：propagate ____□□□

Syn.：breed，procreate，propagate，reproduce

例句

•By force of sheer numbers，however，the mosses and ferns reached Hawai i，survived，and

multipl ied.占着绝对数量上的优势，蕨类植物和地衣到夏威夷群岛后存活下来，并繁衍下去。

•Moose reached I sle Royale in Lake Superior by crossing over winter ice and multipl ied freely

there i n isolation without predators.

麋鹿穿过冬天的冰层到达苏必利尔湖的罗亚尔岛，并由于没有捕食者而自由繁殖。

•Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron；early in the new century，it also multiplied

ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day.

蒸汽机不仅可以用于织布、炼铁，19世纪早期，蒸汽机的使用同样大大提高了造纸的效

率，用蒸汽动力生产的纸的产量是一个工人一天产量的10倍。

•With urban growth and the multipl ication of time signals，discrepancy brought discord and strife.随着城市的发展和报时信号的倍增，时间错乱导致了不和与争吵。

【派生】

multipl ied v.动词mu ltiply的过去式和过去分词

multiplying v.动词mu ltiply的现在分词

clarify[ˈklærəfaI] 3

【释义】

vt.&vi.使清楚；澄清（cause sth.to become clear or easier to understand）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：clear，distill（also distil），filter，fine，garble，purify

例句

•The opposing points of view about bird m igration are clarified through the study of contrasti ng experiments.关于鸟类迁徙的不同的观点是通过对比实验来阐明的。

【派生】

clarification n.澄清；阐明

deceive[dIˈsiːv] 3

【释义】

vt.&vi.欺骗；诈骗（cause sb.to bel ieve sth.that is false；play a trick on）

【字字珠玑】

deceive：mislead ____□□□

Syn.：bamboozle，beguile，bl uff，buffalo，catch，cozen，delude，dupe，fake out，fool，gaff，

gammon，gull，have，hoax，hoodwi nk，hornswoggle，humbug，juggle，misguide，misinform，m islead，

snooker，spoof，string along，sucker，suckin，takein，trick，do a number on，pullone’s leg，pull the

wool over one’s eyes

例句

•Two percent may be a deceiving figure，however，si nce over 80 percent of the worlds freshwa-ter is locked up as ice in glaciers，with the majority of it i n Antarctica.2%这个数字可能并不

真实，然而全球有超过80%的淡水以冰块的形态存在于冰川中，其中大部分位于南极洲。

•The strategies used by plovers to deceive predators.千鸟使用的策略是欺骗捕食者。

【派生】

deceive sb.i nto sth.使某人相信某事deception n.欺骗；欺诈

deceit n.欺诈行为

accuse[əˈkjuːz] 2

【释义】

vt.控告；控诉；谴责（say that sb.has done sth.wrong or is gui lty of sth.）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：charge，defame，impeach，incriminate，indict

例句

•Young children are trusting of commercial advertisements in the media，and advertisers have sometimes been accused of taking advantage of this trusting outlook.

儿童信任媒体中的商业广告，可是广告商们有时会因利用这种信任常常受到指责。

【派生】

accuse...of指责accusation n.指责；控诉

【词根】

ac-（强调）+cuse（说，excuse中的cuse）→指责；控诉

misbehave[ˌmIsbIˈheIv] 2

【释义】

v.行为礼貌；行为不端（behave badly）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：act up，behave badly，cut up，disobey，misconduct，misdemean

例句

•Water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezi ng，to say nothing of long-run drift as the result of sedi mentation and clogging.

水钟表在水温下降到冰点时会出错，长期漂浮的东西因为下沉或堵塞而无法工作。

•The newly domesticated ani mals behaved better，were easier to control，and may have enjoyed a higher bi rth rate，which in turn yielded greater milk supplies.

最新驯化的动物更易控制，出生率也更高，也会生产更多奶。

【派生】

m isbehaved v.动词m isbehave的过去式和过去分词

m isbehavi ng v.动词m isbehave的现在分词

plunge[plʌndʒ] 2

【释义】

v.骤减；陷入（to move，fal l，or be thrown suddenly forwards or downwards）

n.骤减，突降（a sudden large decrease in the price，value etc.of somethi ng）

【字字珠玑】

plunge：drop ____□□□

plunge：dive ____□□□

例句

•Such a quantity of material wou ld have blocked the sunlight completely from reachi ng the surface，plunging Earth into a period of cold and darkness that lasted at least several months.

如此大量的物质存在于大气层中，将会完全阻隔阳光的照射，于是地球一瞬间进入了一个持续数月之久的寒冷黑暗时期。

【派生】

plunge into陷入 沉入take the plunge下决心；做决定

defeat[dIˈfiːt] 1

【释义】

vt.击败，战胜（overcome）

n.[U][C]战败，失败（the act or state of bei ng defeated）

【字字珠玑】

defeat：conquer ____□□□

defeat：subdue ____□□□

Syn.：beat，conquer，dispatch，drub，lick，loss，lump，master，overbear，overcome，

overmatch，overthrow，rout，prevail（over），shellacking，skunk，stop，subdue，surmount，take，

triumph（over），trounce，upend，whippi ng，win（against），worst

作为单词题perplexed的选项出现。

11-2.perplexed○defeated○interested○puzzled○occupied

例句

•She was a woman who hated to adm it defeat.

她是个讨厌承认失败的女人

【派生】

defeated v.动词defeat的过去式和过去分词

defeating v.动词defeat的现在分词

【词根】

defeat直接源自中古英语的defeten；最初源自古法语的desfait，意为“（使）做不成”。

Day 9

maintain[meInˈteIn] 73

【释义】

vt.保持；继续（keep up；retain；continue）

vt.主张（assert as true）

vt.保养；维护（keep in good repair；defend）

【字字珠玑】

maintain：keep tune to ____□□□

maintain：keep ____□□□

maintain：support ____□□□

maintain：sustain ____□□□

maintain：preserve ____□□□

maintain：claim ____□□□

Syn.：conserve，keep up，preserve，save

作为单词题retained/sustai n的选项出现。

6-1.retained○gained○established○profited from○maintained

26-3.sustain○defend○promote○maintain○transform

例句

•These animals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain alivable body temperature.

这些动物都是依赖于气候以使其身体保持适合生存的温度。

•However，no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely.

然而，没有哪一类生物可以永久地占据主导地位。

•Sociologists think pri mary groups contribute to social sol idarity because they help maintain a society’s cultural patterns.社会学家认为初级群体为社会的团结做出了贡献，因为它们有助于维持一个社会的文化模式。

•When the real Sun was visible，however，the birds maintained a constant di rection as it moved across the sky.

但是，当它们看见真正的太阳时，却保持了恒定的方向，正如太阳在天空中移动一样。

•By the later Roman period，frontier garrisons（groups of soldiers）were only rarely transferred，service in units became effectively hereditary，and forts were no longer popu lated or maintained at full strength.在后罗马时期，很少调动前线卫戍部队，军团中的服务得到了有效的延续，而军事基地没有人居住或者全力维持。

【派生】

maintained v.动词mai ntai n的过去式和过去分词

maintaining v.动词mai ntai n的现在分词

maintenance n.维修；维护；保持；生活费

【词根】

maintain 13世纪中期进入英语，直接源自盎格鲁法语的meintenir；最初源自拉丁语的manu

tenere，意为“用手拿着”。

manu手tenere握着，拿着

represent[ˌreprIˈzent] 73

【释义】

vt.代表（act or speak official ly for another person or group of people；be present as an example

of that group）

vt.表示，描绘（be a picture or statue of；depict；be a sign of）

【字字珠玑】

represent：incorporate ____□□□

represent：incarnate ____□□□

represent：embody ____□□□

representative：typical ____□□□

representing：drawing ____□□□

Syn.：character，define，depict，describe，portray，characterize

作为单词题distributed的选项出现。

40-2.distributed○represented○collected○spread○managed

例句

•The dragon represented the emperor，and the phoenix，the empress.

龙代表皇帝，凤代表皇后。

•They can do only so much to represent the full complexity of the global cl i mate and hence may give only limited information about natural variabi lity.

它们只可以用来描绘全球气候的复杂性，因此只能提供自然变化的有限信息。

•However，there is one exceptional dump，which does represent a very large part of the sites total history of consumption and for which an esti mate of quantity has been produced.

但也有例外。有一处遗址出土的陶器代表了其曾经的陶器消费的很大一部分，因此可以据此推测出其数量。

•I mpacts by meteorites represent one mechanism that could cause global catastrophes and seriously infl uence.陨石撞击描绘了一个能够制造全球性灾难的途径，这种灾难会对整个星球生命体的进化带来重大影响。

【派生】

represented v.动词represent的过去式和过去分词

representing v.动词represent的现在分词

representation n.陈述；表现

representative n.代表adj.代表的；典型的

【词根】

represent 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的representer；最初源自拉丁语的reprsentare，意为“表达，说明”。

re-强调prsentare呈现，表达

compete[kəmˈpiːt] 72

【释义】

vi.竞赛；竞争（take part in a race，contest，exam ination，etc.）

vi.比得上，媲美（match with sb.）

【字字珠玑】

competition：struggle ____□□□

Syn.：battle，contend，face off，fight，race，rival，vie

作为单词题cope的选项出现。

8-2.cope○adapt○move○continue○compete

例句

•To return this favor，ants guard the nectaris，drivi ng away or ki l l i ng i ntrudi ng i nsects that m ight compete with ants for nectar.

为了回报植物，蚂蚁会保卫蜜腺，赶走或杀死入侵的昆虫，因为它们会和蚂蚁争夺蜜腺。

•They also compete with each other for the best spot of sunlight.

它们还会互相争夺最佳的光照位置。

•Detailed field studies of thick rock formations contai ni ng fossi ls provide the best potential tests of the competing theories.

对含有化石的厚岩层的细致的现场调查可以检验这两个备受争论的理论。

•If this hypothesis is true，then it fol lows that nestlings should adjust the intensity of their signals inrelation to the signals produced by their nestmates，who are competing for parental attention.

如果这一假说成立，那么我们可以断定，雏鸟会根据与其竞争以引起父母注意的同伴所发出的信号来调整它们的信号强度。

•It seems likely that Teotihuacn’s natural resources，along with the city elites ability to recognize their potential，gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors.

很可能是特奥蒂瓦坎的自然资源和精英们发挥其潜在的才能，给予了这座城市与其相邻的城市抗衡的力量。

【派生】

competed v.动词compete的过去式和过去分词

competing adj.竞争的；抵触的；相互矛盾的v.动词compete的现在分词

competition n.竞争；比赛outcompete vt.竞争赢过某人

expand[Ikˈspænd] 58

【释义】

vt.&vi.扩大；加大；（make larger）

vt.&vi.展开（unfold or spread out）

【字字珠玑】

expand：stretch□□□

expand：increase□□□

expandable：able to be enlarged□□□

Syn.：amplify，develop，dilate（on or upon），enlarge（on or upon），flesh（out）

作为单词题exhibit/unprecedented/merge/converge的选项出现。^[4]

例句

•Greater productivity and risi ng demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that cou ld be rei nvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity，or to seek alternative investment opportunities.更大规模的生产和日益增长的需求给企业家带来了利润，这种利润可用于投资新技术，进一步扩大产能或寻求其他的投资机会。

•For all her original ity in dance，her interests expanded beyond it into newly emerging artistic media.

尽管她在舞蹈方面独树一帜，但她的兴趣还是扩展到了除此之外新兴的艺术媒介上。

•Pollen samples from freshwater lakes in Syria and elsewhere tell us forest cover expanded rapidly at the end of the Ice Age.来自叙利亚和其他地方的淡水湖的花粉样本向我们揭示出在冰河时代末期森林覆盖率迅速增长。

•Expanding popu lations are subjecting the land to i ncreasi ng pressures to provide them with food

and fuel.人口数量的增加使得人们不断向土地施压，索取食物和燃料。

【派生】

expanded adj.展开的；扩充的；扩大的v.动词expand的过去式和过去分词

expanding adj.扩展的；扩充的v.动词expand的现在分词

expansion n.膨胀；扩展；扩充

【词根】

expand 15世纪初期进入英语，直接源自盎格鲁法语的espaundre；最初源自古典拉丁语的expandere，意为“伸开”。

contribute[kənˈtrIbjuːt] 57

【释义】

vt.&vi.捐献，捐助，贡献（join with others in giving money，help，etc.）

vi.（to）促进（help in causing a situation，event，or condition）

【字字珠玑】

contribute：give ____□□□

contribute：add to ____□□□

Syn.：kick in，pitch in

作为单词题culminated in的选项出现。

33-1.culmi nated in○reached a high point with○logically fol lowed from

○partly contributed to○marked

例句

•Even living things contribute to the formation of landscapes.

动植物对自然风景的形成也功不可没。

•Two other factors contribute to the higher overal l temperature i n cities.

另外两个因素导致了城市较高的整体温度。

•Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter，enrich space，complement thei r site，suit the cl imate，and are econom ically feasible.

建筑物为人类的生活提供遮蔽处、增加人们的活动场所、完善人们的居所、帮助人们适应气候的变化，同时使人们在经济上也可以承受。

•Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage i n the strug-

gle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute thei r genes to the next generation.

那些拥有竞争优势的个体更容易存活，并且会将它们有利于生存竞争的基因遗传给下一代。

•The development of banking and other fi nancial services contributed to the expansion of trade.

银行和其他金融服务的发展促进了贸易的增长。

【派生】

contributed v.动词contribute的过去式和过去分词

contributing adj.贡献的；起作用的v.动词contribute的现在分词

contribution n.贡献；捐款（赠）；投稿

【词根】

contribute 1520年左右进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的contribuere，意为“在部落中分配”。

surround[səˈraʊnd] 55

【释义】

vt.包围（be or go around on every side）

【字字珠玑】

surround：encircle ____□□□

surrounded：enveloped ____□□□

Syn.：circle，embrace，encircle，enclose（alsoinclose），encompass，environ，gird，girdle，ring，

wreathe

作为单词题overlie的选项出现。

1-1.overlie○cover○change○separate○surround

例句

•The increased pressures of expandi ng popu lations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacki ng i n trees and shrubs.人口增加带来的压力促使人们大量砍伐木材，导致许多城市和乡村周围的树木和灌木大面积减少。

•For the majority of lakes，certainly those surrounded by forests，i nput from overland flow is too

small to have a noticeable effect.对于大多数的湖来说，特别是那些被森林环绕的湖，地

面流入的水太少以至于几乎感觉不到有什么影响。

•However，its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls，which served as the background.

但是，这个位置会随周围环境发生变化，转动关着鸟的笼子或者背景墙都会使这个食罐的位置相对改变。

•The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant，and inside

this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients.

种子有一层裹在新植物遗传物质外面的表皮，在表皮里面是一种浓缩的营养物质。

【派生】

surrounded adj.被……环绕着的v.动词surround的过去时和过去分词

surrounding adj.周围的n.环境；周围的事物v.动词surround的现在分词

establish[IˈstæblIʃ] 51

【释义】

vt.建立（set up on a firm or lasting basis）

vt.安置（settle，place a person，oneself in a position，office，place，etc.）

vt.确定；证实（find out or make certain of）

【字字珠玑】

establish：institute ____□□□

establishment：formation of ____□□□

establishing：setting ____□□□

Syn.：demonstrate，prove，show，substantiate

作为单词题autonomous/i nhibits/retai ned/verify/rival的选项出现。

1 -2.autonomous○artistic○i mportant○independent○established

4-1.inhibits○consists of○combi nes○restricts○establishes

6-1.retai ned○gained○established○profited from○maintai ned

13-2.verify○establish the truth of○approve of

○understand○criticize

32-3.rival○establ ished○competi ng○nearby○different

例句

•More evidence is needed to establish Clements predictions about succession.

克莱门茨关于演替预测的建立需要更多的证据。

•Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients，the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the sun.

由于吸收了输入的营养物质，幼小植物的根部长出地面，并开始在阳光下生长。

•In small groups we have a better chance to i nitiate contact and establish rapport with them.

在小群体中我们有更多的机会建立联系，并与他人和睦相处。

•Certain institutional and practical norms had become established as well.

航海制度和实际规范也日趋完善。

•It describes two well-establ ished causes of the increased heat of cities and other two whose

roles are less well understood.

它描述了导致城市热量增加和其他两个角色不被理解的两个合理原因。

【派生】

establ ished adj.确定的；建立的v.动词establ ish的过去式和过去分词

well-establ ished adj.公认的；由来已久的

establ ishment n.确立；建立；家业；机构；当局

【词根】

establ ish 15世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的establ iss，意为“使……坚固”；最初源

自古典拉丁语的stabil ire，意为“使稳定”。

consist[kənˈsIst] 48

【释义】

vi.由……组成〔构成〕（be made up of）

【字字珠玑】

consist：make up ____□□□

consist of：comprise ____□□□

consistent：constant ____□□□

Syn.：accord，agree，answer，chord，cohere，coi ncide，conform，check，correspond，dovetai l，

fit，go，harmonize，rhyme（also ri me），sort，square，tal ly

例句

•The first successfu l plants on Hawai i were probably l ichens，which consist of algae and fungi living in a symbiotic relationship.

第一批在夏威夷成活的植物可能是地衣，由藻类和真菌共生形成。

•Primary groups consist of people worki ng together，whi le secondary groups exist outside of work settings.初级群体是由一起工作的人构成，而次级群体存在于工作以外的环境中。

•The Sun is the hub of a huge rotati ng system consisting of ni ne planets，thei r satel l ites，and numerous small bodies，i ncl udi ng asteroids，comets，and meteoroids.

九大行星、它们的卫星以及数以亿计的小天体，包括小行星、彗星和流星体，共同构成了一个巨大的公转系统，而太阳是这个公转系统的核心。

•Petroleum，consisting of crude oi l and natural gas，seems to origi nate from organic matter i n marine sediment.石油是由原油和天然气组成，似乎都源自海洋的有机物沉淀。

•Thus，the pai nti ngs are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the i mportance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people.因此，在旧石器时代晚期人的经济中，岩洞艺术与打猎的重要性有关，这些画作也与这个观点相吻合。

【派生】

consistent adj.一致的consistence n.一致性；连贯性

【词根】

consist 1520年左右进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的consistere，意为“坚决站在一起”。

com- 一起sistere放置

observe[əbˈzɜːrv] 48

【释义】

vt.&vi.观察；研究（examine carefully；watch carefully；study）

vt.遵守；遵循（pay attention to rules，etc.；follow in practice；keep）

【字字珠玑】

observe：watch ____□□□

observed：witnessed ____□□□

observed：noticed ____□□□

Syn.：adhere（to），comply（with），conform（to），follow，goose-step（to），mind，obey

作为单词题pinpoint/massive的选项出现。

11-3.pinpoint○observe○locate exactly○copy accurately○recognize

35-3.massive○enormous○total○observed○increasing

例句

•This technique al lows researchers to create sol utions that selectively om it certai n nutrients and then observe the resu lti ng effects on the plants.

这项技术允许研究人员创造缺乏某种营养素的溶液，然后观察其对植物生长造成的影响。

•Areas that are recoveri ng from serious disturbances l i ke volcanic eruptions and heavy floods provide special opportunities to observe the development of plant communities.那些从火山爆发、严重洪灾这样的严重骚乱中恢复过来的地区给植物社区的发展提供了特殊的机遇。

•Wi ldman and Ni les observed that systematic reflection on teachi ng requ i red a sound abi l ity to understand classroom events in an objective manner.怀尔德曼和奈尔斯观察到，系统教学

反思需要一种以客观的方式来理解教室里发生事件的能力。

•I t seems that some infants develop a particu lar perceptual abi l ity not observed i n others.

一些婴儿好像具备了其他人察觉不到的特殊的感知能力。

【派生】

observed adj.被观察的，被观测的v.动词observe的过去式和过去分词

observing adj.注意的；留心的v.动词observe的现在分词

observation n.观察；观察力；注意；评论

observatory n.天文观察台

【词根】

observe 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的observer；最初源自拉丁语的observare，意为“保卫，保护”。

ob-过，过于servare关注，保持安全

reflect[rIˈflekt] 48

【释义】

vt.&vi.反射；反映（throw back light，heat，sound or an image）

vt.&vi.反思；考虑（think carefully）

【字字珠玑】

reflect：retrospect ____□□□

reflect：indicate ____□□□

Syn.：image，mirror

作为单词题highlights的选项出现。

17-3.highl ights○defi nes○emphasizes○reflects○suggests

例句

•A person’s facial expression may reflect the person’s emotional state.

一个人的面部表情可能反映出这个人的感情状态。

•Consistent with this idea，according to the i nvestigators，is the fact that the art of the cu ltural period that followed the Upper Paleol ithic also seems to reflect how people got their food.

看起来旧石器时代晚期后的文化期的艺术也反映出人们如何得到食物。根据调查者的研究，这一事实也与前文的想法一致。

•In some cases，the physical division within the fi rst cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole，with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing walland separate from the remainder of the urban popu lation.在一些情况下，早期城市的地理区域划分反映了社会整体的严格的等级制度，一堵威风凛凛的墙把皇宫和其余的城市居民隔开。

•The periodic table is a chart that reflects the periodic recurrence of chemical and physical properties of the elements when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.

元素周期表是按原子序数由小到大依次排列，反映化学周期性和元素物理特征的图表。

•The increase in commercial activity by using sea routes reflects the importance trade between East and West.使用海路贸易的不断增长反映出了东西方贸易的重要性。

【派生】

reflected adj.反射的v.动词reflect的过去式和过去分词

reflecti ng adj.反射的；反映的v.动词reflect的现在分词

reflection n.倒影；反射；反映；沉思

【词根】

reflect 15世纪初期进入英语，直接源自古法语的reflecter；最初源自拉丁语的reflectere，意

为“向后弯曲”。

preserve[prIˈzɜːrv] 46

【释义】

vt.保护（keep safe from harm or danger）

vt.维持（keep from loss；retain qualities，etc.）

【字字珠玑】

preserve：maintain ____□□□

preserve：protect ____□□□

preserve：retain ____□□□

preserve：save ____□□□

Syn.：conserve，keep up，maintain，save

作为单词题dormant/reveal的选项出现。

9-3.dormant○hidden○inactive○underground○preserved

19-3.reveal○resu lt from○vary with○show○preserve

例句

•Many theorists believe that theater arises when societies act out myths to preserve social well-

bei ng.许多理论学家相信，当社会团体通过表演神话来维持社会安定时，戏剧便开始产生了。

•I t was this that made the organization of i rrigation，particu larly the bu i ldi ng of canals to channel and preserve the water，essential.

这就使得灌溉系统的规划至关重要，特别是（如何）建造水渠以疏导和保存水资源。

【派生】

preserved adj.可保存的；防腐的v.动词preserve的过去式和过去分词

preservi ng v.动词preserve的现在分词

preservation n.保存；维护

【词根】

preserve 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的preserver；最初源自后期拉丁语的

prservare，意为“提前防备”。

pr-前servare保持安全

accumulate[əˈkjuːmjəleIt] 45

【释义】

vt.积累；积聚（gradually get more and more of sth.over a period of ti me）

【字字珠玑】

accumulate：build up ____□□□

accumulate：amass ____□□□

accumulate：collect ____□□□

Syn.：accelerate，increase，balloon，boom，build up，burgeon（also bourgeon），climb，enlarge，

escalate，expand，gain，mount，multiply，mushroom，prol iferate，rise，roll up，snowball，spread，wax

31-1.accumu late○become more significant○occur randomly

○gradually increase in number○cause changes

4-3.accumu late○grow up○build up○spread out○break apart

例句

•Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marinemud.

微小的有机物沉积到海底并堆聚在海泥里。

•In the absence of gene flow between the subpopu lations，genetic differences between the groups begin to accumulate.

该族群里突变的基因将无法与其他亚族群交流，之后亚族群间的基因差异将逐渐累积。

•Some plants are able to accumulate extremely high levels of certain minerals and thus can be

used to clean up soi ls contam i nated with toxic levels of these m i nerals.一些植物可以积累极

高水平的特定矿物质，因此它们可以用于清除被到达毒害水平的矿物质污染的土壤。

•A surplus allows snow to accumulate and for the pressure of snow accumu lated over the years

to transform buried snow into glacial ice with a depth great enough for the ice to flow.

有剩余的物质就能形成积雪，多年积雪形成的压力将积雪转化为流动冰，流动冰的深度

足以保证冰川流动。

•The green iceberg did not contai n large amounts of particles from these organisms，but the ice had accumulated dissolved organic matter from the seawater.

绿冰山虽不包含很多这些生物体的微粒，但从海水中积累的分解有机物质非常丰富。

•There is accumulating evidence indicating that birds navigate by usi ng a wide variety of environmental cues.

这些不断积累的证据表明，鸟是通过多种多样的外界环境信息来引导它们迁徙的。

【派生】

accumulated adj.累积的v.动词accumu late的过去式和过去分词

accumulating v.动词accumu late的现在分词

accumulation n.积聚；累积；积聚物

【词根】

accumu late 1520左右进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的accumu latus，意为“积聚”。

obtain[əbˈteIn] 45

【释义】

vt.获得；买到（cause to get or acquire；buy）

vi.通行；流行（exist；beinuse；prevail）

【字字珠玑】

obtain：acquire ____□□□

obtain：get ____□□□

Syn.：acquire，attain，bag，bring in，capture，carry，draw，gain，garner，get，knock down，

make，earn，procure，pull down，reap，secure，win

作为单词题derives/acquire的选项出现。

17-3.derives○digests○obtains○controls○discovers

18-3.acquire○reject○obtain○need○produce

例句

•In some cases birds obtain food from the seeds that are dispersed in the wind.

在有些情况下，鸟以散落在风中的种子为食。

•Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar resu lts in a study of ten cu ltures in which participants were perm itted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions.埃克曼和他的同事们从近期的一项统计中得出了相同的结论，他们对来自10个不同文化背景的参与者们进行了调查，参与者可以通过面部表情表达复杂的情绪。

【派生】

obtained adj.获得的v.动词obtai n的过去式和过去分词

obtaining v.动词obtai n的现在分词

【词根】

obtain 1425年左右进入英语，直接源自中古法语的obtenir；最初源自古典拉丁语的obtinere，

意为“握住，抓住；掌握”。

ob-去tenere握，拿

emerge[iˈmɜːrdʒ] 44

【释义】

vi.出现；显出；暴露（appear；become known）

【字字珠玑】

emerge：appear ____□□□

emerge：come out ____□□□

emerge：rise ____□□□

emerge：derive ____□□□

emerge：acquire ____□□□

emergency：crisis ____□□□

Syn.：come up，crop（up），arise，materialize，spring（up），surface

作为单词题diffused的选项出现。

7-3.diffused○emerged○was understood○spread○developed

例句

•The ci nema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial“peepshow”format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater.电影院的播放技术，从最初的西洋镜形式演变为将影像投影到幽暗的影院屏幕，这一转变使得电影院大众化消费成为可能。

•It was here that the civilization known as Sumer emerged inits earl iest form in the fifth millenni um.5000年前，正是在这里出现了苏美尔文明的早期形态。

•Not only cou ld Sm ith identify rock strata by the fossi ls they contai ned，he cou ld also see a pattern emerging.

史密斯不仅可以通过岩石中的化石来识别地层，而且可以看出它们显露出来的模式。

•The most widely accepted theory，championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and

early twentieth centuries，envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual.

19世纪末20世纪初，人类学家们拥护的一种理论得到了世人的广泛认同；这种观点认为戏剧起源于神话和宗教仪式。

•Archaeological evidence suggests that by 3000 B.C.，and perhaps even earlier，there had

emerged on the steppes of Inner Eurasia the distinctive types of pastoralism that were to

dom i nate the region’s history for several m i l lennia.

考古资料表明，早在公元前3000年甚至更早的时候，在欧亚大陆内部的西伯利亚大草原

上，已经出现了一些能够主导这些地区历史长达几千年的独特的畜牧类型。

【派生】

emerged v.动词emerge的过去式和过去分词

emergi ng adj.新兴的v.动词emerge的现在分词

emergency n.紧急情况

【词根】

emerge 16世纪60年代进入英语，直接源自中世纪法语的emerger；最初源自拉丁语的

emergere，意为“因浮力，（东西）上浮”。

em-向外mergere下沉，蘸

emphasize[ˈemfəsaIz] 42

【释义】

vt.强调（put emphasis on sth.；give emphasis to sth.；stress）

【字字珠玑】

emphasize：highl ight ____□□□

emphasize：stress ____□□□

Syn.：accent，accentuate，feature，foreground，highl ight，ill um inate，play up，point（up），

press，punctuate，stress，bear down on，make much of

作为单词题highl ights的选项出现。

17-3.highl ights○defi nes○emphasizes○reflects○suggests

例句

•This is the criterion emphasized by Darwi n’s theory of evol ution by natural selection.

这就是达尔文进化论强调的生存准则：通过自然选择。

•Eventual ly，the energy-transform ing role of such a system was emphasized.

最终，这个系统强调的是能量转换模式。

•Whether M ithen’s explanation is satisfactory is open to contention，and some authors have

recently emphasized the importance of other factors.

米森的解释是否恰当还有待讨论，而且近来有些作者已经强调其他因素的重要性了。

•Some scholars expand on this idea by emphasizing a corresponding need for arable land to feed growing numbers of people：construction of small dams，reservoirs，terraces，and field houses indicates that farmers were intensifying their efforts during the 1200s.

一些学者通过强调养活越来越多的人口需要相应的耕地扩展了这一看法：小型水坝、水库、梯田以及房屋的建设表明13世纪的农民一直在加紧努力。

【派生】

emphasized v.动词emphasize的过去式和过去分词

emphasis n.强调emphatic adj.强调的；重音的

extend[Ikˈstend]42

【释义】

vt.&vi.延伸；延长（stretch out a part of one’s body）

vt.&vi.扩大；扩展（enlarge the scope of；increase）

vt.给予，提供（offer；grant）

【字字珠玑】

extended：prolonged ____□□□

extend：transform ____□□□

extensions：supplement ____□□□

Syn.：drag（out），draw out，elongate，lengthen，outstretch，prolong，protract，stretch

15-2.extended○specific○unlimited○reasonable○long

例句

•Some of the proposed mechanisms requ ired a very brief period duri ng which al l exti nctions suddenly took place；other mechanisms would be more likely to have taken place more gradually，over an extended period，or at different times on different conti nents.

这些生物机制，有些在极短的时间内就会灭绝，而有些则很有可能经过很长时间、在不同时代或不同大陆缓慢地进行。

•As oil becomes increasi ngly difficu lt to find，the search for it is extended into more hosti le envi ronments.随着石油越来越难找到，石油勘探已经扩展到更恶劣的环境中进行。

【派生】

extended adj.延伸的；扩大的；伸展的v.动词extend的过去式及过去分词

extendi ng v.动词extend的现在分词extension n.延长；伸展；延期

spread[spred] 42

【释义】

vt.&vi.伸开，展开（become wider）

v.传播，散布（cause to become widely known）

n.[C]幅度，范围（a range or area over which sth.spreads）

n.伸展，扩展（process or resu lt of extendi ng over a wide expanse of space）

【字字珠玑】

spread：disperse ____□□□

spread：dispersal ____□□□

spread out：diffuse ____□□□

spread：distributed ____□□□

Syn.：broadcast，circu late，counterpane，coverlet，disseminate，propagate

作为单词题accumu late/diffused/vigorously/dispersed/generated/generated/distributed的选

项出现。

4-3.accumu late○grow up○build up○spread out○break apart

7-3.diffused○emerged○understood○spread○developed

26-2.vigorously○sudden○early

○gradual○strong and healthy

32-2.dispersed○spread out○gained power○adapted○specialized

33-3.generated○collected○produced○spread○added

40-2.distributed○represented○collected○spread○managed

例句

•Horses were apparently introduced by the Hyksos invaders of Egypt（17801560 B.C.）and then spread across the Sudan to West Africa.

马匹显然是由入侵埃及的Hyksos（公元前1780—1560年）引入的，之后就从苏丹传到西非。

•Other adaptations occurred later in the transition to terrestrial life and now wide spread but not universal among plants.其他的适应机制在向陆地过渡的过程中出现得较晚，现在体现在很多植物上，但并不是所有的植物。

【派生】

spreaded adj.展开的v.动词spread的过去式和过去分词

spreading n.撒布v.动词spread的现在分词

【词根】

spread：1200年左右进入英语，直接源自古英语的sprdan，意为“铺开”；最初源自原始日

耳曼语的spraidijanan，意为“铺展开”。

assume[əˈsuːm] 41

【释义】

vt.假定，猜想（take as true before there is proof）

vt.承担（take up or in）

【字字珠玑】

assume：posit ____□□□

assume：suppose ____□□□

assume：take on ____□□□

assumption：belief ____□□□

Syn.：accept，bear，shoulder，take over，undertake

例句

•For example，they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.

例如，他们认为当别人不这样做时，他们便想伤害自己。

•Whi le popu lation esti mates are notoriously unrel iable，scholars assume that Uruk i nhabitants

were able to support themselves from the agricu ltural production of the field surroundi ng the

city，which cou ld be reached with a dai ly commute.

虽然人口估计数通常是不可靠的，但学者们认为乌鲁克居民可以通过日常与周围地区的

通勤，得到周围地区生产的农产品，以满足日常所需。

•Apparently，the birds were assuming that the“Sun”they saw was moving at that rate.

显然，这些鸟认为它们看见的“太阳”是按照这个速度移动的。

•The culture of that time，based on archaeology and linguistic reconstruction，is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro，yarns，banana，sugarcane，breadfru it，coconut，sago，and rice.通过考古学和语言学的重建，人们发现，那个时候的文明拥有范围广泛的植物储存，包括芋头、纱、香蕉、甘蔗、面包果、椰子、西米和稻米。

【派生】

assumed adj.假定的；假装的v.动词assume的过去式和过去分词

assuming conj.假定；假如adj.傲慢的，自负的v.动词assume的现在分词

unassuming adj.谦逊的；不起眼的

【词根】

assume 15世纪中期进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的assumere，意为“从事……”。

as-（强调）+sume（拿）→假设

demonstrate[ˈdemənstreIt] 41

【释义】

vt.展示；演示（show clearly by giving proofs or examples）

vi.示威（protest）

【字字珠玑】

demonstrate：indicate ____□□□

Syn.：prove，show，substantiate

作为单词题invoked的选项出现。

10-2.invoked○demonstrated○calledupon○supported○expected

例句

•The large number，standardized sizes，and simple molded construction of a type of pottery produced in Uruk demonstrate special ized，centrally organized mass production.

在乌鲁克制造的数量巨大、标准大小、简单成型的建筑类型的陶器表明了专业的、集中组织的大规模生产。

•Various types of images have been used to demonstrate that most of Martian surface contains

evidence of flowi ng water.

各种类型的照片已经被用于说明大部分火星表面含有流动水的证据。

•The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated when all the ani mals or all the plants in an ecosystem come i nto competition，as happened 2 m illion years ago at the end of Pliocene，when North and South America became joined by the Isthmus of Panama.

当一个生态系统中的所有动植物都参与到竞争中来，竞争的影响将表现得淋漓尽致，正如两百万年前上新世末期，当南、北美洲在巴拿马地峡处聚拢时所发生的一切。

【派生】

demonstrated v.动词demonstrate的过去式和过去分词

demonstrati ng v.动词demonstrate的现在分词

demonstration n.示范；示威游行

occupy[ˈαːkjupaI] 39

【释义】

vt.占据；担任（take and keep possession of towns，countries，etc.i nwar；hold the post of）

vt.使从事（cause to engage in）

vt.居住，拥有（live or be in possession of a house，farm，etc.）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：absorb，bemuse，busy，catch up，engross，enthrall（or enthral），enwrap，fasci nate，grip，

immerse，interest，intrigue，involve，engage

例句

•Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant，but plants occupied by ants bore 211 seeds per plant.不受蚂蚁保护的植物每株只结出45个种子，而有蚂蚁保护的植物每株结出了

211个种子。

•In the south around the city of Uruk，there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements.在乌鲁克城南方附近，被永久居民占用的地域在大幅度扩大。

•In popu lar language this was the era“when dinosaurs ruled Earth”，when a wide variety of reptile species occupying many ecological niches.

通俗来讲这是一个“恐龙统治地球”的时代，各类爬行动物占据了不同的生态环境。

【派生】

occupied adj.已被占的；忙的v.动词occupy的过去式和过去分词

occupying v.动词occupy的现在分词occupation n.职业；占有

【词根】

occupy 1340年左右进入英语，直接源自古法语的occuper；最初源自古典拉丁语的occupare，意为“占据；掌握；拥有，占用”。

Day 10

generate[ˈdʒenəreIt] 38

【释义】

vt.生成，产生（produce especial ly heat or electricity）

vt.引起（cause to exist or occur）

【字字珠玑】

generate：produce ____□□□

generate：cause ____□□□

future generations：posterity□□□

Syn.：beget，breed，bring，bring about，bring on，catalyze，cause，create，do，draw on，

effectuate，engender，effect，induce，invoke，make，occasion，produce，prompt，result（in），spawn，

translate（into），work，yield

33-3.generated○col lected○produced○spread○added

例句

•They believed that this impact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth，shutti ng out much of the incoming solar radiation and reducing plant photosynthesis to very low levels.

他们认为：撞击产生了一层厚厚的灰尘云，笼罩了地球，阻断了太阳辐射，并使光合作用降到最低。

•Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.

目前有18个国家在利用地热能发电。

•The hydrogen gas cou ld then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.

氢气可以存储起来，在需要额外或后备电源时用来发电。

•A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands.一张关于火星北部极地地区的

电脑图片说明，可能有一个古老的海洋覆盖了大部分北部的低洼处。

•It is said that basic scientific research cannot generate practical appl ications.

据说，基础的科学研究不能产生实际的应用。

【派生】

generated adj.发电的v.动词generate的过去式和过去分词

generating n.产生；发生v.动词generate的现在分词

generation n.代；产生；繁殖generator n.发电机generation gap代沟

【词根】

generate 1500年左右进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的generatus的generare，意为“生产”。

expose[Ikˈspoʊz] 37

【释义】

vt.曝光；暴露；揭露（al low l ight to reach and act on a photographic fi l m or plate；remove what is coveri ng somethi ng so that it can be seen）

【字字珠玑】

exposed：visible ____□□□

exposed：subjected ____□□□

exposed：unprotected ____□□□

exposed：uncovered ____□□□

Syn.：debunk，show up，uncloak，uncover，undress，unmask，blow the whistle on

作为单词题subjected to的选项出现。

25-3.subjected to○restricted by○distant from○exposed to○combi ned with

例句

•By beggi ng loudly for food it does not need，a nestling wou ld unnecessari ly expose itself to danger from predators.

大声乞食没有必要，一只雏鸟可能会没必要地将自己置于捕食者的危险之下。

•He theorized that with the use of watercraft，people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and

areas along the conti nental shelf exposed by the lower sealevel.他认为通过船只的使用，人

们逐渐殖民到没有冰冻的地方以及沿着大陆架的、由于海平面较低而裸露出来的地区。

•Geothermally heated steam is produced when water is exposed to radioactivity deep

underground.水流经地表下的热岩区域被加热时地热能就产生了。

•Until recently，nobody real ized that Earth is exposed to unpredictable violent impacts from space.直到最近人们才意识到地球有可能遭受来自太空的不可预测的剧烈撞击。

【派生】

exposed adj.暴露的，裸露的v.动词expose的过去式和过去分词

exposing v.动词expose的现在分词exposure n.暴露；揭发

【词根】

expose 15世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自中古法语的exposer，意为“阐明”；最初源自古典拉丁语的exponere，意为“阐明”。

absorb[əbˈsɔːrb] 36

【释义】

vt.吸收；并入（take in liquid，gas or other substance from the surface or space around）

vt.理解；掌握（take sth.into the mind and learn or understand it）

【字字珠玑】

absorb：appeal ____□□□

absorb：learn ____□□□

absorb：takein ____□□□

Syn.：dri nk，imbibe，soak（up），sponge，suck（up），take up

例句

•Water regu lates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and because water vapor

lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant temperatures.

同时，水分通过吸收热量来调节植物体的温度，因为水蒸气通过叶片蒸腾到空气中的过

程可以帮助植物降低温度。

•Plants need to absorb certain mi nerals from the soil in adequate quantities for normal growth and

development.为了正常的生长发育，植物需要从土壤中吸收足量的特定矿物质。

•The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks，passi ng these on in waste products that nourish algae.真菌从岩石中吸收水分和矿物盐，并将这些作为代谢废物为海藻施肥。

•Toxic minerals wou ld fi rst be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and leaves.

有毒矿物质首先被根吸收，随后被运送至茎和叶。

•The soilis the source of these minerals，which are absorbed by the plant with the water from the soil.土壤是这些矿物质的来源，它们通过水分被植物从土壤中吸收。

•Analysis shows that the dissolved organic material absorbs enough blue wavelengths from solar light to make the ice appear green.

分析表明，分解的有机物质会从阳光中吸收足够的蓝波段，从而使冰呈现出绿色。

【派生】

absorbed adj.全神贯注的；一心一意的v.动词absorb的过去式和过去分词

absorbing adj.吸引人的；非常有趣的v.动词absorb的现在分词

absorption n.吸收；专注

【词根】

absorb 15世纪进入英语，直接源自法语的absorber；最初源自拉丁语的sbsorbere，意为

“吞掉；吸光”。

estimate[ˈestImət] 32

【释义】

vt.估计；评价，评估（form a judgement or opinion about how much，how many，how good，or the like）

【字字珠玑】

estimate：judge ____□□□

Syn.：appraise，assess，eval uate，guessti mate，rate，set，valuate，value

例句

•Computer models are used to estimate how the different causes of climate variability combine to account for the climate variability that occurs.

计算机模型是用来评估引起气候变化的多种不同因素是如何共同导致气候变化的。

•Scientists estimate that volcanoes active more recently than 100 years ago will still have

extensive impact cratering on their slopes.

科学家们估计活跃状态如100年前的火山仍然会对斜坡上陨石坑的范围有广泛影响。

•It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates，much of the aquifer will run dry with in 40 years.

按现今的下降速度来估计，大部分地下蓄水将在40年内耗尽。

【派生】

estimated adj.估计的v.动词esti mate的过去式和过去分词

estimating n.估算；估计v.动词estimate的现在分词

estimation n.判断；估计；尊重

【词根】

esti mate 1560年左右进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的aesti matus，意为“估计”。

adopt[əˈdαːpt] 30

【释义】

vt.收养（take the chi ld of another person i nto one’s fam i ly to become one’s own chi ld）

vt.采用，采纳（take sth.as one’s own）

vt.接受，通过（accept formal ly or official ly；approve）

【字字珠玑】

adopt：enact ____□□□

Syn.：borrow，embrace，take on，take up，pick up on

例句

•This growth was achieved as the resu lt of the col lective decisions of thousands of peasants

families to expand the amount of land they cultivated，clear and plant new land，or adopt more intensive methods of agricu lture.这个增长是成千上万的农民家庭集体决定增加耕种土地数量、开垦种植新的土地或采用更高效的耕作方式的结果。

•The fi rst generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily.

适应新的生产方式对第一代经历产业革命的工人来说是一件非常困难的事情。

•Horses were adopted by peoples of the West African savannah，and later their powerful caval ry forces al lowed them to carve out large empires.

西非大草原上的人们使用马匹，后来他们强大的骑兵力量帮助他们缔造了庞大的帝国。

•Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior，including aggression.理论家们依据精神动力学方法认为，

内在矛盾是理解人类包括侵略性行为在内的所有行为的关键。

【派生】

adopt a method/approach/attitude采用某个方法/途径/态度

adopted adj.被收养的；被采用的v.动词adopt的过去式和过去分词

adoption n.采用；采纳；收养

【词根】

adopt 1540年左右进入英语，直接源自法语的adopter；最初源自拉丁语的adoptare，意为

“有选择地采取”。

define[dIˈfaIn] 30

【释义】

vi.定义；界定（state precisely the meani ng of words；i nterpret）

vt.规定，确定（stipu late；fix）

【字字珠玑】

define：explain ____□□□

defining：identifying ____□□□

definitive：conclusive ____□□□

Syn.：out line，delineate，silhouette，sketch，trace

作为单词题highlight/substantiated的选项出现。

例句

•It explains the process used to define the pri nciples discussed later in the passage.

它解释了下文提及的几项原则的导出过程。

•Even more i mportant，primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences.

更重要的是，主要群体通过构筑我们的经验来定义社会现实。

•An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert.

通常年降水量4英寸^[5]以下是界定沙漠地区的条件。

•Play is easier to define with examples than with concepts.

用例证来定义玩耍要比用概念简单得多。

•Stability can be defined as simply lack of change.

稳定性可以简单地定义为缺乏变化。

【派生】

defined adj.有定义的；明确的，确定的；清晰的，轮廓分明的

v.动词define的过去式和过去分词

definng v.动词define的现在分词definition n.定义；阐释；清晰度

definitive adj.决定性的；限定的high-definition adj.高清的

【词根】

define 15世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的definir，意为“结束，终止；决定”；最初

源自古典拉丁语的definire，意为“给……限制”。

de-完全finire限定

isolate[ˈaIsəleIt] 30

【释义】

vt.隔离，孤立（keep apart，separate from others）

【字字珠玑】

isolated：remote ____□□□

isolation：remoteness ____□□□

Syn.：cut off，insu late，herm it，recl use，secl ude，segregate，separate，sequester，sol itary

作为单词题vast的选项出现。

9-1.vast○frozen○various○isolated○huge

例句

•It is difficu lt to isolate the factors that led to the next development—the emergence of urban

settlements.很难把导致进一步发展，即城市聚居点的出现的诸多因素孤立起来看待。

•The Whigs were strongest in the towns，cities，and those rural areas that were fully integrated

into the market economy，whereas Democrats dom i nated areas of sem i-subsistence farming

that were more isolated and langu ishing econom ically.辉格党在城镇市区和完全融入市场经

济的农村区域很强势，而民主党主宰了与市场隔绝、经济日渐衰退的半自给农耕地区。

•Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual poll ution and noise，although these can be

overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.

虽然风力发电会带来视觉污染和噪音，不过这些缺陷都可以通过设计的改善以及把它们

安排在偏僻地区来弥补。

•Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it，workers

al ienated from the emergi ng i ndustrial system.民主党赢得了与市场隔离的或不习惯市场的

农民、工业系统外的工人和想打破垄断开发新市场的新兴小企业家的欢心。

【派生】

isolatedadj.孤立的；隔离的；分离的v.动词isolate的过去式和过去分词

isolating adj.孤立的；绝缘的v.动词isolate的现在分词

isolation n.隔离；孤立

【词根】

isolate直接源自法语的isole，意为“使成为岛屿”。

permit[pərˈmIt] 29

【释义】

v.允许；许可（allow）

【字字珠玑】

permit：allow ____□□□

Syn.：have，allow，suffer

例句

•They therefore permit the reconstruction of the process of seafloor spreadi ng，and consequently

of the geography of continents and of ocean basins in the past.

他们因此可以重现海底扩张的过程，以及大陆和大洋盆地过去的地理位置的变化过程。

•The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insu lation provided by

a winter snow cover.低矮的生长形态也可以帮助植物充分利用冬季积雪所提供的保温环境。

•Film analysis permits researchers to carefully study the i nfant’s responses over and over and in

slow motion.影片分析允许研究者通过反复观看或者慢镜头播放来仔细研究婴儿的反应。

•Such villages，however，generally lay in regions of relatively advanced agricu ltural production，permitting not only the survival of peasants but also the accumu lation of an agricu ltural surplus for investment.然而，这些乡镇大多地处农业相对发达的地区，不仅是农民赖以生存之地，也是用于投资富余农产品的积聚之地。

【派生】

permitted adj.允许的v.动词permit的过去式和过去分词

permitting v.动词permit的现在分词perm ssion n.许可；允许；同意

【词根】

permit 1489年进入英语，直接源自古法语的permetre；最初源自拉丁语的perm ittere，意为

“让人通过”。

per-通过mittere放松，送

exploit[IkˈsplɔIt] 28

【释义】

vt.开采，利用；开发（use；developmines，or other natural resources of a country）

vt.剥削（use unfai rly for one’s own profit or advantage）

n.[C]业绩，功绩（a brave and successfu lact）

【字字珠玑】

exploit：take advantage to ____□□□

exploit：make use of ____□□□

Syn.：abuse，capitalize（on），cashin（on），deed，feat，impose（on or upon），milk，play（on or

upon），stunt，trade on，use，work

6-1.exploited○utilized○recognized

○examined○fully understood

14-3.exploit○use to advantage○depart from

○pay attention to○travel across

17-2.exploits○repeats○makes use of

○increases the intensity of○recognizes

20-2.exploited○explored○utilized○inhabited○improved

21-1.exploiting○locating○increasing

○making use of○estimating the size of

40-1.exploited○separated○understood○utilized○exported

例句

•The source had long been known but not exploited.

人们很早就了解这种能源，不过没能成功开发。

•Such theories imply that the I ndo-European languages evolved not i n Neol ithic（10，000 to 3，000B.C.）Anatol ia，but among the foragi ng communities of the cu ltures i n the region of the Don and Dnieper rivers，which took up stock breedi ng and began to exploit the neighbori ng steppes.

这些理论说明印欧语系不是从新石器时代（公元前一万年到公元前三千年之间）的安纳托利亚发展而来，而是在顿河和第聂伯河流域内从事家畜饲养、开发毗邻的西伯利亚大草原的畜牧群体中发展而来。

•The male riflebird exploits both of these modes of signal i ng si mu ltaneously i n his courtship

display.雄性极乐鸟在求爱期同时运用了这两种信号传送方式。

•These people exploited the landscape intensively，foraging on hi l l slopes for wi ld cereal grasses and nuts，whi le hunting gazelle and other game on grassy lowlands and in river val leys.

这些人对该地貌进行高强度的开发，他们在山坡上采集野生的谷物和坚果，在长满青草的低地和河谷中捕捉瞪羚及其他猎物。

•Experi ments are under way to develop technologies for exploiting this resource.

开发利用这种能源的技术的实验正在进行中。

•Over the next two centuries the i mpl ications of Cleisthenes’reforms were fu l ly exploited.

在接下来的200年中，Cleisthenes改革的应用被完全开发利用了。

•All else bei ng equal，this means they must exploit larger areas of land than do agricu ltural ists to secure the same amount of food，clothi ng，and other necessities.

在其他方面相同的情况下，这就意味着如果他们要保证与农业相同的食物、衣物以及其他生活必需品，他们就必须开拓出比农业更大的区域。

•However，the larger the terrai nused to support a group，the harder it is to exploit that terrai n while remai ning in one place.

但是，支撑一个群体的土地越广阔，在原有土地基础上继续开发的困难也就越大。

•In pri nciple，all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting the wind

potential of just three states—North Dakota，South Dakota，and Texas.全美的电力需求基本

上都可以通过挖掘北达科他州、南达科他州和得克萨斯州的风力发电潜力来满足。

【派生】

exploited adj.开发的；剥削的v.动词exploit的过去式和过去分词

exploiti ng n.开拓v.动词exploit的现在分词

【词根】

exploit 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的esploit；最初源自拉丁语的expl icitum，意

为“解决，结束的事或展示出来的事物”。

retain[rIˈteIn] 27

【释义】

vt.保持；保留（keep；conti nue to have or hold）

vt.保有（keep in place）

【字字珠玑】

retain：keep ____□□□

retain：conserve ____□□□

retain：preserve ____□□□

Syn.：hold，reserve，keep，withhold

6-1.retained○gained○established○profited from○maintained

例句

•By 1800 more than a thousand steam engi nes were in use in the British I sles，and Britai n retained a virtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s.

19世纪时，英国已经拥有上千台蒸汽发动机，直到19世纪30年代以前，英国在蒸汽机的生产方面一直处于实质性的垄断地位。

•Stone statues were worked from single rectangu lar blocks of material and retained the compact_- ness of the origi nal shape.石雕是用长方形的石料制成，并且保持着原有的形状和比例。

【派生】

retained adj.保持的，保留的v.动词retain的过去式和过去分词

retaining v.动词retain的现在分词

【词根】

retain 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的retinere，意为“阻止，保留”。

re-向后tenere握

transform[trænsˈfɔːm] 27

【释义】

vt.&vi.变形；改变（change the shape，appearance，quality or nature of sth.）

【字字珠玑】

transform：change ____□□□

transform：deform ____□□□

Syn.：metamorphose，transfigure，convert，transmute，transpose，transubstantiate

15-3.transform○break○push○change○extend

33-2.transformed○dominated○changed○improved○created

例句

•Commercial agricul ture transformed this remarkable treeless envi ronment.

商品农业改变了这种不长树的荒芜环境。

•A surpl us allows snow to accumu late and for the pressure of snow accumu lated over the years to transform buried snow into glacial ice with a depth great enough for the ice to flow.

有剩余的物质就能形成积雪，并且多年积雪形成的压力将积雪转化为流动冰。流动冰在很深处，足以保证冰川流动。

•He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engi ne of a thousand uses.

他因此将原本效率低下、运用范围有限的活塞式结构演变成为得到广泛运用的蒸汽模式。

•As the communities conti nue to grow i n size and material wealth，the“big men”assume hereditary status，and their all ies and fam i ly members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy.随着社群进一步发展繁荣，“大个子”就具有了世袭地位，他们的支持者和家庭成员也具有了世袭权利。

•Eventually，the energy-transforming role of such a system was emphasized.

最终，这个系统强调的是能量转变模式。

【派生】

transform...into 改变……为……

transformed adj.变形的v.动词transform的过去式和过去分词

transforming v.动词transform的现在分词

transformation n.转型；转化；改造

combine[kəmˈbaIn] 26

【释义】

vt.&vi.混合；联合（cause to join together）

【字字珠玑】

combine：synthesize ____□□□

combine：integrate ____□□□

combine：unite ____□□□

combined with：coupled with ____□□□

Syn.：syndicate

作为devised/i nhibits/fostered/merge/escalated/extracted from单词题的选项。

3-1.devised○combi ned○created○i ntroduced○suggested

4-1.i nhibits○consists of○combi nes○restricts○establ ishes

7-2.fostered○accepted○combi ned○i ntroduced○encouraged

8-3.merge○expand○separate○straighten out○combine

32-3.escalated○intensified○transformed○combi ned○lengthened

34-1.extracted from○taken out of○produced using

○discovered in○combined with

例句

•Instead，the most sensible thing would be for neighbors to combine efforts to produce as much

food as possible，and thus aggregated towns were a sensible arrangement.

反而，最明智的是一个地区的人们齐心协力生产尽可能多的食物，这样人口聚集的城市

就是一个合理的安排。

•One way to estimate how all the various processes leadi ng to cl i mate variabi l ity wi l l combine is by using computer models of the global cl i mate.要判断所有导致气候变化的不同过程是如何结合的一种方法就是使用全球气候的计算机模型。

•This process of settling in as a community over several generations，combined with local recruitment，presumably accounts for the apparent stabil ity of the British northern frontier in the

later Roman period.这种像群落一样的定居过程持续了好几代，再结合当地的士兵招募大概就是罗马帝国后期英国北部边境比较稳定的原因。

•Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients，by

putti ng the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails，so as to provide a machi ne to take the place of the horse.又过了一代，另一批发明家才将这些条件成功地组合在一起，给车轮配备上蒸汽动力，让轮子在铁路上运转，用机器替代了原有的马匹。

【派生】

be combined with和……混合

combined adj.组合的；结合的v.动词combine的过去式和过去分词

combining v.动词combine的现在分词combination n.结合；密码组合

【词根】

combine 1440年左右进入英语，直接源自中古法语的combiner；最初源自晚期拉丁语的

combinar，意为“连接；套在一起”。

strike[straIk] 26

【释义】

vt.敲击；击打（to hit or fall against the surface of sth.）

vt.袭击；突袭（to attack someone，especially suddenly）

vt.使人想起（if sth.strikes you，you think of it，notice it，or realize that it is important，

i nteresti ng，true etc.）

vi.罢工（stop working as a protest agai nst sth.relati ng to the work）

【字字珠玑】

strike：hit ____□□□

strike：bombard ____□□□

strike：light ____□□□

strike：comeinto contact with ____□□□

striking：dramatic ____□□□

striking：noteworthy ____□□□

strikingly：noticeably ____□□□

例句

•Duri ng hard ti mes，few workers were willing to strike or engage i ncol lective action.

在艰难的时候，很少有工人愿意罢工或参加集体行动。

•But what strikes the eye and the touch most immediately and most powerfully with Roman pottery is its consistent high quality.

但罗马陶器让人瞠目结舌的最直接、最有力的是它那一贯的高质量。

•Lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive，so even though it

represents only 20 percent of alll ightni ng，it has received a lot of scientific attention.

击中地面的闪电很可能是最具有破坏性的，所以即使它只占所有闪电的20%，还是受到

了很大的科学关注。

•The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form.

高山植物最突出的特点是其低矮的生长形态。

【派生】

striking adj.显著的，突出的v.动词strike的现在分词

struck adj.被击中的；受罢工影响的v.动词stri ke的过去式和过去分词

-stricken adj.[形容词后缀]经受……的（poverty-stricken adj.贫困的）

perform[pərˈfɔːrm] 26

【释义】

vt.执行；履行（do；carry out a piece of work，an order，etc.）

vt.表演；扮演（give，act or show a play，a part in a play，a piece of music，etc.especial ly

before the public）

【字字珠玑】

perform：serve ____□□□

performance：enactment

Syn.：accompl ish，achieve，bring off，carry off，carry out，commit，do，execute，follow through

（with），fulfll（or fulfil），make，perpetrate，prosecute，pull off，put through，go through

例句

•People not needed for farming could perform other more special ized activities.

那些不需要种地的人们可以从事其他更专业化的工作。

•The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone，but because both perform

the same function，formal wooden and metal statues still display frontal ity.

因此效果相比于石质雕塑更明亮，表达更流畅。但是因为用途相同，木质的和金属的雕

像依旧是正面描绘的表现形式。

•Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the resu lt it desi res，the group repeats，refi nes and formal izes those actions i nto fixed ceremonies，or rituals.当他们意识到自己的某些行为和期许的结果之间存在明显的联系后，人们便开始重复并且完善这些行为，最终形成固定的典礼或宗教仪式。

•The Russian biologist G.F.Gause performed numerous tow-species experiments in the laboratory，in which one of the species became extinct when only a single kind of resource was avai lable.俄罗斯生物学家G.F.Gause进行了大量的两物种的室内实验，结果表明当只提供一种资源时其中一个物种将会灭绝。

•Other species take into account the changi ng conditions of light by performing their visual

displays only when the light is favorable.

其他的物种只有在光照对它们有利的时候才会利用光照，以进行视觉上的自我展现。

【派生】

performed v.动词perform的过去式和过去分词

performing adj.表演的；履行的v.动词perform的现在分词

performance n.表演；实行；表现；履行；性能；本事；业绩

【词根】

perform 1300年左右进入英语，直接源自盎格鲁法语的performir，意为“实施；完成；解

除”；最初源自古法语的parfornir，意为“要做；执行；完成”。

stimulate[ˈstImjuleIt]25

【释义】

vt.刺激；激励（excite the body or mind；encourage）

【字字珠玑】

stimulate：incite ____□□□

stimulate：induce ____□□□

stimulate：prompt ____□□□

stimulate：activate ____□□□

stimulating：encouraging ____□□□

stimulated：motivated ____□□□

Syn.：brace，energize，enl iven，fi l l ip，fi re，gi nger（up），i nvigorate，jazz（up），j u ice up，j ump_-

start，l iven（up），pep（up），qu icken，spi ke，ani mate，vital ize，vivify，zip（up）

作为单词题j ustified/i nduce的选项。

9-2.j ustified○supported○shaped○sti mu lated○suggested

28-3.i nduce○i ncrease○extend○delay○sti mu late

例句

•The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thrivi ng economy outside fort gates.

这些多余的钱迅速刺激了基地外的经济。

•Although goods cou ld be requ isitioned，they were usual ly paid for，and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy.

尽管这些商品可以强征，但是军队会给予报酬，这些都会刺激当地经济的发展。

•These roads made possible a reduction in transportation costs and thus stimulated the commercial ization of agricu lture along their routes.

这些公路有可能导致运输成本降低，并且因此刺激了沿途农业的商品化。

•The growth of the electric-power industry stimulated significant changes in hydro technology and scientific progress in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century.

电力行业的发展刺激了19世纪水动力技术的改变和电力技术的进步。

•In the seventeenth century，the tradi ng activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe，which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares，notably Delft.

17世纪，大量中国装饰类瓷器通过荷兰东印度公司的贸易活动流入欧洲，这刺激和影响了多种多样的瓷器的生产，特别是代尔夫特。

【派生】

stimulated adj.被刺激的v.动词stimulate的过去式和过去分词

stimulating adj.刺激的；有刺激性的v.动词stimulate的现在分词

stimulation n.刺激；激励；鼓舞

eliminate[IˈlImIneIt] 23

【释义】

vt.消除，排除（get rid of；remove）

vt.淘汰（excl ude sb.from further stages i n a competition，through defeat，etc.）

【字字珠玑】

eliminate：get rid of ____□□□

Syn.：ban，bar，close out，count（out），debar，exclude，except，freeze out，rule out，shut out

例句

•Therefore，from the stand poi nt of diversity，it is usual ly a m istake to el iminate a major predator

from a community.

因此，从多样性的角度说，从一个种群中消除一个主要捕食者通常是错误的决定。

•Steam also prom ised to el iminate a transportation problem not fu l ly solved by either canal boats

or turnpi kes.蒸汽动力还解决了运河及收费公路无法完全解决的运输问题。

•With Cu icu i lco el iminated as a potential rival，any one of a number of relatively modest towns

might have emerged as a leadi ng econom ic and pol itical power i n Central Mexico.

随着Cuicuilco失去了竞争能力，其他任何一个中等的城镇都可能成为墨西哥中部新一代

政治经济中心。

【派生】

eliminated adj.排除的，清除的v.动词elim inate的过去式和过去分词

eliminating v.动词elimi nate的现在分词elimination n.除去；消除；淘汰

abandon[əˈbændən] 21

【释义】

vt.离弃；抛弃（leave completely and forever；desert；leave sb.when you should stay with them

and look after them）

n.[U]放任；放纵（an uncontrol led way of behaving that shows that sb.does not care what

other people think）

【字字珠玑】

abandon：no longer occupied ____□□□

Syn.：del iver，ease，give up，indulge，spontaneity，surrender，unconstrai nt，unrestrai nt，yield

例句

•The artistic qual ity of a myth was someti mes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.有时候，神话艺术性质是社会将其从口头流传过程中遗弃的重要原因。

•To start with，it forced the popu lation to abandon the nomad’s life and become sedentary，to

develop methods of storage and，often，systems of irrigation.

首先，它会迫使人们放弃游牧生活并定居下来，发明贮存方法和通常所需的灌溉系统。

•This scenario begi ns with the planting of hyper-accumu lating species in the target area，such as an abandoned m ine or an i rrigation pond contam inated by runoff.

这套方案首先从在目标区域种植超积累物种开始，如在废弃矿井和被径流污染的灌溉池塘。

•By 8200 B.C.，drought conditions were so severe that the people abandoned their long-establ ished settlement，perhaps dispersing into smaller camps.到公元前8200年的时候，干旱变得非常严重以至于人们放弃了他们的长久居住地，也许分散成小的群落生活。

•Abandoning small extended-family households to move into these large pueblos with dozens if

not hundreds of other people was probably traumatic.这些住户放弃小的扩展型家庭，进入

到没有上百也有几十人的大的普韦布洛地区可能会感到不舒服。

【派生】

abandoned adj.被抛弃的；没有约束的v.动词abandon的过去式和过去分词

abandoning v.动词abandon的现在分词

【词根】

abandon 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的abandoner，意为“投降；放任”。

engage[InˈgeIdʒ] 21

【释义】

vt.&vi.涉及；参与（take part in；busy oneself with）

vt.吸引，占用（attract；catch and hold attention）

vt.订婚（be bound by a promise to marry）

【字字珠玑】

engage：involve in ____□□□

engage：hire ____□□□

Syn.：absorb，bemuse，busy，catch up，engross，enthrall（or enthral），enwrap，fascinate，grip，

immerse，interest，intrigue，involve，occupy，catch one’s eye，eye-catching

例句

•During hard times，few workers were will ing to strike or engage in col lective action.

在艰难的时候，很少有工人愿意罢工或参加集体行动。

•Consistent with this view，parents and chi ldren i ncreasi ngly engage in discussions of past

events when chi ldren are about three years old.越来越多的家长们会在孩子三岁左右的时候

和他们讨论过去发生的事情，这也与该理论一致。

•Although she discovered and introduced her art in the United States，she achieved her greatest glory in Paris，where she was engaged by the Fol ies Bergre in 1892 and soon became La Loie，

the darl ing of Parisian audiences.尽管她在美国找到并呈现了她的艺术，但最大的成就在巴黎。在1892年她被Folies

Bergere（一个巴黎剧院）雇用并迅速成为“La Loie”——巴黎观众的宠儿。

•City life was diverse，and the popu lation was engaged in a variety of occupations.

城市生活是多种多样的，人们也可以从事各种各样的工作。

•To enhance their listeners enjoyment，storytel lers continually make thei r stories more engaging

and memorable.为了增加听众的愉悦度，讲故事的人不断使故事更加吸引人并且更加难忘。

【派生】

engage in 参与

engaged adj.忙碌的；使用中的；订婚了的v.动词engage的过去式和过去分词

engaging adj.迷人的；有魅力的v.动词engage的现在分词

engagement n.约会；约定；订婚；婚约；雇用

【词根】

engage 15世纪初期进入英语，直接源自古法语的en gage，意为“在……上承诺”；最初源

自古日耳曼语的wadiare，意为“承诺”。

inhabit[InˈhæbIt] 21

【释义】

vt.居住于，栖居于（especially of animals or large groups of people live in）

【字字珠玑】

inhabit：live ____□□□

inhabit：occupy ____□□□

Syn.：dwell，live，settle

作为单词题dwellers/exploited的选项出现。

12-3.dwellers○settlements○farmers○tribes○i nhabitants

20-2.exploited○explored○uti l ized○i nhabited○i mproved

例句

•The study of the combi nation of plant species that inhabit a particu lar local ity became a

scientific discipl i ne toward the end of the ni neteenth century.

关于给定区域的特殊植物物种的综合研究成为19世纪末期的科学规则。

•Less colorful birds and ani mals that inhabit the rai n forest tend to rely on forms of signal i ng other than the visual，particu larly over long distances.

对于生活在热带雨林中的色彩不那么鲜艳的鸟类和动物来说，它们则倾向于发出其他形式的信号而非视觉信号，尤其是在距离很远时。

•Advocates also point to people who bel ieve that the forces of nature are inhabited by spi rits，

particu larly shamans who believe that an animals spirit and energy is transferred to them while

in a trance.而且，那些相信精神存在于自然力量之中的人，特别是巫师，相信动物的精

神和能量可以在昏迷状态中获得。

【派生】

inhabited adj.有人居住的v.动词i nhabit的过去式和过去分词

inhabiting v.动词inhabit的现在分词

inhabitant n.居民

【词根】

inhabit直接源自中古英语的enhabiten，意为“居住，栖息”。

regulate[ˈregjuleIt] 21

【释义】

vt.控制，管理（control；manage）

vt.调整，调节（adjust；arrange）

【字字珠玑】

regu late：control ____□□□

Syn.：check，constrain，contain，curb，govern，hold，inhibit，keep，measure，pullin，control，

rein（in），restrain，rule，tame

例句

•I t subconsciously adj usts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide（CO₂）and oxygen（O₂），and the acid-base ratio in the blood.

它会在潜意识中调整呼吸频率和深度控制二氧化碳和氧气的浓度以及血液中的酸碱比例。

•Other respi ratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioni ng duri ng sleep.

其他呼吸调节机制在睡眠时显然要停止运作。

•Together with predation，it is the most i mportant density-dependent factor in regulating popu lation growth.和捕杀一起，竞争是与生物密度相关的调控生物密度增长的重要因素。

•By regulating the economy and competition，the government cou ld ensure equal opportunity.

通过规划经济和竞争，政府可以保证机会平等。

【派生】

regulated adj.受控制的v.动词regu late的过去式和过去分词

regulating n.调节v.动词regu late的现在分词

regulation n.管理；规章；规则adj.规定的

regulatory adj.调整的；管制的

Day 11

reproduce[ˌriːprəˈduːs] 21

【释义】

vi.繁殖（produce the young of oneself for one’s ownkind）

vt.复制；再生（cause to be seen，heard，etc.again；grow a new part that is lost，etc.）

【字字珠玑】

reproduce：mimic ____□□□

reproduce：propagate ____□□□

Syn.：breed，multiply，propagate，procreate

例句

•These very short-l ived plants reproduce prol ifically；that is to say they provide a constant rain of seed in the neighborhood of parent plants.

这些寿命短暂的植物大量繁殖；这就是说，他们在母体的周围下一场种子雨。

•This massive popu lation began a century earl ier as a mere twelve pairs of imported rabbits that

reproduced quickly and developed into a major problem.

仅仅12对进口的兔子迅速繁殖，然后发展成一个巨大的问题，100年后就是一个巨大的数量。

【派生】

reproduced adj.复制的v.动词reproduce的过去式和过去分词

reproducing n.再制造；再生；复制v.动词reproduce的现在分词

reproduction n.再现；复制；生殖

yield[jiːld] 21

【释义】

vt.&vi.生产，出产（give a natural product，a resu lt or profit）

vt.&vi.屈服，投降（give up；cease opposition）

【字字珠玑】

yield：produce ____□□□

yield：provide ____□□□

yield：present ____□□□

Syn.：bow，cave（in），earnings，gain（s），givein，incoming（s），proceeds，profit，return，

revenue，submt，succumb（to），surrender，income

例句

•It cannot yield cl ues about the origi ns of cetaceans.它不能提供关于鲸类起源的线索。

•They may yield resu lts that do not accurate predict changes of popu lations i n the wi ld.他们可能会提供一个不能在野外准确预测人口数量改变的结果。

•The newly domesticated ani mals behaved better，were easier to control，and may have enjoyed a higher birth rate，which in turn yielded greater milk suppl ies.最新驯化的动物更易控制，出生率也更高，而反过来也会提供更多奶源。

【派生】yielding adj.柔软的（soft）；听从的（submissive）；生产的

【词根】

yield直接源自古英语的geldan，意为“支付”；最初源自古日耳曼语的geldanan，意为“支付”。distinguish[dIˈstIŋgwIʃ] 20

【释义】

vt.&vi.辨别，区别（see，hear，recognize，understand wel l the difference）

vt.突出，使……显赫（behave so as to bri ng credit to oneself）

【字字珠玑】

distinguish：differentiate ____□□□

distinguish：difference ____□□□

distinguished：eminent ____□□□

Syn.：difference，differentiate，discern，discriminate，secern，separate

例句

•Generally，there is uncertai nty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising.

一般来看，幼童是否能够区别广告中的虚构和现实部分仍然不能确定。

•Sociologists have bu i lt on the disti nction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups：pri mary and secondary.

社会学家基于情感纽带与工具纽带的区别，将社会群体划分为两类：主要群体和次要群体。

•Host selling involves blendi ng advertisements with regu lar programm ing in a way that makes it dif-

ficult to distinguish one from the other.“主角”销售混合了常规广告，因此两者很难区分。

【派生】

distinguish A from B把A和B区分开来

distinguished adj.卓越的；受人尊敬的v.动词distinguish的过去式和过去分词

distinguishing adj.有区别的v.动词distinguish的现在分词

【词根】

distinguish 16世纪60年代进入英语，直接源自中古法语的disti ngu iss；最初源自古典拉丁语

的distinguere，意为“分辨；分开”。

interpret[InˈtɜːrprIt] 20

【释义】

vt.解释；解读（show and make clear the meani ng of either i n words or by artistic performance）

vt.&vi.口译；翻译（act as an interpreter）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：clarify，clear（up），construe，demonstrate，demystify，elucidate，explicate，expound，get

across，illum inate，ill ustrate，explain，simplify，spellout，unriddle

27-1.i nterpreted○documented○debated○displayed○understood

例句

•Sociologists viewpri mary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transm it，mediate，and interpret a society’s cultural patterns and provide the sense of one-ness so critical for social sol idarity.社会学家将主要群体比作独立个体与整个社会之间的桥梁，因为它能传达、调解并解读一个社会的文化模式，提供一种归属感，有助于社会团结。

•Children may not be able to interpret exaggerated claims made by advertisers or understand the disclai mers used to offset clai ms.

儿童也许无法理解广告商夸张的说法，也无法理解那些用来抵消夸张成分的免责声明。

•This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in the holes.

这被认定是工厂的遗址，在这里融化的金属从隧道中聚集，然后倒入洞里的模具中。

【派生】

be interpreted as被解读为interpreter n.口译员

interpretation n.解释；翻译；阐释

【词根】

interpret 14世纪后期进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的interpretari，意为“解释，阐述”；

interpres，意为“代理，翻译者”。

exclude[Ikˈskluːd] 19

【释义】

vt.排除（keep out from somewhere，leave out from among the rest）

【字字珠玑】

exclude：expel ____□□□

exclusively：only ____□□□

exclusively：solely ____□□□

Syn.：ban，bar，close out，count（out），debar，eliminate，except，freeze out，ru le out，shut

out，close one’s doors to

例句

•When burni ng occurs，it prevents competition among plant species from progressi ng to the poi nt where some species exclude others，reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem.燃烧可阻止植物物种间的竞争，防止某一物种排斥其他物种，进而减少了整个生态系统的多样性。

•It appears that unlike salt，dissolved organic substances are not excluded from the ice in the freezing process.不同于盐，分解有机物质并没有在结冰过程中被排除掉。

•Without predators，the species that is the best competitor for food，shelter，nesting sites，and other environmental resources tends to dominate and exclude the species with which it competes.

如果没有捕食者，那种在对食物、庇护所、筑巢点和其他环境资源的争夺中胜出的竞争者，趋向于统治并且排斥与其竞争的其他物种。

【派生】

excluding prep.除……之外v.动词exclude的现在分词

exclusion n.排除；除外；逐出exclusive adj.独家的

【词根】

excl ude 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古典拉丁语的excl udere，意为“关在外面，拒之门外”。

ex-外claudere关

flourish[ˈflʌrIʃ] 19

【释义】

vi.旺盛；繁荣（grow ina healthy manner；be well and active；prosper）

vi.享有盛名（be very active and infl uential during the specified period）

【字字珠玑】

flourish：prosper ____□□□

flourish：boom ____□□□

flourish：thrive ____□□□

Syn.：burgeon（also bourgeon），thrive，prosper

9-2.flourish○continue○occur○succeed○apply

例句

•Wildman and Niles were particu larly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish—a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature.

怀尔德曼和奈尔斯都特别喜欢研究在哪种情况下反思可能会大量出现——一个几乎没有

任何文献指导的课题。

•For tens of mill ions of years，those great creatures had flourished.

数千万年以来，那些庞大的生物繁盛活跃着。

【派生】

flourishi ng adj.繁荣的；盛行的

modify[ˈmαːdIfaI] 19

【释义】

vt.修改，更改（change a plan，an opinion，a condition，or the form or quality of sth.，

especially slightly）

vt.修饰，限定（describe or limit the meaning of）

【字字珠玑】

modify：change ____□□□

Syn.：alter，make over，qual ify，recast，redo，refashion，remake，remodel，revamp，revise，

rework，vary

例句

•As a resu lt，it may abandon or modify some rites.于是，它会抛弃或修改某些仪式。

•It dissolves，transports，and precipitates many chem ical compounds and is constantly

modifying the face of the Earth.

它溶解、输送、沉淀了许多化学化合物，并且持续改变地球的表面。

【派生】

modification n.修改；修正；修饰

【词根】

modify 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的modifier；最初源自古典拉丁语的modificare，意为“限制，抑制”。

evaporate[IˈvæpəreIt] 18

【释义】

vt.&vi.蒸发（cause sth.to change into vapor and disappear）

vi.消失（be lost or cease to exist）

【字字珠玑】

evaporate：disappear ____□□□

Syn.：dematerialize，dissolve，evanesce，disappear，fade，flee，fly，go（away），melt，sink，vanish

例句

•Consequently，it is more difficult for gases to“evaporate”from them.

所以，气体从类木行星的表面“蒸发”就更为困难。

•Proponents poi nt to features such as the terraced beaches shown i n one i mage，which cou ld

conceivably have been left behi nd as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shorel i ne receded.

支持者们指出照片中的台地“海滩”可能是由湖泊或者海洋蒸发干涸之后或者海退之后

形成的。

•In the central deeper part of the basi n，the last of the bri ne evaporated to precipitate more

sol uble sodium chloride（salt）.

在盆地的中间深处，剩余盐水的持续蒸发形成更多的可溶的氯化钠（盐）。

【派生】

evaporated adj.浓缩的；蒸发干燥的v.动词evaporate的过去式和过去分词

evaporation n.蒸发；消失

【词根】

evaporate直接源自中古英语的evaporaten，意为“使蒸发，蒸发”。

penetrate[ˈpenətreIt] 18

【释义】

vt.&vi.穿透，贯穿（make a way into）

vt.&vi.看穿（see through）

【字字珠玑】

penetrate：go through ____□□□

Syn.：access，enter，pierce

例句

•Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prai rie grass，the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separati ng the forest from the prai rie.

因为东部的耕犁不能穿透浓密草丛错综复杂的根部，所以最早的定居者只是在森林和草原的边界处修建农场。

•Air cannot penetrate between the soil particles，making the soil oxygen-poor.

空气不能从土壤颗粒间穿过，因此土壤变成缺氧环境。

•The ice shelf cores，with a total length of 215 meters（705 feet），were long enough to penetrate through glacialice.215米（705英尺）长的冰架核已经足够穿透冰川冰。

•Rain washes away loose soil and penetrates cracks in the rocks.

雨水冲刷了疏松的土壤并渗入岩石的缝隙中。

【派生】

penetrated adj.击穿的；鞭辟入里的v.动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词

penetrating adj.敏锐的；穿透的；有洞察力的v.动词penetrate的现在分词

penetration n.侵入；渗透；突破；洞察力

cease[siːs] 17

【释义】

vt.&vi.停止，终止，结束（especial ly stop an activity or state）

【字字珠玑】

cease：stop ____□□□

unceasing：relentless ____□□□

Syn.：arrest，bite the dust，break off，break up，close，concl ude，check，closedown，cutoff，

dead-end，determ ine，die，disconti nue，elapse，end，expi re，fi nish，halt，lapse，leave off，let up，

pass，quit，shutdown，shutoff，stay，stop，surcease，wi nd up，wi nk（out）

例句

•It also explains why some of the forts conti nued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britai n，at the begi nni ng of the fifth century A.D.这也解释了为什么五世纪初这些军事基地在罗马不再统治英国之后依然存在。

•For example，some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their wel l-bei ng and abandoned them.例如，一些早期社会的人们认为有的仪式对他们的幸福生活来说不再是必需品，便丢弃了这些仪式。

•Why did theater develop，and why was it val ued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual？

为什么戏剧会发展，为什么在戏剧完全脱离宗教仪式以后还有这么大的价值？

【派生】

ceasefire n.停火协议i ncessant adj.不断的

【词根】

cease 1300年左右进入英语，直接源自古法语的cesser；最初源自古典拉丁语的cessare，意为“停止，慢慢走”。

perceive[pərˈsiːv] 17

【释义】

vt.感觉；察觉（become aware of，especially through the eyes or the mind）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：feel，scent，see，sense，smel l，taste

例句

•An infant is unable to perceive more than one stimulus at a time.

婴儿一次只能感觉到一种刺激。

•The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly

这些人类学家的推论过程可简要概括如下。

【派生】

perceive...as感觉是perception n.感知

perceptive adj.感知力强的

【词根】

per-（贯穿，全部）+ceive（cep拿）→全部都拿到→感知

possess[pəˈzes]17

【释义】

vt.具有（have；own）

vt.占据（occupy the mind）

【字字珠玑】

possess：have ____□□□

例句

•Children possess an understandi ng of the self when they can talk about past events in thei r

lives.当谈到生活中过去的事情时，儿童有对自己的了解。

•Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the

struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next

generation.

那些拥有竞争优势的个体更容易存活，并且会将有利于生存竞争的基因遗传给下一代。

•Furthermore，the gypsum was found to possess pecul iarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats.

而且，这些膏状物的组成和结构特性表明它们形成于沙漠。

•Once humans possessed such a mind，they were able to find an imagi native solution to a situation of severe econom iccrisis such as the farming dilemma described earlier.

一旦人类拥有了这样的思维，他们就可以找到独创的方法来解决严重的经济危机，例如先前所述的农业困境。

【派生】

possessed adj.着魔的；拥有的v.动词possess的过去式和过去分词

possession n.拥有；财产；所有；殖民地

【词根】

possess 15世纪中期进入英语，直接源自古法语的possessier；最初源自拉丁语的possess，

意为“作为私有财产把持，持有”。

specialize[ˈspeʃəlaIz] 17

【释义】

vi.专门从事，专攻（limit all or most of one’s study，business，etc.to a particular subject or activity）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：concentrate，focus，major i n，narrow，narrow down，particu larize，specify，special ise

作为单词题disperse选项出现。

例句

•Cooperation allowed many households to give up farming and to special ize in maki ng pottery and crafts.合作让农民放弃种地，并在制作陶器和手工艺品中专业了起来。

•Farmers along the tracks began to special ize in crops that they cou ld market in distant locations.铁路沿线的农民开始从事农作物专业化生产，并在遥远的市场上出售。

•These countries were successful primarily because their high literacy rates helped them fill

special ized market niches.

这些国家的成功主要是因为他们的高识字率帮助他们进入专业化市场壁垒。

【派生】

specialize in专攻于

specialized adj.专门的；专科的v.动词special ize的过去式和过去分词

specializing v.动词special ize的现在分词

specialization n.专门化；特殊化；[生]特化器官（机体）

scatter[ˈskætər] 17

【释义】

vt.&vi.驱散（send，go in different directions）

vt.&vi.散布（throw or put in various directions or here and there）

vt.&vi.撒播，播种（scatter seed over the ground）

【字字珠玑】

scatter：separate sparsely ____□□□

scattered：distributed irregu larly ____□□□

Syn.：clear out，disband，dispel，disperse，dissipate，scatter，smatter，spri nkle

例句

•Sharing and cooperation were almost certainly part of early Puebloan life，even for people living in largely independent single-household residences scattered across the landscape.

可以肯定地说，分享和合作几乎是早期普韦布洛人生活的一部分，即使是那些分散在这一地区独立性比较强的单一家庭住宅也是这样。

•Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities，Rome grew from one single organism.希腊是由二十几个分散的城邦发展而来，而罗马则是由单个组织发展而来。

•As this early energy crisis grew worse，Britain looked toward its abundant and widely scattered reserves of coal as an alternative to its vanishi ng wood.这种早期能源危机愈演愈烈，英国转而使用数量丰富且分布广泛的煤炭作为即将消失的木材的替代品。

•Where cracks were present，the color was light green because of light scattering；where no cracks were present，the color was dark green.

由于光的发散，裂痕处的颜色是浅绿的；而没有裂痕的地方是深绿色。

【派生】

scatter across散布于

scattered adj.分散的；稀疏的v.动词scatter的过去式和过去分词

scatteri ng n.散落adj.散乱的；散布的v.动词scatter的现在分词

convert[kənˈvɜːrt] 16

【释义】

vt.转变，转化（make to change from one form，use，etc.i nto another）

vt.&vi.皈依，改变（信仰）（persuade to accept a particu lar rel igion，bel ief，etc.）

【字字珠玑】

convert：change ____□□□

convert：transform ____□□□

Syn.：proselyte[formal]，proselytize[formal]

例句

•Continued sedi mentation—the process of deposits settl i ng on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures，which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.持续的沉积——堆积物沉积到海底的过程将有机物埋在海底使之受到海底温度、高压的影响，最终转变成石油和天然气。

•The high costs of converting to sound and the early lim itations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas.

声音转化的高成本和早期声音技术的局限阻碍了这些发明在其所在的其他领域的发展。

•Spartina has the ab lity to take up sulfides and convert them to sulfate，a form of sulfur that the plant can use.米草属植物具有能够吸收硫化物并将其转换成硫酸盐（一种植物可以利用的硫形式）的能力。

【派生】

convert...to/into转换为convertible adj.可转换的

conversion n.转换

【词根】

convert直接源自古法语的convertir，意为“转变，改变”。

cultivate[ˈkʌltIveIt] 16

【释义】

vt.耕作，种植（prepare and use land，soil，etc.for growing crops）

vt.培养（encourage the growth of friendship，etc.with sb.）

【字字珠玑】

cultivate：farm ____□□□

cultivate：grow ____□□□

Syn.：acquire，develop，form

例句

•Whole villages began to cultivate fru it and vegetables.整个村庄开始种植蔬菜和水果。

•In addition to dai ry farm ing and cultivating i ndustrial crops，a thi rd sector of the Dutch economy

reflected the way in which agricu lture was being modernized-horticu lture.

除了乳品业和工业作物的种植，荷兰经济的第三部分反映了农业正在现代园艺化。

【派生】

cultivated adj.栽植的；有教养的v.动词cultivate的过去式和过去分词

cultivation n.教化；培养；耕作

【词根】

cult-（culture文化，培养）+ivate（动词）→培养

assemble[əˈsembl] 15

【释义】

vi.&vt.集合，聚集（gather or collect together into a group or into one place）

vt.装配，组装（put sth.together）

【字字珠玑】

assemble：gather ____□□□

assemble：put together ____□□□

assemble：bring together ____□□□

Syn.：cluster，collect，concenter，concentrate，conglomerate，congregate，convene，converge，

gather，meet，rendezvous，get together

例句

•Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly，and their particu lar structure depends on the specific history of the area.

植物群体可以自由地聚集，它们特殊的结构取决于聚集区域的具体历史。

•She assembled an all-female company at this time and establ ished a school around 1908，but

neither survived her.1908年左右，她成立了一个女性公司并建立了一所学校，但都没有成功。

•While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes，the Roman world was

assembled by territorial conquest.

希腊沿着地中海航线扩张，然而罗马帝国则通过领土的占领而壮大。

【派生】

assembly n.集会；聚集assemblyline流水线

【词根】

as-（强调）+semb（simi lar相似的）→强调相似的→集合

exaggerate[IgˈzædʒəreIt] 15

【释义】

vt.&vi.夸大，夸张（make too large；say or thi nk sth.greater than it is；overstate）

vt.&vi.扩大（cause to enlarge or increase）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：color，elaborate（on），embroider，hyperbol ize，magnify，pad，stretch

例句

•Advertisers someti mes offset or counterbalance an exaggerated claim with a disclai mer

qual ification or condition on the clai m.

广告商有时会通过补偿或者免责的形式来平衡夸张的说辞。

•At mid-century，an Antwerp financier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed，one can no more trade without bills of exchange than sail without water.在该世纪中期，一位安特卫普的金融家夸张地说：“没有汇票，贸易就无法进行，就像没有水根本无法航行一样。”

【派生】

exaggerated adj.言过其实的；夸大的exaggeration n.夸张；夸大

【词根】

ex-（出）+ag（act行为）+ger（gest拿）+ate→过分的行为→夸大

sustain[səˈsteIn] 15

【释义】

vt.支撑；维持（keep from falling or sinking；keep up；maintain）

vt.经受；遭受（suffer；undergo）

vt.确认……有效；准许（decide that a claim，etc.is valid；uphold）

【字字珠玑】

sustain：support ____□□□

sustai n：maintain ____□□□

sustai n：keep ____□□□

sustai ned：continued ____□□□

Syn.：nourish，nurture

13-2.sustained○intense○uninterrupted○natural○periodic

26-3.sustain○defend○promote○maintain○transform

例句

•Even a fifteen-m i nute burst of light in otherwise sustained darkness can reset an animal’s circadian rhythm.

甚至在持续黑暗的环境下仅有15分钟的强光照射也会改变动物的生理节奏。

•It was these conditions that al lowed an el ite to emerge，probably as an organizing class，and to sustain itself through the control of surpl us crops.正是这些环境条件使得在该地诞生了一个可能充当管理阶层的“精英”，这一阶层通过对余粮的控制来养活自己。

•Although church ritual had sustained an i nterest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that fol lowed the fall of Rome，church ti me was nature’s time.

虽然几个世纪以来，尽管城市瓦解，罗马没落，但教堂仪式一直保持着对时间记录的兴趣，教堂时间是自然的时间。

•The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.

这种情况使得本地人罗马化的同时也使得在边境自给自足的军事组织英国化了。

【派生】

sustained adj.持久的；经久不衰的v.动词sustain的过去式和过去分词

sustaining adj.支持的；持续的v.动词sustain的现在分词

sustainable adj.可持续的；可承受的

【词根】

sustain 13世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的sustenir，意为“忍受，支持”；最初源自

拉丁语的sustinere，意为“支持”。

sus-（sub下）+tain（拿）→拿得下→维持

coordinate[kəʊˈɔːdIneIt] 14

【释义】

vt.协调；调和（make people or things work together，especially so as to increase effectiveness）

adj.同等的，并列的（equal in importance or rank）

n.坐标

【字字珠玑】

coordi nate：accommodate ____□□□

Syn.：accommodate，attune，coequal，conciliate，conform，equal，counterpart，equivalent，

fellow，harmonize，key，like，match，parallel，peer，reconcile

例句

•Its public display and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy：people could now coordinate com ings and goi ngs without dictation from above.它的公开展示和私人拥有

为短期自治奠定了基础：人们现在可以不用根据上层的命令来调整去留。

•The activity of animals is usually coordinated with periodically recurring events in the environment.动物的活动通常都与环境中周期性重复发生的事件相吻合。

【派生】

coordinated adj.协调的v.动词coordinate的过去式和过去分词

coordination n.协调

【词根】

coordinate 1660年左右进入英语，直接源自中古拉丁语的coordinare，意为“同一等级的”。

co-（共同）+ordin（ordinary一致的）+ate（动词）→协调

Day 12

derive[dIˈraIv] 26

【释义】

vt.&vi.得到（obtain）

vt.&vi.衍生；源于（take as a starti ng-poi nt，source or origi n，etc.）

【字字珠玑】

derive：gain ____□□□

derive：obtain ____□□□

derive：arise ____□□□

derive：originate ____□□□

derive from：be based on□□□

Syn.：concl ude，decide，deduce，i nfer，extrapolate，gather，j udge，make out，reason，

understand

11 -3.derive○require○gai n○use○produce

17-3.derives○digests○obtai ns○controls○discovers

例句

•Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other i ron oxides ground

into a fine powder.科学分析表明，颜色来自黄土和其他氧化铁制成的精细粉末。

•Until the eighteenth century，people rel ied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and

human muscle to provide power.直到18世纪，人们依靠工厂、畜力以及人力来提供动力。

•Given that predators can make it costly to beg for food，what benefit do beggi ng nestlings derive from their communications？既然捕食者可以让雏鸟为食物付出巨大代价，那么乞食的雏鸟们到底可以从这种交流方式中得到什么益处呢？

•Parasitism is a ki nd of predator-prey relationship in which one organism，the parasite，derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate，the host.

寄生现象是一种捕食式的关系，其中，寄生物通过削弱其寄主而获得自身所需的食物。

【派生】

derive...from...从……获得……

derivative n.衍生物adj.衍生的

derivation n.派生；推导；起源；衍生物

【词根】

derive 15世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的deriver；最初源自古典拉丁语的derivare，

意为“引导，取回”。

de-（下）+rive（river河流）→河流留下的→衍生的

acqui re[əˈkwaIr] 22

【释义】

vt.获取（to obtain sth.by buying it or being given it）

【字字珠玑】

acquire：earn ____□□□

acquire：obtain ____□□□

acquire：procure ____□□□

acquire：secure ____□□□

18-3.acquire○reject○obtain○need○produce

例句

•At such temperatures，the collision between the ice pel lets and the ice crystals causes

electrical charges to shift so that the ice pellets acquire a negative charge and the ice crystals

become positively charged.在这种温度下，冰丸和冰晶的撞击会使电荷发生转移，冰丸由

此获得了负电而冰晶获得了正电。

•From the M iddle East the Chi nese acquired abl ue pigment—a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtai nable at that ti me in China that contai ned only a low level of manganese.

中国人从中东获得了一种蓝色颜料——一种纯化的氧化钴，当时在中国并未出现，其中只含有少量的锰。

•I nequal ities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies，but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealthin most communities，and also by the requi rement that women acquire most of the skills of men，including，often，their military skills.

畜牧社会里同样存在性别歧视，但是由于大多数群体中缺少严格的财富等级制度，而且妇女具备男人的大部分技能，通常还有军事作战技能，所以这种不公平已经被弱化。

•Also，because the molecu lar motion of a gas depends on temperature，at the low temperatures of the Jovian planets even the l ightest gases are unl i kely to acquire the speed needed to escape.同时又因为气体分子运动取决于温度，所以在类木行星这样的低温环境中，即使是最轻的气体也无法达到所需要的逃逸速度。

•Children who have acquired a concept of the self and of various mental states are general ly able to talk about their own past memories.

那些对自己和各种精神状态有概念的孩子通常能谈论过去的回忆。

【派生】

acquisition n.购买；获得；并购

【词根】

acquire中的词根“quire”表示“要求”。可借助谐音“快啊”来记忆（要这么快，要求肯定

很高）。代表词：require v.要求；conquer v.征服。

distribute[dIˈstrIbjuːt] 14

【释义】

vt.分配，分给（put parts of a set of things in different places；give or send out）

vt.散发，分布（spread out）

【字字珠玑】

distributed：spread ____□□□

Syn.：assort，break down，categorize，compartmentalize，digest，distinguish，classify，grade，

group，place，range，rank，relegate，separate，sort，type

40-2.distributed○represented○collected○spread○managed

例句

•The wind not only helps the flowers distribute their seeds but enables birds to find more food.

风不仅帮助花儿传播种子，还帮助鸟儿找到更多的食物。

•Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian popu lation starts from the real ization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country.

评估军队对人口数量的影响要从士兵在国家中不均匀的分布讲起。

•Revenue from trade was unevenly distributed，causi ng M iddle Eastern societies to be characterized by growi ng disti nctions in wealth and power.

贸易的收入不是均匀分布的，这导致中东社会被认为在财富和权力上都是有差异的。

•The arch worked by distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of the arch.

拱形结构通过向其中心分散建筑的结构来起作用。

【派生】

distributor n.发行人；经销商

distribution n.分布；分发；分配；散布；销售量

【词根】

dis-（分离）+tribute（贡品）→分发

enclose[Inˈkloʊz] 13

【释义】

vt.包围（surround）

vt.附件；随寄（put in an envelope or package along with sth.else）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：box（in），cage，closet，coop（up），encage，encase，envelop，fence（in），hedge，hem

（in），house，immure，incl ude，mew（up），pen，wall（in）

作为单词题i mmobi le的选项出现。

12-3.immobile○enclosed○permanent○motionless○intact

例句

•Architects in earl ier ti mes did not have enough bu i ldi ng materials to enclose large spaces.

早期的建筑师并没有足够的建筑材料用来围起大量的空间。

•Paper is thi nner than parchment，so more pages cou ld be enclosed within a si ngle vol ume.

因为纸比羊皮纸薄，所以在一册中装订的页数也更多。

【派生】

enclosed adj.被附上的enclosure n.附件；围墙；围绕

【词根】

enclose 14世纪初期进入英语，直接源自该语的enclose，意为“封入，圈起”。

en-进入close关闭

reverse[rIˈvʒːs] 13

【释义】

vt.逆转，反转（to change sth.，such as a decision，j udgment，or process so that it is the

opposite of what it was before）

【字字珠玑】

reverse：overturn ____□□□

例句

•The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected，as well as from the great difficu lty of reversing or even slowi ng the process.沙漠化问题异常严重，这是因为有佷广阔的地区和数量庞大的人群都受到了沙漠化的影响，而且要想逆转沙漠化的进程甚至减缓沙漠化的速度都面临着巨大的困难。

•According to conventional theory，yawni ng takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing，through deeper breathing，the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.根据传统理论，当人们无聊或者困倦时就会打哈欠。打哈欠通过深呼吸改变血液中的低含氧量提高人的警惕性。伴随睡眠不足或无聊的是浅呼吸，而浅呼吸会降低血液中氧的含量。

【派生】

reversal n.反转；颠倒

【词根】

reverse中的词根“vert/verse”表示“转”，可联系词根vol/vel一同记忆。代表词：convert

v.转化。

endure[Inˈdʊr] 12

【释义】

vt.忍受，容忍（bear pain，sufferi ng，etc.patiently or for a long ti me）

vi.持续，坚持下去（remaina live or in existence，especially in spite of difficulty）

【字字珠玑】

endure：withstand ____□□□

endure：last ____□□□

endure：survive ____□□□

endurable：persistent ____□□□

endurance：durability ____□□□

Syn.：experience，feel，have，pass，see，suffer，sustain，taste，undergo，witness

6-2.endured○vanished○developed○varied○survived

例句

•Given the chance to hear stories，i nfants and toddlers may form enduring memories despite physiological immaturity.

如果有听故事的机会，婴幼儿尽管在生理上不成熟，但是可以形成长期记忆。

•Some fossi ls endured through so many mill ions of years that they appear in many strata，but others occur only in a few strata.有的化石经历了数百年万之久，它们存在于很多岩层中，

但有的化石只存在于部分地层中。

•Hearing and telling stories about events may help children store information in ways that will endure into later childhood and adu lthood.

听故事和讲故事将有助于孩子们储存信息，直到他们的童年晚期和成年。

【派生】

enduring adj.持久的v.动词endure的过去式和过去分词

endurance n.忍耐；忍耐力；耐性

【词根】

endure 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的endurer；最初源自古典拉丁语的i ndurare，意为“使变硬”。

investigate[InˈvestIgeIt] 12

【释义】

vt.调查；审查（examine carefully，or inqu ire about the reasons for sth.，the character of sb.，etc.）

【字字珠玑】

investigate：inspect ____□□□

investigate：explore ____□□□

Syn.：delve（into），dig（into），examine，inquire（into），explore，look（into），probe，research

作为单词题instigate的选项出现。

10-1.instigate○improved○investigated○narrowed○caused

例句

•An objective of this particu lar cru ise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questions about its geologic history.

这次特别巡航的一个目的是调查地中海的地层以及解决关于其地质历史的问题。

•In 1991 the United States Congress asked NASA to investigate the hazard posed today by large i mpacts on Earth.

1991年美国国会要求美国国家航空航天局调查大型撞击对地球造成的危害。

•Field studies，laboratory simu lations，and high-speed photography have all been used to investigate the way charge separations develop in clouds.

实地考察、实验模拟和高速拍摄都被用于调查电子如何在雷雨云中形成。

【派生】

investigator n.调查者investigation n.调查

【词根】

investigate直接源自拉丁语的investigare，意为“沿踪迹搜寻”。

tolerate[ˈtαːləreIt] 11

【释义】

vt.容许（allow or endure without protest；accept；permit）

vt.忍受；容忍（endure the society of；put up with）

【字字珠玑】

tolerate：accept ____□□□

tolerate：endure ____□□□

Syn.：let，permit，suffer，allow

例句

•Spartina is particu larly able to tolerate high salinities because salt glands on the surface of the leaves remove the salt from the plant sap.

米草属植物特别能忍耐高盐度，因为叶子表面盐腺体把盐从植物汁液里去除了。

•Only plants able to tolerate low levels of this mi neral can survive.

只有那些能忍受如此低含量的钙的植物才能够存活。

•Perhaps di nosaurs cou ld not tolerate these extreme temperature changes and became exti nct.

恐龙或许就是因为无法忍受这种严峻的气温变化而灭绝的。

【派生】

tolerant adj.容忍的i ntolerable adj.难以忍受的

toleration n.容忍；宽容

digest[dαIˈdʒest] 10

【释义】

vt.&vi.消化（be changed，in the stomach and bowels，so that it can be used i n the body；

break down）

vt.&vi.透彻了解（take into the mind；make part of one’s knowledge；reduce a mass of facts，

etc.to order；assimilate）

n.[C]摘要，文摘（a short account of a piece of writi ng which gives the most i mportant facts）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：abstract，assort，break down，brief，capsu le，categorize，classify，codify，compartment，

compartmentalize，distribute，epitome，grade，group，i nventory，outl i ne，peg，place，range，rank，

recap，relegate，separate，résumé（or resume also resumé），rundown，run-through，sort，sum，

summa，summarize，summ ing-up，sum-up，synopsis，type，wrap-up

例句

•They are unable to digest large food particles unless these are chewed down considerably.

大快的食物颗粒只有被咀嚼到相当碎的时候才能被消化。

•Only when it has been chewed up and digested al most to aliquid can the food pass through the

rumen and on through the gut.

食物只有经过不断的咀嚼和消化变成近似液体的时候，才可能通过瘤胃并进入肠胃。

【派生】

digestion n.消化；吸收；领悟

proceed[proʊˈsiːd] 10

【释义】

vi.前进，行进（go forward；go on）

vi.&vt.继续（to continue to do sth.that has al ready been planned or started）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：advance，come，come along，fare，forge，get along，get on，go along，go off，march，

pace，go，progress

作为单词题surpassi ng的选项出现。

27-1.surpassi ng○proceedi ng○exceedi ng○chal lengi ng○outlasti ng

例句

•Does evol ution ever proceed gradual ly，or does it always occur i n short bursts？

进化过程是逐渐发生的，还是总是在短时间内爆发的？

•Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than popu lation growth.

那儿的房地产细分进行的速度比人口增长要快得多。

•He then proceeded to teach hi mself geology.后来，他又自学了地质学。

【派生】

proceeds n.金钱；收益proceedi ng n.行动；诉讼程序；会议记录

【词根】

proceed 14世纪80年代进入英语，直接源自古法语的proceder，意为“继续进行”；最初源

自古典拉丁语的procedere：pro（向前）+cedere（行走），意为“前进，向前”。

compl icate[ˈkαːmplIkeIt]9

【释义】

vt.使复杂化；使起纠纷（make more complex，i ntricate，or richer）

【字字珠玑】

complicated：complex ____□□□

Syn.：byzantine，convoluted，elaborate，embarrass，entangle，intricate，involute，involved，

knotty，labyrinthine，perplex，sophisticate，tangled

作为单词题guarantee/promote的选项出现。

3-3.guarantee○increase○ensure○favor○complicate

5-3.promote○complicate○prevent○encourage○affect

例句

•We also know that the global climate system is immensely compl icated and that everything is in some way connected，and so the system is capable of fluctuating in unexpected ways.

我们还知道全球气候系统是非常复杂的，各个因素之间存在着千丝万缕的联系，因此，这一系统纷繁复杂、变化多端。

•Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifyi ng pots，although these sometimes confuse an al ready large and compl icated picture.

现存的关于不同类型陶瓷器的很多长篇且抒情的描述可以帮助我们对其进行分类，尽管这些描述有时候会使得一幅大而复杂的画面显得凌乱。

•A more compl icated system is，in general，more likely than a simple system to break down.

一个更复杂的系统可能比一个简单的系统更容易被破坏。

•The questions become more compl icated when actual vol umes of water are considered.

当考虑到实际的水流量时就这些问题会变得更加复杂。

【派生】

compl icated adj.复杂的compl ication n.复杂；并发症；纠纷

invade[InˈveId] 9

【释义】

vt.侵略；侵犯（attack and spread into so as to take control of a country，city，etc.）

【字字珠玑】

invade：enter ____□□□

invade：move into ____□□□

Syn.：foray（i nto），overrun，raid

例句

•Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for bei ng displaced by more

competitive species.

机会主义者必须不断侵入新的领域，以抵消更具竞争力的物种对他们的排挤。

【派生】

invasive adj.（疾病）扩散性的；蔓延极快的i nvasion n.侵略；侵入

【词根】

in-（入）+vad（vent走）→侵入

justify[ˈdʒʌstIfaI] 8

【释义】

vt.正当化；为……辩护（be or give a good reason for）

【字字珠玑】

justify：support ____□□□

例句

•It may bein a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling.

油藏可能太小或远离潜在的市场，所以钻井费用过高，不适宜开采。

•People who bel ieve that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.

那些相信进攻、侵略是必须且合理的人比那些想的不一样的人更容易表现得具有攻击性。

•This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more

intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching.这是合理的，因为人们认为反思的

实践可以帮助老师们更加理性地对待他们的角色和他们所从事的事业。

【派生】

j ustified adj.合理的；有正当理由的justifiable adj.可以接受的

justification n.辩护；正当的理由

The end justifies the means.[谚]为达目的不择手段。

【词根】

justify 1300年左右进入英语，直接源自古法语的justifer；最初源自古典拉丁语的justificare，

意为“公正地对待”。

persist[pərˈsIst] 8

【释义】

vt.&vi.坚持，固执（refuse to make any change in what one is doing，one’s beliefs，etc.）

【字字珠玑】

persist：survive ____□□□

persist：continue ____□□□

Syn.：carry on，persevere

13-2.persistent○adj usted○strong○enduri ng○predicted

例句

•Horseshoe crabs kept in the dark conti nuously for a year were found to maintain a persistent rhythm of brain activity that similarly adapts thei r eyes on a dai ly schedu le for bright or for weak

l ight.马蹄蟹可以在黑暗中连续待一年后依然能保持连续的大脑周期活动，这与它们的

眼睛适应日常交替的强光与弱光的周期一致。

•The disorienti ng effects of this mismatch between external ti me cues and internal schedu les may

persist.外界时间信号与内部固有的时间表不同步时出现迷乱症状会持续。

•In most local ities a given species of clam or coral persists essentially unchanged throughout a thick formation of rock，only to be replaced suddenly by a new and different species.

在大部分蛤和珊瑚的聚集地，其化石在很厚的岩石中实际上都没有变化，只是突然被另一个新的并且不同的物种所取代。

【派生】

persistent adj.固执的；坚持的persistence n.坚持；毅力

【词根】

persist 16世纪30年代进入英语，直接源自中古法语的persister；最初源自古典拉丁语的

persistere，意为“坚持”。

per-彻底地sistere停顿，站着不动

transmit[trænsˈmIt] 8

【释义】

vt.&vi.传送；传播（send on；pass or hand on）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：conduct，convey，give，i mpart，spread，transfer，transfuse，communicate

例句

•Because aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce，whatever genes are

linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subsequent generations.

拥有侵略性特质的个体更容易存活和繁殖，因此，与侵略性行为相关的各种基因遗传给

下一代的可能性更大。

•Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low：the nutrients that feed plants are

transmitted by water.

如果水含量过低，大部分植物组织会死亡；因为植物所汲取的养分是通过水分来传输的。

【派生】

transm itted adj.传输的；传送的；传达的v.动词transm it的过去式和过去分词

transm iti ng n.传送v.动词transm it的现在分词

【词根】

trans-（穿越）+m it（m iss发送）→传输

conquer[ˈkαːŋkər] 7

【释义】

vt.攻克，征服（take possession of sth.by force）

【字字珠玑】

conquer：defeat ____□□□

conquer：annihi late ____□□□

Syn.：dominate，overpower，pacify，subdue，subject，subj ugate，subordi nate，vanquish

例句

•Archaeologists believe that thei riron weapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering

opponents.考古学家相信他们的铁制武器足以让他们战胜那些靠采集打猎为生的敌人。

•Many Roman soldiers remained in Britain after conquering it，and their presence had a strong influence.在攻占英国后，很多罗马的士兵还是留在英国，并且他们的存在有很大的影响。

【派生】

conqueror n.征服者；胜利者conquest n.征服

【词根】

conque直接源自古法语的conquerre，意为“征服，战胜；克服”。

grant[grænt] 4

【释义】

vt.准许；答应给予（consent to give or al low what is asked for）

vt.承认（agree that sth.is true）

n.[C]补助金，津贴（money that you give for a special reason）

【字字珠玑】

grant：award ____□□□

grant to：give in ____□□□

Syn.：acknowledge，agree，al low，concede，confess，fess（up），admit，own（up to）

例句

•Sensitivity to physical laws is thus an i mportant consideration for the maker of appl ied-art

objects.It is often taken for granted that this is also true for the maker of fi ne-art objects.

实用工艺品的生产者会着重考虑这件工艺品对自然规律的敏感性。所以人们认为这对纯

工艺品的生产来说也是一样。

•The President granted a portion of his power to the Senate.

总统把他的一部分权力授予给了参议院。

【派生】

take...for granted理所当然granting n.授予物；补助金

【词根】

grant 1200年左右进入英语，直接源自盎格鲁法语的graunter；最初源自古法语的granter，

意为“承诺，确认；授权”。

accelerate[əkˈseləreIt]1

【释义】

vt.&vi.加速；促进（happen or make sth.happen faster or earlier than expected）

【字字珠玑】

accelerate：speed up ____□□□

accelerate：increase ____□□□

accelerating：surging ____□□□

Syn.：increase，accumulate，appreciate，balloon，boom，build up，burgeon（also bourgeon），

climb，enlarge，escalate，expand，gain，mount，multiply，mushroom，proliferate，rise，rollup，

snowball，spread，swell，wax

作为单词题i nitiated的选项出现。

26-1.i nitiated○anticipated○accelerated○spread○started

例句

•Water absorption is greatly reduced；consequently runoff is increased，resulting in accelerated erosion rates.地表对水的吸收急剧减少，大量水资源流失，因此土壤的腐蚀率也随即增加。

•This is usual ly fol lowed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.

通常，随之而来的就是土地硬化和加速侵蚀。

•The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warm i ng resulting from air pollution seriously increases.

倘若空气污染带来的温室效应继续恶化，沙漠化进程会在未来数十年内加速实现。

【派生】

accelerated adj.加速的v.动词accelerate的过去式和过去分词

accelerati ng adj.加速的；促进的；催化的v.动词accelerate的现在分词

acceleration n.加速；促进；加速度

【词根】

accelerate 1520左右进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的accelerare，意为“加速”。

provoke[prəˈvoʊk]1

【释义】

vt.激起；惹怒（rouse or incite；make angry）

【字字珠玑】

provoke：elicit ____□□□

Syn.：arouse，encourage，excite，fire（up），impassion，incite，instigate，move，pique，rev

（up），spark，stimu late，sti r，build afire under

例句

•The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population，while efforts to control the flow of water to maxim ize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hosti leforces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale.在这些地方食物产量增加导致人口显著增长。与此同时，社群努力控制水流，以便最大程度上确保耕作区的灌溉；社群还努力保护当地居民不受社群外敌对力量的伤害。这些努力引发了社群内部更大规模的合作。

【派生】

provoking adj.激怒人的；刺激人的thought-provoking adj.发人深思的

【词根】

pro-（往前）+vok（voice叫喊，声音）→在你前面喊→激怒了机器

escalate[ˈeskəleIt]1

【释义】

vt.&vi.逐步升级（make or become more serious by stages）

vt.&vi.（使）更高，（使）更大（make or become higher，greater，etc.）

【字字珠玑】

escalate：expand ____□□□

escalate：extend ____□□□

escalate：intensify ____□□□

escalate：grow ____□□□

escalate：rise ____□□□

Syn.：accelerate，accumu late，appreciate，balloon，boom，build up，burgeon（also bourgeon），

climb，enlarge，increase，expand，gain，mount，multiply，mushroom，proliferate，rise，roll up，

snowball，spread，swell，wax

32-3.escalated○i ntensified○transformed○combined○lengthened

例句

•Fights may be escalated into protracted battles.战斗可能会升级为持久战。

【派生】

escalate into逐步升级（恶化）escalator n.扶手电梯

escalation n.逐步扩大；增加

Day 13

breed[briːd] 29

【释义】

vt.哺育；培育（keep ani mals or plants in order to produce babies or new plants，especially ones

with particu lar qualities）

vt.导致（cause）

【字字珠玑】

breed：hatch ____□□□

breed：reproduce ____□□□

breed：raise ____□□□

例句

•Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equ ip us

for social life.这种群体是我们社会生活中必备规范和价值的培养地。

•Pakicetus fed on fish in shal low water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean.It

probably bred and gave birth on land.有人认为Pakicetus靠吃浅水的鱼类为生，未能适应

在辽阔的大海里生活。它很有可能在陆地进行生育繁殖。

【派生】

breeding grounds温床；滋生地

breeding n.生育；（动物）饲养v.动词breed的现在分词

【词根】

因为breed的该词根过于生僻，所以建议大家使用谐音“哺育”对应“breed”记忆。

presume[prIˈzuːm] 18

【释义】

vt.假设（think that sth.is true，although you are not certain）

【字字珠玑】

presume：postu late ____□□□

presumable：probable ____□□□

presumable：supposable ____□□□

例句

•I nvestigation of the ecological role of competition is difficu lt because ordi nari ly the competitioncannot be observed directly and must be inferred from its presumed effects.生态角色竞争的调查很困难，因为一般而言这种竞争不能被直接观察，必须通过假设的效果去推测。

•When completed，the buck rub is an obvious visual signal to us and presumable to other deer in the area.完工后，雄鹿擦痕对我们来说是一道明显的标志，对当地的其他鹿来说可能也是如此。

•Debris thrown into the atmosphere by an asteroid collision would presumably contain large amounts of iridium.因小行星碰撞而被抛进大气中的碎片可能会含有大量铱元素。

【派生】

presumable adj.可假设的presumption n.假设；推测

【词根】

pre-（之前）+sume-（表示“拿”）→提前拿一个想法→假设

devise[dIˈvaIz] 16

【释义】

vt.设计，想出（invent a plan，system，object，etc.，usually cleverly or imagi natively）

【字字珠玑】

devise：create ____□□□

devise：design ____□□□

devise：invent ____□□□

devise：formu late ____□□□

devise：contrive ____□□□

devise：concoct ____□□□

3-1.devised○combined○created○introduced○suggested

例句

•They devised an apparatus that connected a baby’s pacifier to a counting device.

他们设计出了一种连接婴儿橡皮奶嘴和计数器的设备。

•The world’s architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective

limitations of materials.世界的建筑结构为克服材料的限制而发展起来。

【派生】

device n.装备；装置leave sb.to his own device让某人自生自灭

diffuse[dIˈfjuːz] 11

【释义】

v.扩散，散布（make heat，light，liquidetc.spread through sth.，or to spread like this）

【字字珠玑】

diffuse：disperse ____□□□

diffuse：spread ____□□□

diffuse：scatter ____□□□

diffuse：travel ____□□□

diffusion：travel ____□□□

7-3.diffused○emerged○was understood○spread○developed

例句

•Once the idea of planting diffused，Africans began to develop their own crops，such as certain

varieties of rice，and they demonstrated a conti nued receptiveness to new imports.

一旦种植的思想传播开来，非洲人就开始培育自己的农作物，比如某些水稻，并且他们

一直愿意接受新的外来作物。

【派生】

diffusion n.扩散，散布

【词根】

diffuse中的dif-=dis，表示分散；“fuse”表示“流动”，该词根原型为flow，其有多个变形，

如flu，fu等。

exhaust[Igˈzɔːst] 10

【释义】

vt.使……疲累（make someone feel extremely tired）

vt.消耗，耗尽（use all of sth.）

【字字珠玑】

exhaust：use up ____□□□

exhaust：deplete ____□□□

exhausted：tired ____□□□

14-2.exhausted○used up○reduced○wasted○rel ied upon

例句

•While hunter-gatherers always had the option of movi ng elsewhere when the resources were exhausted，this became more difficu lt with farming.

狩猎采集者往往可以选择在资源耗尽的时候迁到别处，对于耕作者来说就没那么容易了。

•A shorter drought in which they exhausted thei r stored food suppl iesmight already have gotten them in deep trouble，because growi ng crops required rain rather than reservoirs.

在更短的干旱时期，他们消耗储存的食物供应，这或许已经让他们举步维艰了，因为农作物的生长需要雨水而不是水库。

【派生】

exhaustion n.耗尽；筋疲力尽exhaustive adj.详尽的（注意：不是损耗的）

【词根】

ex-（出）+haust-（耗）→消耗，耗尽

revise[rIˈvaIz] 9

【释义】

vt.修改；修订（change sth.because of new information or ideas）

vt.&vi.复习（study again something you have already learned，in preparation for an exam）

【字字珠玑】

revise：change ____□□□

revise：amend ____□□□

23-3.revised○discussed○raised○chal lenged○changed

例句

•Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central.

帮助这组教师修订他们关于课堂事件的认识变成了关键问题。

•The age of Austral ia’s rock art is constantly being revised，and earlier datings have been

proposed as the result of new discoveries.

关于澳大利亚岩石艺术的时代一直在修正，早期的年代测定被提议为新发现的结果。

【派生】

revised adj.修改过的revision n.修改；复习

【词根】

re-（重复）+vis/vid（表示“看”）→复习，修订

cramp[kræmp] 7

【释义】

vt.阻碍；抑制（hinder or prevent the movement or development of sb./sth.）

【字字珠玑】

cramp：confine ____□□□

例句

•This means that artists were forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural

light.这意味着艺术家们被迫在狭窄的、缺少自然光线的空间里工作。

•Abu Hureyra was founded about 9500 B.C，a smal lvil lage settlement of cramped pit dwellings

（houses dug partially in the soil）with reed roofs supported by wooden uprights.

阿布胡赖拉是建于公元前9500年的一座小村庄，村庄里都是狭小的洞穴房（房子的一部

分是挖到地下的），芦苇做的屋顶是用木头柱子支撑的。

【派生】

cramped adj.狭窄的v.动词cramp的过去式和过去分词

interrupt[ˌIntəˈrʌpt] 6

【释义】

vt.打断；打破（make a process or activity stop temporari ly）

【字字珠玑】

interrupt：break off ____□□□

interrupt：impede ____□□□

作为单词题sustained的选项出现。

13-2.sustained○intense○uninterrupted○natural○periodic

例句

•Inmodern agriculture，mineral depletion of soils is a major concern，since harvesting crops

interrupts the recycling of nutrients back to the soil.在现代农业中，土壤矿物质枯竭是一个

大问题，因为收割庄稼切断了养分返回土壤的循环。

•School vacations interrupt the continuity of the school year.假期中断了学年的连续性。

【派生】

interruption n.打断；中断

【词根】

inter-（中间）+rupt（表示“破裂”）→中间破裂→打断，中断

astonish[əˈstαnIʃ] 5

【释义】

vt.惊吓（surprise someone very much）

【字字珠玑】

astonish：surprise ____□□□

astonishing：amazing ____□□□

astonishing：incredible____□□□

例句

•The remarkable mobi lity and range of pastoral societies explai n，i n part，why so many l i ngu ists

have argued that the Indo-European languages began their astonishing expansionist career not

among farmers in Anatol ia.这种显著的移动性和畜牧社会的地理范围在某种程度上解释了

为什么这么多语言学家一直争论一个问题：印欧语系并非从安纳托利亚（现在的土耳其）

的农民中传播开来，而是产生于早期欧洲内陆的牧民。

•However，what is astonishing about this is not that Dutch agricu lture was affected by critical

phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production，but the fact that the crisis appeared

only relatively late in Dutch agricu lture.不过，令人惊讶的不是荷兰农业受到这些危机现象

的影响而导致产量和销售量的下降，而是这些危机在荷兰农业中发生得相对较晚。

【派生】

astonishing adj.令人吃惊的astonishment n.惊吓

highlight[ˈhaIlaIt] 5

【释义】

vt./n.高亮（mark written words with a special coloured pen，or in a different colour on a

computer）

vt./n.强调（attract attention to or emphasize something important）

【字字珠玑】

highlight：emphasize ____□□□

17-3.highl ights○defines○emphasizes○reflects○suggests

例句

•The complex interplay of species in symbiotic relationships highl ights an important poi nt about communities：Their structure depends on a web of diverse connections among organisms.

共生关系中物种间错综复杂的相互影响揭示了群落中很重要的一点，即结构的建立依赖于生物间千变万化的联系。

【派生】

highlighting n.醒目性；强光（效果）v.动词highlight现在分词

highlighted adj.突出的v.动词highlight的过去式和过去分词

install[Inˈstɔːl] 5

【释义】

vt.安置，安装（fix equipment，furniture，etc.in position for use）

【字字珠玑】

install：put in place ____□□□

例句

•Mechanical pumps，usual ly powered by hundreds of horses waling in circles at the surface，had to be installed.人们通常在地表安装由成百上千只马转圈拉动的机械水泵。

•From the start，however，the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard，and the public clocks installed in town hal ls and market squares became the very symbol of a new，secular municipal authority.但一开始，城镇以均等时间为标准，并且在城镇大楼和市场安装公共的时钟这变成了新的、长期的市政权威的标志。

【派生】

installation n.安装

negotiate[nIˈgoʊʃieIt] 5

【释义】

vi.谈判；协商（have formal discussions with someone in order to reach an agreement with）

vt.越过；走过（succeed in getting past or over a difficu lt place on a path，road etc.）

【字字珠玑】

negotiate：bargain ____□□□

Syn.：discuss，cross

例句

•The continued prol iferation of banks made it easier for those without cash to negotiate loans in paper money.银行的不断发展使得那些没有现金的人贷款更容易了。

•Trade was the mainstay of the urban economy in the M iddle East，as caravans negotiated the surrounding desert，restricted only by access to water and by mounta n ranges.

自从中东地区的商旅们成功跨越周围的戈壁，只有水路和山峦还是障碍时，贸易便成为中东地区城市经济的主要支柱。

【派生】

negotiable adj.可协商的negotiation n.谈判

【词根】

negotiate源于negotiari，原意为“做生意”。neg-表示否定，oti表示“放松时间”。

trample[ˈtræmpl] 4

【释义】

vi.&vt.踩踏（step heavily on sth.，so that you crush it with your feet）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：step，tread，stamp

例句

•The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazi ng in an area are the reduction of

the vegetation cover and the trampling and pu lverization of the soil.

在一个地区过量饲养家畜会导致植被覆盖面积减少，土地被大量践踏和碾碎。

【派生】

trampled adj.被踩踏的v.动词trample的过去式与过去分词

tramplingv.动词trample的现在分词

resume[rIˈzjuːm] 3

【释义】

vt.继续（start doing sth.again after stoppi ng or being interrupted）

【字字珠玑】

resume：continue ____□□□

resume：begin again ____□□□

例句

•If the irritation is severe enough，a sleeping person will arouse，clear the airway，then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.

如果刺激足够严重，睡着的人会醒来清理气道，然后继续呼吸，很可能再度入睡。

【派生】

resumption n.恢复；重新开始

【词根】

re-（重复）+sume（表示“拿”）→又拿→继续

specify[ˈspesIfaI] 3

【释义】

vt.详细说明（state or describe sth.clearly and exactly）

【字字珠玑】

specify：state ____□□□

specified：certain ____□□□

specific：particular ____□□□

例句

•Bills of exchange，which had their origins in medieval Italy，were promissory notes（written promises to pay a specified amount of money by a certain date）that could be sold to third parties.汇票始于中世纪的意大利，是一种可以和第三方进行交易的期票（其上注明在约定时间内支付特定数额的钱）。

【派生】

specific adj.特种的；具体的specification n.规格；说明书

【词根】

specify源自“spect”，表示“看”。代表词：expect v.期待（ex-往外，spect看）。

foresee[fɔːˈsiː] 2

【释义】

vt.预见（see or know that sth.is going to happen in the future；predict）

【字字珠玑】

作为单词题initiated的选项出现。

19-2.initiated○approved○identified○started○foreseen

例句

•A number of issues，incl uding how to extract heat from reservoirs that do not have a natural

supply of water，will significantly limit the use of geothermal energy for the foreseeable future.

很多议题，包括如何从没有自然水供应的蓄水池中提取热量等，将会严重限制可预见未

来的地热能。

【派生】

foreseeable adj.可预测的

【词根】

fore-（前）+see（看）→预见

overshadow[ˌəʊvəˈʃædəʊ] 2

【释义】

vt.使……失色：使阴暗（to cause sth.to seem less important or noticeable）

【字字珠玑】

overshadow：distract from ____□□□

例句

•Beyond that，the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological

and aesthetic experi ments with the visual image that were going forward simu ltaneously in the

1920s.除此之外，录音的辉煌还使得20世纪20年代同时发展的视觉影像技术和审美体

验的成就相形见绌。

【词根】

over-（在上面）+shadow（阴影）→投掷阴影→使阴暗

fetch[fetʃ] 1

【释义】

vt.带来（go for and bring back sb./sth.）

vt.卖得，售得（be sold for a price）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：bring，get，obtain

例句

•Wheat，which in 1845 commanded$1.08 a bushelin New York City，fetched$2.46 in 1855.

1845年小麦在纽约城里每蒲式耳^[6]只能卖到1.08美元，1855年就卖到了2.46美元。

neglect[nIˈglekt] 1

【释义】

vt.忽视（failto look after sb.or sth.properly）

【字字珠玑】

neglect：fail ____□□□

neglect：ignore ____□□□

neglect：omit ____□□□

例句

•To be sure，their eval uation of the technical flaws in 1920s sound experi ments was not so far off

the mark，yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture

field that，in a sense，would not take no for an answer.

不可否认他们对20世纪20年代声音试验的技术缺陷的评价（与真实情况）相去不远，

但是他们忽视了电影领域的新生力量，这些新力量决不接受“不”这个回答。

【派生】

neglected adj.被忽视的v.动词neglect的过去式和过去分词

neglectful adj.忽视的negligible adj.无足轻重的

negligence n.疏忽；忽视

【词根】

neg-（否定）+词根lect（表示“选择；收集”）→不选择→忽视

Day 14

熟词生义表

document[ˈdαːkjəmənt]

【释义】

v.为……提供证明；记录（demonstrate，prove；record in detail）

n.文档，证件；公文（form，paper）

【字字珠玑】

document：record ____□□□

例句

•The importance of olfactory communication（using odors to communicate）in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago.嗅觉交流（利用气味交流）在鹿群生活中的重要性可以通过几十年前一项对圈禁的雄鹿的研究得以印证。

•More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas

throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia，Canada，by 13，000 years ago.

更多最近的地质研究证明，13000年前在加拿大的不列颠哥伦比亚省主要海岸地区没有

冰区域的存在和结冰。

•Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock

documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic.

当人们对比白垩纪后期的岩层资料和新生代（中生代后的一个时期）早期的资料时发现，

很多植物和动物都突然消失了。

•Their destructive powers are well documented.他们的破坏性力量都记录在案。

【派生】

documented adj.有记录的，记录在案的；被归档的

v.动词document的过去式和过去分词

documentation n.证明某事属实的证据；记录；参考资料；文献的编撰

awell-documented fact著名的事实

mirror[ˈmIrə]

【释义】

vt.反映（reflect）

n.镜子；榜样（sth.that faithfully reflects or gives a true picture of something else；sth.worthy

of imitation）

【字字珠玑】

mirror：reflect ____□□□

例句

•Perhaps the most obvious way artistic creation reflects how people live is by mirroring the

envi ronment—the materials and technologies available to a culture.

或许艺术创作反映人们生活的最明显的方法是模仿环境——一个文化中的材料和技术。

perfect[ˈpɜːrfIkt]（adj.）[pərˈfekt]（vt.）

【释义】

v.使完美，使完备（bring to completion）

adj.完美的（being without faults or weakness）

【字字珠玑】

perfected：completed ____□□□

例句

•In the 1760s，James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam，so that the cyl i nder

did not have to be cooled at every stroke.18世纪60年代，詹姆士·瓦特完善了分离的蒸

汽冷凝器，因此不必在每次活塞运动后都要冷却气缸。

•This was finally achieved by Lou is Daguerre（1787—1851），who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate.

路易斯·达盖尔（1787—1851）最终做到了这一点，他完善了将影像固定到镀银铜板上的方法。

•Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill，they could become respected master artisans with their own shops.

雇工也明白如果他们的技艺足够精湛，就会成为受人尊敬的工匠师并拥有自己的作坊。

【派生】

perfection n.完美，毫无瑕疵imperfect adj.有缺点的，不完美的

imperfection n.瑕疵，缺陷

mount[maʊnt]

【释义】

vt.登上，爬上；增长，上升（climb；go up）

n.山，丘；峰（mountain）

【字字珠玑】

mount：increase ____□□□

例句

•Mount Ruapehu鲁阿佩胡山

•mount an effort努力

•Remember the stool with the bicycle wheel mounted on top？

记得那个有一个自行车轮安装在上面的凳子吗？

patent[ˈpætnt]

【释义】

vt.获得……专利（obtain a patent for）

n.专利（a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention）.

adj.明显的，显而易见的（clearly apparent or obvious to the mind or senses）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：register，apparent

例句

•She invented and patented special arrangements of mirrors and concocted chemical dyes for her

draperies.她发明了镜子的特殊排列并取得专利，还炮制用于窗帘的化学染料。

•This splendid invention，patented in 1769，greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine.

这项杰出的发明，在1769年取得专利权，大大提高了蒸汽机的效率。

sponsor[ˈspαːnsər]

【释义】

vt.赞助；发起（raise money for charity or an organization；put forward）

n.赞助商，发起者，主办者（patron）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：patronize，support

34-1.sponsored○visited○owned○praised○supported

例句

•She sponsored Duncan’s first appearance in Europe.她赞助了邓肯在欧洲的首次亮相。

•Books became major vehicles for artistic expression，and the artists who produced them，

notably call igraphers and painters，enjoyed high status，and their workshops were often

sponsored by princes and their courts.书成为艺术表达的主要工具。制作书籍的艺术家，

通常是书法家和绘画家，享有很高的地位。他们的作坊得到王子和宫廷的资助。

fuel[fjʊəl]

【释义】

vt.给……加燃料，给……加油（provide energy）

n.燃料（a substance providi ng energy）

【字字珠玑】

fuel：provide energy ____□□□

例句

•Earth’sinternal heat，fueled by radioactivity，provides the energy for plate tectonics and conti nental drift，mountain building，and earthquakes.

地球内部因放射产生的热量为板块运动、大陆漂移、造山运动和地震提供了能量。

•Since the basic infrastructure was in place，the I ndustrial Revol ution fueled itself with enlargi ng markets requiri ng ever more expansion of factories and workforce.

基础设施到位后，工业革命通过扩大市场来加油，市场需要更多工厂和劳动力。

•But when a new area is fueled by rai n，the mammals migrate toward it in a set order to exploit it.但当发现一个新的降水充足的地点时，哺乳动物便以一定的先后顺序向此地迁徙。

【派生】

fuel the development of加速……的发展

border[ˈbɔːrdər]

【释义】

vt.&vi.与……接界，接壤（purfle）

n.边界（bound，brim，fringe）

【字字珠玑】

border：adjoin ____□□□

例句

•The sem iarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adj ust to increased envi ronmental pressures.沙漠边缘的半干旱土地所处的

生态环境非常脆弱，环境压力持续增加，而这些半干旱区域适应环境压力的能力极其有限。

coat[koʊt]

【释义】

vt.覆盖；盖上（cover sth.with a thin layer of the substance）

n.外套；外层（a piece of clothing；a thin layer）

【字字珠玑】

coat：cover ____□□□

coat：fur ____□□□

28-1.coating○stream○barrier○amount○layer

例句

•The rapid technical development of photography—the introduction of lighter and simpler

equipment，and of new emu lsions that coated photographic plates，film，and paper and

enabled images to be made at much faster speeds—had some unanticipated consequences.

摄影技术上的迅速发展——包括使用更轻便简单的仪器，在照相底片、胶卷和相纸上涂

以新型感光乳剂以及加快成像速度——产生了一些意想不到的结果。

•The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant.种子有一层裹在遗传物质外面的表皮。

course[kɔːrs]

【释义】

vt.流动（move swiftly through or over）

n.课程；航道（lesson；aline or route along which something travels）

【字字珠玑】

course through：run through ____□□□

例句

•This is the same arrangement found in an old-fashioned steam radiator，i n which the coi led

pipes pass heat back and forth as water courses through them.人们发现老式蒸汽式暖气片

有着与之类似的装置，当水流经这些盘绕的管子时热量便进行了交换。

weather[weðər]

【释义】

vt.风化（color or shape of somethi ng changes as a result of the wi nd，sun，rai n，etc.）

n.天气（the condition of the atmosphere）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：discolor，deform，endure，condition

例句

•Groundwater is stored in the pore spaces and joints of rocks and unconsol idated（unsol idified）

sedi ments or in the openings widened through fractures and weathering.

地下水一般贮存于岩石孔隙、节理、松散沉积物或者由断裂和风化作用形成的孔洞。

ripple[ˈrIpəl]

【释义】

vi.扩散；激起风波（spread；stir up water）

n.水波，涟漪（a small wave）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：wave，spread，stir up

例句

•The effect of the new rail road lines rippled outward through the economy.

新的铁道线路带动经济发展向外辐射。

trumpet[ˈtrʌmpIt]

【释义】

vt.鼓吹；宣扬（speak about something in a very forceful way）

n.喇叭（a musical instrument）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：advertise，blazon，announce，publish

例句

•The museum has been loudly trumpeting its reputation as one of the fi nest i n the world.

这家博物馆一直极力宣扬它是世界上最棒的博物馆之一。

desert[dIˈzɜːt]

【释义】

vi.离开，逃离（leave）

vt.放弃，抛弃（stop supporting sth.）

n.沙漠（a large area of land in a hot region，without water，rain，trees or plants）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：discard

例句

•Moreover，I tal ian sailors were deserting and emigrating，and captai ns，no longer recru ited from

the ranks of nobles，were weak on navigations.此外，意大利船员逐渐逃离并移居到他乡，

而船长不再是从贵族阶级中征召而来，在航海方面也暴露出各种不足。

subject[ˈsʌbdʒIkt]

【释义】

vt.使……臣服；使……受支配（dominate，conquer）

n.科目；话题（a branch of knowledge；the matter of a conversation or discussion）

【字字珠玑】

be subject to：be susceptible to ____□□□

be subject to：be exposed to ____□□□

subjected to：dom i nated by ____□□□

25-3.subjected to○restricted by○distant from

○exposed to○combi ned with

例句

•Expandi ng popu lations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food

and fuel.人口数量的增加使得人们不断向土地施压，依赖其提供食物和燃料。

•Whatever the reason for mountain formation，as soon as land rises above sea level it is

subjected to destructive forces.

不论山脉形成的具体原因是什么，一旦陆地高出海平面，都难逃脱被外力摧毁的厄运。

•If so，the green algae wou ld have been subjected to envi ronmental pressures that resu ltedi n

adaptations that enhanced thei r potential to give rise to land-dwelling or organisms.

如果事实如此的话，绿藻可能曾经受到环境的压力，产生了适应机制，即提高了进化出

陆生植物或其他有机体的可能性。

fork[fɔːk]

【释义】

vi.分叉；分歧（divide into two or more branches；place under attack with one’s own pieces）

n.叉；餐叉（a tool used for eating food）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：part，diverge，divide，spread

例句

•The resu lt is a forked lightning that stri kes the ground in two places.

结果就是一道叉状闪电击中两地。

rival[ˈraIvl]

【释义】

vt.与……竞争；比得上（be equal to in quality or ability）

n.对手；竞争者（a person who you are competing or fighti ng agai nst）

adj.竞争的（competitive）

【字字珠玑】

rival：compete ____□□□

例句

•Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickeri ng candles，and early in the new century，well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gasl it houses and even streets.

煤气灯在与冒烟的油灯和忽闪的蜡烛的比较中占尽优势。新世纪伊始，经济富裕的伦敦人也开始习惯用煤气做家用照明甚至街道照明。

cascade[kæsˈkeId]

【释义】

vi.落下（rush down in big quantities）

n.小瀑布（steep small fall of water）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：fall，pour，rush

例句

•As a resu lt of crustal adjustments and faulting，the Strait of Gibraltar，where the Mediterranean

now connects to the Atlantic，opened，and water cascaded spectacu larly back into the

Mediterranean.作为地壳调整和断层作用的结果，现在连接地中海和大西洋的直布罗陀海

峡打开了，水流像瀑布一样壮观地涌回地中海。

【词根】

cas（=fall，落下）+cad（落下）+e→落下再落下→瀑布

plug[plʌg]

【释义】

vt.塞住；插入；插插头（fill or close tightly with or as if with a plug）

n.塞子；插头（an object designed to fill in a hole tightly；an electric device）

【字字珠玑】

plug：fill up ____□□□

例句

•This is because the gaps among the origi nal grai ns are often not totally plugged with cementi ng

chemicals also，parts of the origi nal grai ns may become dissolved by percolati ng groundwater，

either while consol idation is taki ng place or at any time afterwards.

因为最初颗粒间的缝隙通常并未完全被黏固的化学物质塞满，而且部分颗粒很可能在固

化时或固化后被渗入的地下水溶解。

•And then plugged up leaks i n the karst by plasteri ng the bottoms of the depressions in order to

create reservoirs.然后在低地的底部涂抹上灰泥来堵住喀斯特地貌的裂口，从而建成水

库，收集雨水以备旱季之用。

found[faʊnd]

【释义】

vt.发现（find的过去式）

vt.创立，建立（establish）

【字字珠玑】

found：establish ____□□□

例句

•Egyptians were known to have founded other great civi l izations.

据了解，埃及人建立了另一个伟大的文明。

fuse[fjuːz]

【释义】

vi.熔化；融合（become plastic or fluid from heat；mix together）

n.保险丝（electrical device that can interrupt the flow of electrical current）

【字字珠玑】

fuse：blend ____□□□

fused：combined ____□□□

例句

•Chondru les are tiny，millimeter-sized drops of silicate materials that probably formed when lumps of nebu lardust were fused at extremely high temperatures and then quickly cooled.

球粒陨石是微小的、毫米大小的细小种子，很有可能是星云物质的团块在极高温度下融化后再迅速冷却而成的。

stem[stem]

【释义】

vt.根源于；来源于（grow out of，have roots in，origi nate in）

n.（花草的）茎（root）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：originate，stalk

例句

•The rapid expansion in international trade also benefited from an infusion of capital，stemming

largely from gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas.

西班牙商船从美洲带来大量金银，资本的注入促进国际贸易的快速发展。

•This supposition stems from the close phylogenetic（natural evol utionary）relationship between

the two groups.这个假说根植于两种物种很近的系统发育（自然进化论）的关系。

【派生】

stem from源于（origi nate from）

flow[floʊ]

【释义】

vi.流动；垂（move as ifina stream；fall in a certain way）

n.流动；水流（the motion of fluids；the amount of fluid）

【字字珠玑】

flow：arrival ____□□□

例句

•Porosity is a measure of the empty space withi n rock whi le permeabi l ity measures the degree to

which water can flow freely through rock.

孔隙度是测量石头颗粒间空隙的，而渗透率是用来测量水在孔隙间流动的程度。

•The disadvantage of usi ng waterpower is that streams do not necessari ly flow i n places that are

the most suitable for factories.

利用水能的缺点是，河流不一定流经那些适合建造工厂的地方。

drift[drIft]

【释义】

vi.漂移；漂泊（bein motion due to some ai r or water current）

n.漂流物（something on the water currents）

【字字珠玑】

drift：move ____□□□

例句

•Detai led studies of the winds and currents using computer simu lations suggest that drifting canoes would have been a most unlikely means of colonizi ng the Pacific.通过电脑模拟，对风

向和洋流进行的详细研究表明，船只漂流是最不可能的殖民太平洋的途径。

•In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans（also cal led American I ndians）.1947年，挪威探险家托尔

·海尔达尔为了证明他的太平洋群岛居民是美国本土居民（也被称作美国印第安人）的

理论，用一只带有标志的轻质木筏，借助风力和水流从南美洲漂流横穿太平洋。

•Offshore platforms may also lose oil，creati ng oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches，harming the envi ronment.

海上钻井平台也可能会泄漏石油，导致油污漂流到岸上造成海滩污染，危害环境。

【派生】

adrift adj.漂泊的；漂浮着的；随波逐流的adv.随波逐流地

blur[blɜːr]

【释义】

vt.&vi.（使）模糊（becomeglassy，make less distinct or clear）

n.污迹，污斑；模糊（stain）

【字字珠玑】

blur：make less distinct ____□□□

例句

•In these shops differences of rank were blurred as artisans and masters labored side by side i n the same modest establ ishment.

在这些店铺中，阶级差异并不明显，因为工匠和店主在同一个相对舒适的环境中共事。

【派生】

blurry adj.模糊的

vent[vent]

【释义】

vt.&vi.表达，发泄（感情，尤指愤怒）（express feel i ngs forcefu l ly）

n.通风孔，排气孔；火山口；（鸟、虫、鱼的）肛门（duct，hole，outlet，passage；volcano；

external openi ng of uri nary）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：hole，volcano，express

例句

•Chi ldren normally desi re to vent aggressive i mpu lses on other people，i ncl udi ng thei r parents，because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify al l of thei r demands i mmediately.

孩子们时常想对包括他们父母在内的其他人发泄侵略性冲动的情感，因为即使是最周全的父母也无法做到立即满足孩子的所有要求。

【派生】

ventage n.漏口；小口；空气孔；出口

coin[kɔIn]

【释义】

vt.杜撰；创造（make up）

n.硬币（a metal piece used as money）

【字字珠玑】

coin：create ____□□□

coin：invent ____□□□

例句

•Lesley Maynard，the archaeologist who coined the phrase“Panaram itee style”，suggested that...考古学家莱斯利·梅纳德杜撰了新词“Panaram itee风格”，他认为……

•They could also avoid having to identify and assess the value of a wide variety of coins issued in many different places.

他们同时也可以避免鉴定和评估不同地方发行的不同种类钱币的价值。

【派生】

coinage n.造币

pose[poʊz]

【释义】

vt.&vi.摆姿势（assume a posture as for artistic purpose）

vt.提出；造成（威胁、问题等）（introduce；be the cause of）

n.姿势（posture）

【字字珠玑】

pose：present ____□□□

pose：show ____□□□

pose○claim○model○assume○present

例句

•Such i mpacts conti nue to pose a natural hazard to life on Earth.

这种影响对地球上的生物来说，仍然是一种自然威胁。

•When plants pioneered the land，they faced a range of challenges posed by terrestrial

envi ronments.当植物开拓陆地的时候，它们要面对一系列陆地环境带来的挑战。

【派生】

pose a threat to造成威胁

tap[tæp]

【释义】

vt.开发（develop）

vi.轻拍（strike lightly）

n.龙头，阀门；塞子；电话窃听（spigot，valve；faucet；the act of tapping a telephone line to

getinformation）

【字字珠玑】

tap：draw upon ____□□□

例句

•More than 100，000 wells now tap the Ogallala.

目前人们已经在奥加拉拉地区开凿了10万多口井。

【派生】

on tap准备好被抽取的extra personnel on tap立刻可以使用的、待命的人员

untapped potential未开发的潜能craft[krαːft]

【释义】

vt.精巧制作（make by hand and with much skill）

n.手艺（the skilled practice of a practical occupation）

n.船，航空器（boat，spacecraft）

【字字珠玑】

underwater craft：submarine ____□□□

craft：vessel ____□□□

例句

•The economy of each city was based on a craft such as pottery or metal working，and the city

of Eridu was known for its saws，scythes and weapons.每个城市的经济都建立在如陶器、

金属制品等手工艺品上，埃利都城就因其锯子、镰刀和武器被大家所熟悉。

【派生】

crafty adj.狡猾的，狡诈的；巧妙的，灵巧的

bare[ber]

【释义】

vt.使赤裸；使露出（uncover sth.and show it）

adj.光秃秃的；赤裸的（unclothed）

【字字珠玑】

bare：naked ____□□□

barely：just ____□□□

例句

•The pai nti ngs rest on bare walls，with no backdrops or envi ronmental trappi ngs.

这些画画在裸露的岩石上，没有任何背景和环境装饰。

•It started by baring its teeth.它是由龇牙咧嘴开始的。

bridge[brIdʒ]

【释义】

vt.搭桥；填补（距离）（make a bridge over or across；connect or reduce the distance be-

tween）

n.桥（a structure that allows people or vehicles to cross a river，canal，etc.）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：connect，reduce

例句

•It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by am igration of peoples from Asia，slowly traveling across a land bridge cal led Beringia（now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska）during the last Ice Age.这种观念被人们接受很长时间了：美洲被一群来自亚洲的移民殖民统治着，他们在上一个冰河时代缓慢地跨越了一个叫作白令的大陆桥（现在白令海峡位于东北亚和阿拉斯加之间）。

【派生】

bridgeable adj.可架桥的bridge the gap填补空缺（差距）

cross that bridge when one comes to it船到桥头自然直

cage[keIdʒ]

【释义】

vt.把……关进笼内（confine in a cage）

n.笼子；牢房（a structure of wire or metal bars）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：coop，prison，confine

例句

•Furthermore，he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage，they often launched them-selves in the direction of thei r normal migratory route.

而且，他注意到，当这些鸟在笼子里躁动不安时，它们通常会飞向迁徙路径的方向。

•They just want to cage the beautiful birds.他们就是想要囚禁这些漂亮的鸟儿。

【派生】

caged adj.关在笼中的

pale[peIl]

【释义】

vi.显得逊色；相形失色（seem not good，or less important，serious）

adj.苍白的（very light colored）

【字字珠玑】

pale：lose significance ____□□□

例句

•Bill went sickly pale.比尔因生病脸色苍白。

•I paled at what she m ight say.我一想到她可能会说什么就六神无主。

•The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St.Helens，in the northwestern United States，for example，pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.

美国西北部圣海伦火山的猛烈喷发所造成的破坏，在人类活动对环境造成的破坏面前也相形见绌。

【派生】

palely adv.苍白地；淡色地；青青地paleness n.苍白；淡薄；变青

palish adj.稍微苍白的beyond the pale越轨的，为世俗所不容的

coil[kɔIl]

【释义】

vt.盘绕；卷成一圈（wind around sth.in coils or loops）

n.（一）卷，（一）盘；线圈（a round shape；loop）

【字字珠玑】

coil：wire □□□

例句

•And to do that，i nventors started attaching electronic devices，electrical coils to the acoustic

guitars.并且为了那样做，发明家们开始把电子装置、电线连接到木吉他上。

•He coiled a lock of her hair around his finger.他把她的一绺头发绕在手指上。

sap[sæp]

【释义】

vt.使衰竭；使伤元气（weaken or destroy strength）

n.汁液；精力，元气；活力（the watery liquid；active strength in the body or mind）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：energy，vigor，exhaust，run down，tire

例句

•Spartina is particu larly able to tolerate high sali nities because salt glands on the surface of the

leaves remove the salt from the plant sap.

米草属植物特别能耐盐，因为叶子表面的盐腺能从植物汁液中去除盐。

【派生】

sapless adj.枯萎的；无价值的；无精神的；没趣味的

voyage[ˈvɔIIdʒ]

【释义】

vi.航行，旅行（travel by boat）

n.旅行，航海（an act of travel ing by water）

【字字珠玑】

voyage：journey ____□□□

例句

•The Portuguese Vasco da Gama’s Voyage around southern Africa to India took place at the end of the fifteenth century.

15世纪末期，葡萄牙的瓦斯科·达·伽马实现了绕南非到达印度的航行。

•He voyaged through Peru.他穿越了秘鲁。

【派生】

voyageable adj.能航行的，能航海的voyager n.航海者

go on a voyage航海

Day 15

短小但你不一定知道的词

tuck[tʌk] 8770

【释义】

vt.卷起；裹住；夹起（pull up into a fold）

例句

•It could have ended up tucked away in a private collection，but fortunately，the collector who

bought it has agreed to have experts restore every single word Archi medes wrote，so the

contents can be shared with the world and studied.

它可能已经结束了被藏在私人收藏室的命运，但是幸运的是，这个买到复写本的收藏家已经同意专家修复每个阿基米德所写的单词。所以复写本中的内容都可以被用来做研究。

【派生】

tucker n.领布；打褶装置；打横褶的人tuck...away把……收起来

tuck in/into用心地吃食物

haul[hɔːl] 7242

【释义】

vi.&vt.拖运；拖拉（drag，draw，hale，pull）

n.拖，拉（the act of drawi ng sth.）

【字字珠玑】

haul：pull ____□□□

haul：load ____□□□

例句

•For people in cliff dwellings，hauling water，wood，and food to thei r homes was a major chore.

The stress on local resources，especially in the firewood needed for daily cooking and warmth，

was particu larly intense，and conditions in aggregated pueblos were not very hygienic.

对于那些住在悬崖上的人，将水、木头和食物运到家里是主要的家务。本地资源的压力尤

其是用于日常做饭和取暖的柴火特别紧张，在人口聚集的普韦布洛的环境也不是很卫生。

【派生】

haulage n.拖运；拖曳haul oneself努力地拉自己

haul off（非正式）离开long-haul flight长途旅行

blink[blInk] 7036

【释义】

v.眨眼；闪烁（wi nk；flash，twinkle）

n.眨眼（the act of closing and opening the eyes rapidly）

【字字珠玑】

blink：shut their eyes briefly ____□□□

例句

•Similarly，changes in the infant’s general level of motor activity—turning the head，blinking the eyes，cryi ng，and so forth—have been used by researchers as visual indicators of the infant’s perceptual abilities.同样，新生儿一般身体活动的改变——比如摇头、眨眼、哭闹或者其他，都可以为研究人员提供婴儿感知能力研究的直观参考。

【派生】

blinker n.瞥视者；闪光警戒灯not blink an eye毫无反应

in the blink of an eye（or in a blink）（非正式）很快

on the blink（形容机器）出问题；崩溃

cling[klIŋ] 6486

【释义】

vi.粘紧；紧贴；附着（hold on tightly）

【字字珠玑】

cling to：attach to ____□□□

cling to：stick to ____□□□

例句

•And there’s stilla lot of soil attached to the roots，clinging to the roots.

仍然有许多泥土粘在树根上，紧紧地粘着。

•But these cylinders cling together at a molecu lar level.

但是这些圆柱形在分子水平上紧紧地粘在一起。

【派生】

clinging adj.紧贴着的；执着的；感情上依附他人的clingy adj.粘人的

clingto/onto/on抓住；抓紧cling on to坚持

soak[soʊk] 6126

【释义】

vt.吸收，沉浸；使湿透（swamp，drown）

vi.浸泡；渗透（bathe，dip，penetrate，seep into）

n.浸；湿透（washing something）

【字字珠玑】

soak up：absorb ____□□□

例句

•Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface，from precipitation（rain and snow）and from lakes and streams.

普通的大气水会从地表、降水、湖泊以及河流浸入地下。

•Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers，by soaking into the bed of the lake，and by evapora-

tion.湖中的水通过向外流的河流，渗入河床并蒸发离开湖泊。

【派生】

soaked adj.湿透的，浸透的

flee[fliː] 5739

【释义】

vt.逃离（leave somewhere）

【字字珠玑】

flee：run away from ____□□□

例句

•Their migration may have been set i n motion by an i ncrease in popu lation caused by a movement

of peoples fleeing the desiccation.

为了逃避干旱，人们不断迁徙，使这里的人口增多，于是这里的人们也接着迁徙。

leak[liːk] 5460

【释义】

vt.泄漏；泄露（enter or escape as through a hole or crack；let the public know sth.）

n.漏洞，裂缝（a crack，hole or gap）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：drip，show

例句

•Water does not remain immobile in an aquifer but can seep out at springs or leak into other

aquifers.贮存在蓄水层的水并非不流动，而是会通过泉眼渗出或是进入其他蓄水层。

stun[stʌn] 4757

【释义】

vt.惊吓，吓晕（surprise greatly）

【字字珠玑】

stun：amaze ____□□□

stun：daze ____□□□

stunning：astounding ____□□□

例句

•Farmers streamed to the West，filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity.

农民们涌向西部地区，迅速占领了荒地。

【派生】

stunning adj.惊吓的；极好的；十分漂亮的

omit[oʊˈmIt] 4755

【释义】

vt.省略；遗漏（not include sth.in an activity or piece of work）

【字字珠玑】

omit：neglect ____□□□

omit：exclude ____□□□

Syn.：leave out，exclude，m iss，drop，delete，neglect，fail，overlook，ignore

例句

•This technique al lows researchers to create solutions that selectively omit certain nutrients and then observe the resulting effects on the plants.

这项技术允许研究人员创造缺乏某种营养素的溶液，然后观察其对植物生长造成的影响。

【派生】

omitted adj.省略了的；省去的v.动词omit的过去式和过去分词

roam[roʊm] 3836

【释义】

n./vt.漫游；流浪（wander，drift，walk，travel，trek）

【字字珠玑】

roam：wander ____□□□

例句

•Even at century’s end there were wild elephants and tigers roaming the countryside only twenty

or thirty m iles away.19世纪末，野生大象和老虎漫步在二三十公里外的乡村。

•Mostly he roamed his uncle’s farm collecti ng the fossils that were so abundant in the rocks of the Cotswold hills.大部分的时间他都是在他叔叔的农场里搜寻化石，这些化石在科茨沃尔德山的岩石里是很常见的。

【派生】

roamer n.漫游者；流浪者；漂泊者

span[spæn] 3755

【释义】

vt.跨越；持续（bridge，cross，pass over；last，cover，extent，comprise）

n.跨度，跨距；范围（length，extent，width，stretch，distance，range，period，space，time，duration，interval）

【字字珠玑】

span：period ____□□□

span：duration ____□□□

spanni ng：covering ____□□□

例句

•Next came the Erie Canal，an enormous project in its day，spanning about 350 miles.

第二个就是伊利运河，它在当时是一项庞大的工程，跨越了约350英里。

stalk[stɔk]3469

【释义】

vt.追踪（follow stealthily）

n.（植物的）茎，秆（stem，trunk，cane）

【字字珠玑】

stalk：stem ____□□□

例句

•Predator species，such as cats，practice stalking，pounci ng，and biti ng.

捕食者，比如猫科动物，则练习追踪、猛扑和撕咬。

【派生】

stalky adj.细长的；有茎的；似茎的；聪明的；狡猾的

creep[kriːp] 3245

【释义】

vi.爬行；慢慢地移动；蔓延（move slowly with the body near the ground；grow in such a way

as to cover）

n.爬行（a slow movement）

【字字珠玑】

creep：crawl ____□□□

creep：move slowly ____□□□

例句

•Various envi ronmental factors may play a role.Too much snow，for example，can smother

trees，and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them.多种环境因素都起了作

用，例如，积雪过多会让树木透不过气，雪崩和积雪的移动会摧毁树木。

【派生】

creepy adj.令人毛骨悚然的；爬行的

gear[gIr]3124

【释义】

v.准备，适应（be prepared for）

n.装备，仪器，档（equ ipment，a mechanism for transform i ng motion）

【字字珠玑】

gear：adjust ____□□□

be geared to：adj ust to ____□□□

be geared to：su it ____□□□

例句

•Approxi mately 40，000 years ago the human mind developed cognitive fluidity，that is，the inte-gration of the special izations of the m i nd：technical，natural history（geared to understandi ng the behavior and distribution of natural resources），social intell igence，and the l ingu istic capac-ity.约在40000年前，人类的思维形成了认知流动性，即对各种特化的思维加以整合：技术史、博物学（以理解自然资源的行为和分布）、社交智能以及语言能力。

•Whi le many programs designed for preschoolers focus pri marily on social and emotional factors，some are geared mainly toward promoting cognitive gains and preparing preschoolers for the formal instruction.尽管很多为学龄前儿童设计的课程首先关注社交和感情的因素，其他一些课程则主要为了促进认知能力，并为他们即将进行的幼儿园正规教育做准备。

stain[steIn] 2990

【释义】

vt.沾污；着色（discolor，blemish，soil，mark，spot，spatter，blacken）

n.污点；瑕疵（color，tint，dye，pigment）

【字字珠玑】

stain：discolor ____□□□

例句

•It is possible that tubes made from ani mal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones，

some stained with pigment，have been found nearby.喷洒的工具很可能用的是由动物骨骼

制成的管子，因为在画的附近发现了一些沾有颜料的空心骨骼。

squat[skwαːt] 2780

【释义】

vi.（指人）蹲；擅 自 占 用（sit on one’s heels，crouch down；occupyil legally，setting up

residence，dwell，settle，live）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：crouch，lower，hunker，occupy

例句

•These figures depict a wide range of actions，such as grinding grain，baking bread，producing

pots，and maki ng music，and they are shown in appropriate poses，bending and squatting as

they carry out their tasks.这些形状描绘出大量不同的行为，比如：碾稻谷、烤面包、制

陶器和制作音乐，而且以适当的姿势表现出来，在工作的时候弯腰并且蹲坐。

flap[flæp] 2609

【释义】

vi.拍动；鼓翼（move quickly up and down）

n.拍打（fold，overlap，covering）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：beat，pat，clap，hit

例句

•Furthermore，the birds orient themselves carefully with regard to the Sun and gently flap their

wings to increase convection cooling.

此外，鸵鸟会根据太阳的位置谨慎调整自己的方向，轻轻拍打翅膀以增加对流的降温效果。

【派生】

flapper n.苍蝇拍

seep[siːp] 2315

【释义】

vi.漏；渗出（pass gradually or leak through small openings）

n.小水坑；水陆两用的吉普车（pool，puddle；amphibious jeep）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：drip，ooze，trickle，flow，escape，leak，drain，bleed，soak

例句

•Water does not remai n i mmobi le i n an aqu ifer but can seep out at spri ngs or leak i nto other

aqu ifers.贮存在蓄水层的水并非不流动，而是会通过泉眼渗出或是进入其他蓄水层。

•The water is usual ly natural ly occurri ng groundwater that seeps down along fractures i n the

rock.这些水通常是沿着岩石的断面下渗的天然地下水。

shun[ʃʌn] 1913

【释义】

vt.避开，闪开，避免（avoid and stay away from sth.）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：avoid，steer clear of，stay away from，have nothi ng to do with；ignore；reject

例句

•For i nstance，some social groups employ shunning（a person can remain in the community，but

others are forbidden tointeract with the person）as a device to bring into line individuals whose

behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group.

例如，一些社会群体采取规避措施（人可以留在群体中，但禁止其他成员与其交流），从

而将特定群体中逾矩的个体慢慢同化。

mow[moʊ] 1853

【释义】

vt.割草；收割（cut with a blade or mower）

n.草堆（a loft for storing hay）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：cut，trim，crop，clip

例句

•Efforts to control Sparti na outside its natural envi ronment have i ncl uded burni ng，floodi ng，

shadi ng plants with black canvas or plastic，smotheri ng the plants with dredged materials or

clay，applyi ng herbicide，and mowing repeatedly.

为了控制米草属植物在自然生境以外的扩散，人们尝试了焚烧、水淹、用黑色的帆布或

塑料布遮挡阳光、用疏浚物料或者黏土使其窒息、喷洒除草剂以及反复割草等方法。

【派生】

mower n.割草机；割草的人

wilt[wIlt] 1731

【释义】

vt.&vi.使枯萎；使衰弱（become limp，wither；lose strength，become weak）

n.枯萎；憔悴；衰弱（causing to become limp or drooping）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：wither，languish，droop，fade，tire

例句

•Some plants are woody in type an adaptation designed to prevent collapse of the plant tissue

when water stress produces wilting.有些植物是木本植物，这种适应机制可以防止因水压

（下降）产生萎蔫而引起植物细胞解体。

spew[spju] 1598

【释义】

vt.&vi.喷出；呕吐（eject or send out；vomit）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：discharge，emit，eject，expel，spout，vomit

例句

•The force of coll ision spewed large amounts of debris into the atmosphere，darkening the skies

for several years before the finer particles settled.碰撞的力量把大量碎片喷射到大气中，

在这些细小颗粒沉积之前好几年的时间里天空都是灰蒙蒙的。

【派生】

spew out喷出，涌出

yawn[jɔːn] 1594

【释义】

vi.打呵欠（utter a yawn）

n.哈欠（an invol untary intake of breath through a wide open mouth）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：gape

例句

•Another experi ment demonstrated that physical exercise，which was sufficiently vigorous to

double the rate of breathi ng，had no effect on the frequency of yawning.

另一项实验证明，即使是可以让呼吸频率翻倍的剧烈运动对于打哈欠的频率也毫无影响。

query[ˈkwIərI] 1581

【释义】

vt.询问（ask，inquire，question）

n.疑问，质问（an instance of questioning）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：ask，inqu ire，question

例句

•Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore，a tribe that dwells in the New Gu i nea highlands.

这些人包括欧洲大学生，居住在新几内亚高地的Fore部落成员等。

【派生】

querier n.查询器query sb.about sth.向……询问……

tame[teIm] 1540

【释义】

vt.驯化；驯养（domesticate）

adj.驯服的（docile）

【字字珠玑】

tame：domesticate ____□□□

例句

•Regardless of where the first tamed herds came from，people tried to control them by l ivi ng i n

j uxtaposition with them.不管驯化的兽群起源何处，人们都可以通过和他们要驯化的动物

毗邻而居逐渐控制它们。

•It is still unclear whether domesticated cattle were tamed independently in northern Africa or

introduced to the conti nent from southwest Asia.

我们仍无法得知骆驼是在北非独立驯化的还是从东南亚引入的。

【派生】

tamer n.驯服手；驯兽师tamable adj.可驯服的

foul[faʊl] 1434

【释义】

vt.变臭，变脏（spot，stain，make dirty）

n.犯规（an act of breaking the rules）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：dirty，pollute，contaminate

4-3.foul○reach○flood○pollute○alter

例句

•Offshore platforms may also lose oil，creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches，

harming the environment.

海上钻井平台也可能会泄漏石油，导致油污漂流到岸上造成海滩污染，危害环境。

bask[bαːsk] 1269

【释义】

vi.&vt.（使）晒太阳；取暖；（使）愉快或舒适（be exposed；receive pleasure from）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：sunbathe，relax，enjoy

•A leatherback may be able to pick up some body heat by basking at the surface.

棱皮龟可能会通过晒太阳来收集身体所需的热量。

purge[pɜːrdʒ] 1252

【释义】

vt.净化；清洗（clear，purify）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：clear，purify，ri nse，cleanse

例句

•Catharsis：In psychodynamic theory，the purging of strong emotions or the relieving of tensions.

在心理动力学的理论里导泻是一种强烈感情的宣泄或压力的释放。

【派生】

purger n.泻药；清洗用品；清除者purgation n.清洗；洗脱罪名；（吃泻药）通便

purgatorial adj.炼狱的；涤罪的

peg[peg] 1013

【释义】

vt.固定，限制（fasten or secure with a wooden pin）

n.钉；桩；栓（a wooden pin）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：nail，fasten

例句

•By contrast，wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work，and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process.相比之下，木质雕像是把多块木

头钉在一起再进行雕刻，而金属雕塑是在木芯外裹上金属薄片，或是再用失蜡烛“抛光”。

prey[preI] 980

【释义】

vi.狩猎，捕食（hunt for）

n.猎物；捕获物；受害者（ani mal hunted or caught for food；a person who is the aim of an

attack）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：hunt，predate，catch

例句

•For example，sea stars prey on a variety of bivalve mol l usks and prevent these bivalves from

monopol izi ng habitats on the sea floor.

比如，海星捕食各种双壳的软体动物，防止这些双壳动物垄断海底。

peck[pek] 877

【释义】

vt.啄（eat li kea bird）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：bite，nip，strike，hit，tap，rap，jab

例句

•The rock pavements are covered with motifs pecked i nto the surface.

这些岩石丘表面都刻有图案。

【派生】

peckish adj.饥饿的；急躁的peck sb.on the cheek轻吻某人

chomp[tʃαːmp] 491

【释义】

vi.大声咀嚼（chew noisily）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：munch，crunch，chew，bite，champ

例句

•It migrates first to unexploited areas and chomps the abundant low-quality stems before moving on.

它首先迁移到未被开垦的区域，并在继续迁移前，吃掉当地充足的低质量食物。

【派生】

chomper n.咀嚼者

stunt[stʌnt] 464

【释义】

vt.阻止，妨碍（prevent the growth or development of）

n.绝技（trick）

【字字珠玑】

Syn.：inhibit，impede，hamper，hinder，restrict

例句

•The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government，so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown.

实行军事统治也强行剥夺了本地领导参与政府事务的机会，因而阻碍了社会的发展，由此播下了不满的种子。

【派生】

stunted adj.发育不良的；长得矮小的