第五节 复合句及从句
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复合句分为并列复合句、从属复合句。
如果并列句中的两个分句也包含从句,并且两个分句以连接词and、or、but等连接,则构成了并列复合句。
从属复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体,通常可以独立存在;从句则是一个句子成分,不能独立存在,但它也有主语部分和谓语部分,就像一个句子一样。
从属复合句中的从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。其中主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句在复合句中起到名词的作用,所以也统称为名词性从句。
连接主句与从句的词叫作连接词或关系词。连接词包括从属连接词(如that, if, whether等)、连接代词(如what, who, which等)、连接副词(如when, where, why等)。
一、 主语从句
在句中起到主语作用的从句就叫主语从句。
(一)that引导的主语从句
that在主语从句中不充当任何句子成分,没有实际意义,一般不省略。
1.that置于句首的主语从句
That light goes faster than sound is known all. 众所周知,光比声音传播速度快。
2.it作形式主语代替主语从句中that引导的主语从句,经常用it代替作为先行词,而将that从句置于句末
It is quite obvious that she is going to be the winner. 很明显,她将成为赢家。
注 意 it引导的主语从句的特别说明
在形式主语it引导的主语从句中,如果it be后面接形容词important / incredible / necessary / strange / surprising / unthinkable / unbelievable或-ed分词advised / demanded / insisted / ordered / required / requested / suggested等,从句中要用虚拟语气should+动词原形,其中should可以省略。
It’s strange that you (should) trust him at that time. 很奇怪你当时竟然相信他。
(二)wh-类疑问词引导的主语从句
wh-类连接词包括连接代词who,whoever,whom,whomever,whose,whosever,what,whatever等和连接副词when,whenever,where,wherever,how,however,why等。其中what除了表示疑问外,还可以表示“……的话/事/东西”。这类连接词引导的主语从句可以置于句首也可以置于句末,当置于句末时,要用形式主语代替。
What we can’t get seems always better that what we have (got). 我们得不到的东西似乎总比我们已经拥有的东西好。
=It seems always better than what we have what we can’t get.
二、 宾语从句
在名词性从句中起到宾语作用的从句叫作宾语从句。宾语从句的连接词主要有that,if,whether和wh-类词。宾语从句又可以分为动词宾语从句、介词宾语从句和形容词宾语从句。
(一)宾语从句的语序
宾语从句中用陈述语序。
I’m wondering if / whether could you help me with me homework. ×
I’m wondering if / whether you could help me with my homework. 我在想你是否可以帮助我做作业。
(二)宾语从句的时态
1.当主句的谓语动词为一般现在时时,宾语从句的时态应根据实际情况使用,可以是任何时态
She says (that) she likes bananas very much. 她说她特别喜欢香蕉。(一般现在时)
She says (that) she will send me an e-mail this afternoon. 她说她今天下去会给我发邮件。(一般将来时)
She doesn’t know who did it. 她不知道是谁做的。(一般过去时)
She says (that) she has never been to Beijing, the capital of China. 她说她从来没去过中国的首都北京。(现在完成时)
2.当主句谓语动词是一般过去时时,从句时态一般用适当的过去时态
He said to his mom that there were no classes yesterday. 他对他妈妈说昨天没有课。(一般过去时)
He said that he was going to take a trip in Zhang Jiajie. 他说他要去张家界旅游。(过去将来时)
He said that he was watching a TV series at that time. 他说他当时正在看一部电视连续剧。(过去进行时)
He said that he had been to Beijing for three times. 他说他去过北京3次了。(过去完成时)
3.当宾语从句描述的是客观事实、真理、自然规律等时,不管主句的时态是哪种,宾语从句的时态都用一般现在时。
He said that he is 2 years younger than his brother. 他说他比他哥哥小2岁。
(三)否定前移
当主句主语是第一人称且时态为一般现在时时,以及主句的谓语动词是believe,consider,expect,fancy,guess,imagine,suppose,think等时,从句的否定要转移到主句上。但这种转移只是形式上的,意义上不变。如果整个句子后面跟有反义疑问句,反义疑问句的谓语动词要与宾语从句保持一致。
I don’t suppose that is their fault, is it? 我认为那不是他的错,是不是?
(四)that引导的宾语从句
that引导宾语从句时没有实际意义,也不充当句子成分,一般可以省略。
I’m extremely sorry that I have troubled you for such a long time. 我真是对不住你,打扰你这么长时间。(形容词宾语从句)
注 意 that不省略的情况
① that位于句首时
That she has never lied I simply don’t believe. 我根本不相信她从来没撒过谎。
② it作形式宾语,that引导的宾语从句放在句末时
Don’t take it for granted that they will accept your proposal. 别想当然地认为他们会接受你的建议。
③ 宾语从句不止一个时,第一个that可以省略,其他的不能省略
She said (that) she would go abroad with her aunt and that she might not come back soon. 她说她将和她姑姑去国外而且可能不会很快回来。
④ 当wh-类词引导的从句和that引导的从句共同作自己的宾语时
I’m sure what we should do and that we will finally win. 我很确定我们该做些什么而且我们最终一定会赢的。
⑤ 宾语从句后面紧跟this / that作主语时
John told me finally that this / that is why he blamed me. 约翰最终告诉了我这/那就是他为什么责备我的原因。
⑥ 宾语从句位于besides,but,except,in等介词后面时
I know nothing about the girl except that she is the daughter of our dean. 我对那女孩一无所知,只知道她是我们院长的女儿。
⑦ 当从句和主句之间有插入语时
I think, in the first place, that we must clean the hall. 我认为,首先,我们必须先打扫会堂。
⑧ 当从句是主从复合句且位于句首时
He said that if he had worked harder, he could have passed the exam. 他说如果他当初更用功一些的话,他已经通过了考试。
(五)if和whether引导的宾语从句
if / whether引导宾语从句时,不充当句子成分,但有具体含义“是否”,且一般不省略。一般情况下两者可以互换。
Nobody knows if / whether she will come to my birthday party. 没人知道她是否会来我的生日派对。
注 意 if和whether不能互换的情况
1.只能用whether的情况
① 引导主语从句且置于句首时
Whether he will come is still a question. 他是否回来还是个问题。
② 引导宾语从句且置于句首时
Whether has left, I can’t say. 我不能确定他是否已经走了。
③ 引导介词宾语从句时
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我担心我是否伤了她的感情。
④ 引导表语从句时
The question is whether we would go on with the project. 问题是我们是否还要继续这个项目。
⑤ 引导的从句后面紧跟有不定式时
I’m not sure whether to stay or leave. 我不知道是该留还是该走。
⑥ 引导同位语从句时
The question whether they need it has not yet been considered. 问题是他们是否需要它还没有被考虑进去。
⑦ 引导让步状语从句时
Whether my parents agree or not, I shall marry her. 不管我父母同意与否, 我都要和她结婚。
⑧ 强调两方面的选择,特别是后面有or not时
Please let me know you will help me or not. 请让我知道你是否能帮我。
⑨ 在discuss,decide,wonder等少数动词后引导宾语从句时
We have discussed whether we should hold the sports meeting next Wednesday. 我们已经讨论过了是否应该在下周三举行运动会。
⑩ 用if会引起歧义时
Could you tell if you know the answer? 你能告诉我你是否知道答案/如果你知道答案请告诉我好吗?
因此,如果要表达的意思是第一个,最好用whether。
2.只能用if的情况
① 表示 “如果”时(这时if引导的是条件状语从句)
Call me if she comes back. 如果她回来了请给我打电话。
② 引导的宾语从句是否定形式时
I don’t care if he will come. 我不关心他是否会来。
(六)wh-类词引导的宾语从句
Do you know who won the first prize? 你知道谁赢得了第一名吗?
Could you tell me what the manager said at the meeting? 你能告诉我经理在会上说了些什么吗?
The police asked the witnesses how the accident happened. 警察问目击者事故是怎么发生的。
No one knows whoever hit the little boy. 没人知道到底是谁打了那个小男孩。
Please figure out when the plane takes off. 请查明一下飞机什么时候起飞。
We are talking about whether we admit him into the club. 我们在讨论是否让他加入社团。
注 意 特殊谓语动词的宾语从句
① 当主句中的谓语动词为assume,believe,consider,feel,find,guess,make,suppose,think等后有宾语补足语时,要用it代替宾语,并将that引导的宾语从句置于句末。
② 当主句动词是表示“喜欢、认为、痛恨”等的hate,have,like,owe, take,take for granted以及表示“注意,留意”的see to的后面有宾语补足语时, 要用it作形式宾语,并将宾语从句后置。
I think it important that we drink plenty of water every day. 我认为每天喝足够的水很重要。
I have made it a rule that I keep doing exercises every morning. 我在每天早晨锻炼身体已经成了习惯。
三、 表语从句
表语从句指在整个句子中起到表语作用的从句。引导表语从句的连接词主要有that, whether, as, as if, as though, because, wh-类词等。
(一)that引导的表语从句
The fact is that we cannot depend on our parents all the time. 事实是我们不可能一直依赖我们的父母。
The reason for her lateness is that her car broke on the way. 她迟到的原因是她的车子在路上抛锚了。
注 意 特殊主语或谓语的表语从句
① 当主句的主语是advice,demand,order,suggestion等表示“建议、要求、命令”等的各词时,表语从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形,其中should可以省略。
My suggestion is that you(should)think it over before you take action. 我的建议是在你采取行动之前要想清楚。
② 主句谓语动词是连系动词如seem, appear等,that引导的从句尚不能确认为表语从句或主语从句。
It seems that he made the mistake again.他似乎又犯了同样的错误。
(二)whether引导的表语从句
The point is whether I should forgive him or not. 关键在于我是否应该原谅他。
(三)as / as if / as though引导的表语从句
Bob looks just as he looked 8 years ago. 鲍勃看起来还和他8年前一样。
注 意 as / as if / as though引导的表语从句的特别说明
① 这类表语从句一般跟在特定的系动词后面,如appear,feel,look,seem,sound,taste等
② 当as if / as though引导的表语从句与事实不相符的时候,要用虚拟语气
It looks he were drunk. 他看起来好像醉了。(但事实上他并没有醉)
It appears as though she had never met her before. 好像她以前从来没有见过他。(但事实是她以前见过他)
(四)because引导的表语从句
It’s just because she is newcome and unfamiliar with the environment. 这仅仅是因为她是新来的,对这儿的环境还不熟悉。
(五)wh-类词引导的表语从句
The problem is who we can turn to for help here. 问题是在这里我们可以向谁寻求帮助。
四、 同位语从句
同位语从句指用来解释说明先行词,即其所修饰名词具体内容与情况的从句,通常可以和先行词画等号。引导同位语从句的连接词有that,whether, who,how,where,why,when等。
(一)分类
1.that引导的同位语从句that引导同位语从句时,不作句子成分,也没有实际含义
The news that our school team won the soccer match encouraged all of us.
我们校队赢了足球比赛的消息鼓舞了我们所有人。
I don’t care about your promise that you will come back to me. 我不在意你会回到我身边的承诺。
2.wh-类词引导的同位语从句 whether引导同位语从句时,意思是“是否”,但不充当句子成分。其他wh-类词在同位语从句中既充当句子成分,也有具体含义
There is still doubt whether he can get through it. 他是否能解决它令人怀疑。
(二)可作为同位语从句先行词的常用名词
advice 建议
belief 相信,信念
doubt 怀疑,疑虑
explanation 解释,说明
fact 事实
fear 害怕
feeling 感觉
hope 希望
idea 主意,想法
news 新闻
opinion 观点
order 命令
possibility 可能性
probability 可能性
question 问题
reply 答复
report 报告,报导
statement 论断
suggestion 建议
thought 想法
truth 事实
understanding 理解
warning 警告
wish 愿望
注 意 其他先行词的从句形式
当同位语从句的先行词为表示“建议、要求、命令”的名词如advice,demand,request,order,suggestion等,从句的谓语动词要用should +动词原形,其中should可以省略。
The government gave order that all the houses here built 50 years ago (should) be pulled down. 政府下令,这儿50年前建的房子都要拆掉。
五、 定语从句
在从属复合句中充当定语的句子叫定语从句,定语从句具有形容词的特性,所以又叫形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,先行词可以是名词、代词和词组等。连接先行词与定语从句的词叫关系词,同时关系词可以起到指代先行词并充当定语从句的组成成分。
(一)定语从句的关系词
(二)关系代词的用法
关系代词指代先行词,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。作宾语时,在口语中往往省略,但位于介词之后时不能省略。
1.that和which的用法
that可以指人或物,指人时可以与who和whom互换,指物时可以与which互换。
which一般指物,指人时往往代指婴儿或人的品质。
Chris is no longer the person that I met 5 years ago. 克里斯已经不再是我5年前见到的克里斯了。(也可以用who或whom)
(1)that和which都指物时,用that不用which的情况
① 先行词是不定代词时,如something,anything,nothing,everything,all, each,both,much,many,little,few,another,none,either,neither等
All that can be done has been done. 一切能做的都已经做了。
② 先行词被all,any,every,few,last,little,much,no,some,the only / very / right / last等修饰时
This is the very dress that I want to buy. 这就是我想要买的那条连衣裙。
③ 先行词前面有形容词最高级或序数词修饰,或者先行词本身就是形容词最高级或序数词时
This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最有趣的书。
④ 先行词既有人又有物时
The people and places that she described in her novel impressed me most. 她小说里描写的人和地方给我留下的印象最深。
⑤ 主句以who或which开头时
Who is the guy that waiting outside? 外面等的那个人是谁?
(2)that和which都指物时,用which不用that的情况
① 关系代词前有介词时
The pen with which you are using is mine. 你现在用的笔是我的。
② 先行词本身是that时
I don’t understand that which he taught me yesterday. 我不明白他昨天教我的那个(知识)。
③ 先行词后面有插入语时
The pants which, as I showed you yesterday, I bought for my son was very expensive. 我昨天给你看的,买给我儿子的那条裤子很贵。
④ 在非限定性定语从句中
She didn’t pass the college entrance exam, which depressed her a lot. 她高考没考过,这使得她很沮丧。
2.who和whom的用法
两者都指人,在从句中who充当主语和宾语,whom只充当宾语。现代英语中who往往可以取代whom
He is the man who left you a letter. 他就是那个给你留信的人。(主语)
I met the lady again this morning who / whom I got to know at the party last night. 今早我又遇见了昨天派对上认识的那位女士。
注意
当关系代词指人直接位于介词后面作宾语时,只能用whom而不能用who。
This is the girl with whom I went to the cinema. 这就是那个昨天和我一起看电影的女孩。
3.who和that的用法
who和that都可以指人,但以下情况只能用who不宜用that。
① 先行词是不定代词one,ones,anyone,anybody等时
The ones who say more but do less always gain less. 那些说得多做得少的人往往获得的更少。
② 先行词是those时
Those who have good manners will be respected by others. 那些有礼貌的人会受到别人的尊重。
③ 在there be开头的句子中
There is a little girl who wants to see you. 有个小女孩想见你。
④ 先行词有较长的后置定语
There little girl is crying in the corner who lost her way while looking for her mother. 那个小女孩在找妈妈的时候迷了路,现在正在角落里哭泣。
4.whose的用法
Do you know the girl whose father is the famous novelist? 你认识那个女孩吗,她爸爸是著名的小说家?
5.as的用法
as用于as we all know和such... as,the same... as等结构中时,引导定语从句。
He is a great father, as is described in the report. 正如报告中描述的那样,他是位伟大的父亲。(主语)
She works very hard and always gets good grades, as we all know. 我们都知道,她学习很刻苦而且总是取得好成绩。(宾语)
Things are not the same as they used to be. 事情变得和以前都不一样了。(表语)
You can take as many fruit as you can. 你能拿多少水果就拿多少。(can后省略take,所以as在从句中作宾语)
(三)关系副词的用法
关系副词修饰先行词,在从句中作状语,一般不省略。
1.when的用法
when引导定语从句,在从句中作时间状语,其先行词一般为不是时间的词,如:day,morning,week,years,time等,有时也可以和一些介词一起引导定语从句。
Do you still remember the date when we had a picnic together? 你还记得我们一起野餐是哪一天吗?
2.where的用法
where引导定语从句,在从句中作地点状语,其先行词一般为不是地点的词,如:place,spot,room,city等。
Last year I went back to the mountain village with my parents where I was born. 去年我和父母回到了我出生的山村。
3.why的用法
why引导定语从句,在从句中作原因状语,其先行词只有reason,且why常可以省略。
I don’t want to listen to any reason why you are late again. 我不想听任何关于你又一次迟到的理由。
(四)关系词的省略
1.关系代词的省略
关系代词在从句中作动词宾语、表语、介词宾语(且介词在从句句末)时,可以省略。
I didn’t regret the decision (that / which) I made just now. 我不后悔我刚才做的决定。
2.关系副词的省略
当先行词是the place, the reason, the way等时,关系副词可以省略。
This is not the reason (why) I hate you. 这并不是我恨你的原因。
I dislike the way (that) you speak to him. 我不喜欢你对他说话的方式。
(五)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的特点
限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词起限定、制约、修饰的作用,以使先行词的含义更具体、更明确,与先行词的关系密切,如果省略,则句意不完整。
A messenger is a person who deliver letters. 信差就是送信的人。
非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用,即使去掉,主句的意义仍然完整。非限制性定语从句与主句之间用逗号隔开。汉译时常不将其作为定语,而是根据句意翻译成其他成分。非限制性定语从句不能用that引导,关系词不能省略。
I made coffee for my colleagues, which I used to do every day. 我给同事煮咖啡,这是我以前每天都做的事。
2.运用非限制性定语从句的情况
(1)当关系代词指代的是整个主句
The fire last for a whole night, which caused great damage. 大火持续了一整夜,这造成了巨大的损失。
(2)当先行词是专有名词或指的是世界上独一无二的事物
James, who taught us English last year, resigned this semester. 詹姆斯,去年教我们英语,这学期辞职了。
(3)当从句有some / many / much / few / a few / little / most / half of+ which / whom结构
There are too much information on the Internet, some of which is not that reliable. 网上的信息非常多,其中一些并不怎么可靠。
(4)先行词指的是某人的一个亲属
I have a cousin, who runs a big company. 我有一个表哥,他经营一家大公司。(只有一个表哥)
My aunt, who is an English teacher, is very strict with her students. 我姑姑是位英语老师,她对学生很严格。(只有一个姑姑)
注 意 句子含义比较
There are ten students in the class who speak English very fluently.
班里有10个英语说得很流利的学生。(班里不只10个学生)
There are ten students in the class, who speaks English very fluently.
班里有10个学生,他们的英语说得很流利。(班里只有10个学生)
3.which与as引导的非限制性定语从句的区别
as引导非限制性定语从句,在从句中作主语或宾语。意为“正如,像, 由……而知,与……一致”,翻译时有时不翻译出来。其只代表主语或主句的一部分所表达的意思(不能指代某个名词或代词),可以放在主句前面、后面或中间,as从句表示说话人的看法、态度或解释评论。
which引导非限制性定语从句时,只能位于主句即被修饰句子的后面,意为 “这一点或这件事”等。其在从句中一般用作实义动词的主语。它所引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间常含有并列关系或因果关系。
As is often the case, she tends to be nervous when standing on the stage. 她一站在台上就会紧张,情况常常如此。
Taiwan is an inseparable part of China, as is known to all. 人人皆知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
= Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China.
以下情况用which但不宜用as。
① 在从句中作定语或介词宾语
Sue might not come, in which case I’ll ask her the reason. 苏可能不来,要是这样的话我会问她原因的。
② 从句中的be不能省略
He told me he passed the exam, which was totally a lie. 他告诉我说他通过考试了,这完全是个谎言。
③ 从句谓语动词是否定形式
She pretended not to know me at the party, which I really didn’t understand.
晚会上她装作不认识我,这我一点都不明白。
④ 从句谓语动词带复合宾语结构
He is not interested in any course, which I find quite puzzled. 没有一门课程是他感兴趣的,这使我感到十分不解。
(六)介词+关系代词
1.介词+ which
此结构可以与关系副词when, there, why以及that相等,在从句中充当时间、地点、原因、方式等状语。
This is the village in which (=where) I was born. 这就是我出生的村子。 There is no reason for which (=why) we should be good friends. 我们没有理由成为好朋友。
注意
that用在表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的先行词后引导定语从句, 在从句中作状语,相当于关系副词和“介词+which”引导的定语从句。在口语中that常常省略。这类常用的先行词有the time / day,the place,the reason,the way 等。在这种情况下介词+which可以取代that。
Winter is the best time (that= in which=when) the children could play with snow and have great fun. 冬天是孩子们玩雪和获得快乐的最好的时间。
It took me ages to find a place (in which=that=where) I could stay for the night. 我花了很长时间才找到一个我能过夜的地方。
2.介词+ whom / whose 此结构引导的定语从句没有相应的替代词
This is Alexander in whose house I met my fiancee. 这是亚历山大,在他家里我遇见了我的未婚妻。
3.名词/代词+介词+关系代词
此结构常见的有a few / a little / many / more / most / several / some / the smallest + of which / whom等。
These are the questions, some of which I think are very easy for you. 就是这些问题,其中一些我认为对你来说很简单。
注 意 介词+关系代词中介词的使用原则
① 依据介词与从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配
There are many books in my bedroom, on which I spent a lot of money. 我卧室里面有很多书,这些书花了我很多钱。
② 依据介词与先行词搭配的具体意义
I will never forget the time during which I stayed with you. 我将永远不会忘记和你在一起的时光。
③ 依据从句要表达的意思
There are some severe mistakes in your paper, except for which it would be a great work.你论文里面有几处严重错误,要不是这几个错误, 你的论文将是非常好的作品。
④ 不定式前加介词,起到强调先行词的作用。
Here is the money with which to buy a pair of new shoes. 这是(给你)买新鞋的钱。
(七)定语从句与同位语从句
在形式结构上,同位语从句和定语从句基本相同,都跟在名词或代词之后, 且常由that引导;但是,同位语从句的有些用法是独有的,定语从句不能用。
1.相同点
(1)都可以译成定语
The news that you told us is really encouraging. 你告诉我们的消息真是令人鼓舞。(定语从句)
The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. 我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。(同位语从句)
(2)都可以用that引导
The suggestion that is worth considering is that we should have a try first.
值得考虑的建议是我们应该先尝试一次。(定语从句)
The suggestion that we should have try first is worth considering. 我们应该先尝试一次的建议值得考虑。(同位语从句)
2.不同点
(1)先行词不同
同位语从句的先行词大都是具有具体信息或内涵的抽象名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分甚至整个句子。
Those who still do not understand raise your hands, please. 还是不明白的人请举手。(定语从句)
There is no doubt that the price of meat will continue to go up. 毫无疑问,肉的价格将会继续上涨。(同位语从句)
(2)与先行词的关系不同
同位语从句是对先行词进行进一步的解释说明,两者之间是同位或等同的关系,属于名词性从句的范畴;而定语从句对先行词起到修饰和限制的作用,它们之间是所属关系,表示“……的”,属于形容词性从句的范畴。
The story that he told us interested all of us. 他给我们讲的故事我们都很感兴趣。(他讲的故事)(定语从句)
The news that I had passed the exam made my parents very happy. 我通过了考试的消息使我父母非常高兴。(消息就是我通过了考试)(同位语从句)
(3)引导词that的作用不同
that引导同位语从句时,是连词,只起到连接作用,不充当任何句子成分,也不能省略和被which替换;而that引导定语从句时,是关系代词,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语等,指物时可以与which互换,作宾语时往往可以省略。
The issue that (which) we talked about is very important. 我们讨论的问题很重要。(定语从句,that作talk about的宾语)
The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody. 他的实验成功了的事实使每个人都很高兴。(同位语从句,that连接fact和he succeeded in the experiment,不充当句子成分)
六、 状语从句
状语从句是指在主从复合句中起到修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词和副词作用的从句。由于其具有副词的性质特征,所以也把它叫作副词性从句。状语从句一般可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、目的状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句和比较状语从句。
(一)时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的引导词及其意义
When you are crossing the street, you can’t be too careful. 当你过马路时,再怎么小心都不为过。
He rushed in while we are discussing the project. 当我们正在讨论那个项目的时候,他冲了进来。
Everyday the students cleaned classroom before they went home. 每天学生在回家之前都打扫教室。
After you finish your meal, you should wash your own dish. 你吃完饭后应该洗你自己的碗。
The fog disappeared as the sun rose. 太阳一出来雾就消散了。
(二)地点状语从句
地点状语从句的常用引导词有where,everywhere,anywhere,nowhere,wherever等。
Wherever I go, I am mistaken for my twin brother. 无论我走到哪里,都被误认为是我的孪生哥哥。(句首)
Put the medicine where the children could not reach. 把药放在孩子拿不到的地方。(句末)
Just stay where you are and don’t move until I come back. 就待在你现在的地方不要动,直到我回来。(句中)
注 意 句子转换
where引导的地点主语从句可以转换为定语从句,只要在where前加上介词+ the / any... + place(s)。
Just stay in the place where you are and don’t move until I come back. 就待在你现在待的地方,直到我回来。
(三)目的状语从句
目的状语从句的常用引导词有so, so that, in order / case that, for fear that, for the purpose that, lest等。
Speak slowly so (that) the students can follow you. 讲慢点说以便学生能跟上你。
注 意 so that的省略
so that引导目的状语从句时,有时可以省略so,有时也可以省略that。
Hang it higher that the children will not be able to touch it. 挂高点这样孩子们就不能摸到了。
(四)原因状语从句
1.原因状语从句的主要引导词比较
Because we lack stronger players, we lost the game. 因为我们缺少强势队员,所以我们输了比赛。
The housewife didn’t notice the thief came in as she fell asleep. 那个主妇因为睡着了没有发现小偷溜进来。
Since you have finished your homework, why not join us and have fun? 既然你已经完成了作业,为什么不加入我们来轻松一下呢?
注 意 易引起歧义的“because”
because引导原因状语从句,主句的谓语动词是否定形式时,从句的意思应该根据上下文确定,否则会产生歧义。
I did not buy the dress because it’s so cheap.
① 我没有买那条连衣裙,因为它太便宜。
② 我不是因为那条连衣裙很便宜才买它的。
I did not buy the dress, because it’s too cheap. 我没有买那条连衣裙,因为它太便宜了。
2.其他关联词引导的原因状语从句
I prefer this hat in that it’s more suitable for me. 喜欢这顶帽子因为它更适合我。
Now (that) she has come, you may as well let her stay. 既然她都来了,你还是让她留下吧。
Seeing / Considering (that) you are inexperienced, you are not fit for this position. 既然/考虑到你没有经验,你不适合这个职位。
(五)结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的关联词主要有so that,so... that,such... that等。
I studied very hard this time so that I pass the exam. 这次我非常用功地学习,所以通过了考试。
She was angry that she couldn’t say any words. 她气得一句话都说不出来。
His father beat him with such force that his leg fractured. 他父亲打得太用力,结果他的腿骨折了。
(1)so... that与such... that的异同点
so... that与such... that都作“如此……以致”解,连接一个表示结果的状语从句,但用法不同。so... that中,so后边可加形容词或副词,而such后边要用名词(这个名词前面可以带形容词,也可以不带)。下面是两者的主要结构。
① so... that用于以下四个句型:
so +形容词/副词+ that...
so +形容词+a / an+单数可数名词+ that...
so + many / few +复数可数名词+ that...
so + much / little +不可数名词+ that...
This teacher is so kind that we all like him. 这个老师非常和蔼,我们都喜欢他。
He ran so quickly that no one else could catch up with him. 他跑得很快,其他人都追不上他。
注意
若little表示“小”时,要用such。
He is such a little boy that he can’t hold the dish. 他是这么小的小孩,握不住盘子。
② such... that用于以下4个句型
such + a / an +形容词+单数可数名词+ that...
such +形容词+复数可数名词+ that...
such +形容词+不可数名词+ that...
such +不可数名词+ that...
This is such an interesting book that I enjoy reading it very much. 这本书很有趣,我非常喜欢看。
They are such interesting books that I enjoy reading them very much. 这些书很有趣,我很喜欢看。
He shut the window with such (great) force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用力太大,以至于玻璃都震破了。
(2)so that与so... that比较
① so that可以引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句。
引导目的状语从句时,表示“以便;为了”,从句中常使用情态动词或其他助动词;引导结果状语从句时,表示“因此;所以”,从句中一般不用can和may等词,在so that前可以用逗号。
The little boy saved every coin so that he could buy his mother a present on Mother’s day. 小男孩把每一个硬币都攒起来以便在母亲节时能给母亲买礼物。(目的状语从句)
She bought a digital camera online so that she would save a lot of time. 她在网上买了一架数码相机,这样她省了不少时间。(结果状语从句)
② so... that只引导结果状语从句
The coffee is so hot that I can’t drink now. 咖啡太热了,以至于我现在不能喝它。
注意
当so... that引导的从句是肯定句时,相当于be... enough to do;而当从句是否定句时,相当于too... to“太……以至于不能”。
(六)条件状语从句
条件状语从句一般由if和unless引导,意为“假如”。在含有条件状语从句的复合句中,表示将来时态时,主句是一般将来时态,从句要用一般现在时、祈使句或情态动词。
1.if引导的条件状语从句
① 真实条件句
I’ll buy a new pair of sneakers if I am able to save up enough money. 如果我能攒够钱的话我要买一双新球鞋。
② 非真实条件句即不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件,也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设,从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时。
We would have arrived much earlier if we had not been caught in the traffic.
如果没有堵车,我们会到的早一点儿。(可是实际上我们来迟了)。
2.unless引导的条件状语从句
unless表示“除非,若不,除非在……的时候”,相当于“if... not”,语气较强,一般不用于虚拟语气。
Unless the weather was bad, I always used to take a walk after supper. 除非天气不好,晚饭之后我总是要出去散步。
3.其他引导词引导的条件状语从句
I can tell you the truth on condition (that) you promise to keep a secret. 我可以告诉你真相,条件是你答应保密。
Suppose you had a million dollars, how would you spend it? 假设你有100万美元,你将怎样花它?
I will agree to go provided / providing (that) my dog is looked after by someone. 我同意去除非有人照顾我的狗。
As long as it doesn’t rain, we can play basketball outside. 只要不下雨,我们就可以在外面打篮球。
You’d better take an umbrella with you in case it rains. 你最好带把伞以防下雨。
But for your help, I should not have finished it in time. 要不是你帮忙,我肯定不能及时完成任务。
If only you had come, you would have met him. 要是你当时来了的话,你已经见到他了。
Only if you get the license, you can drive. 只要你拿到了驾照,你就可以开车了。
(七)让步状语从句
1.引导让步状语从句的常用关联词有though, although, even though / if, as等
Although he is poor, he lives very happily. 虽然他很贫穷,但是他生活得很快乐。
She will persevere in doing it, though she may fail. 即使她会失败,她还是坚持做下去。
We shall go on our trip even if / though it continues to rain heavily. 即使大雨继续下下去,我们还要继续我们的旅行。
Late as it was, he continued to study. 尽管很晚了,他还在学习。
Child as she is, she knows a lot. 虽然她很小,她知道得很多。
2.其他不常用的引导词when, while, whether... or... ,wh-ever类词
He gave up when he shall go on. 尽管他应该继续下去,但他放弃了。
While I understand your situation, I can not help you. 尽管我理解你的处境,我还是不能帮你。
(八)方式状语从句
方式状语从句一般由连词as(正如;就像), as if / though(好像;宛如),(just)as... so...(正如)引导。
1.as,(just)as... so... 引导的方式状语从句
此类方式状语从句通常位于主句之后,但也可以位于句首。当(just)as.. so...位于句首时,as从句带有比喻的意义,意为“正如……”“就像……”,多用于正式文体。
Why didn’t you catch the last bus as I told you to? 你为什么没照我说的赶上最后一趟公交车?
(Just) As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。
As me, she enjoys dancing to music. 像我一样,她喜欢跟着音乐跳舞。
2.as if, as though引导的方式状语从句
as if, as though意为“仿佛……似的”“好像……似的”。引导的方式状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示一种现象、状态或与假设的事件等。有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。这两个连词经常用在be动词, 连系动词appear,behave,fell,look,seem,smell,sound,taste等及其他描写行为举止的动词之后。
They looked as if / though they knew each other well. 他们看起来很了解彼此。
He looks as if / though he had been hit by lightning. 他看起来像被雷击中了一样。(虚拟)
The Dean cleared his throat as if to say something. 院长清了清嗓子,像是要说些什么。
3.其他引导词引导的方式状语从句
(1)the way
Please do the way I do. 请照我做的方式做。
(2)like用在口语中
He loves me like father. 他像父亲般地爱我。
(九)比较状语从句
比较状语从句表示比较、比例、模拟等,通常由as或than引导。不同于其他状语从句,比较状语从句不修饰动词,而是修饰as,so,less,more等副词,或其他比较级的词。其主要结构如下。
1.等比句结构
等比句表示两个人和事物在性质、特征等方面相似或相等。被比对象可能是从句中的主语,也可能是宾语或其他成分。
(1)主语+谓语+as +形容词/副词+ as +被比对象
注意:两个as,作用不同,前一个as是副词,在主句中说明所比较内容的程度,后一个as是连词,含有“比”“如同”的意思,它所引导的从句通常是省略形式。
Chemistry is as important as mathematics (is). 化学和数学一样重要。
Please take as much as you want. 想拿多少就拿多少。
(2)the same as, such... as结构
Your T-shirt is the same as your Andy’s. 你的T恤和安迪的一样。
I enjoy such songs as this one. 我喜欢像这首歌一样的歌。
2.不等比句结构
不等比句表示两个人或事物在性质、特征等方面的不相似或不相同之处。
(1)主语+谓语+ not so / as +形容词/副词+(名词)+ as +被比对象
He is not so old as he looks. 他实际没有看起来那么老。
There was no garden so lovely as his in the town. 镇上没有比他的花园更美的花园了。=镇上就他的花园最漂亮。
注意
有时as看起来像是从句的主语,其实是从句的主语省略了。
She seemed to understand human nature as well as does science.
= She seemed to understand human nature as well as she understands science. 她似乎很了解人性,就像她很懂科学一样。
(2)not the same as, not such... as结构
Your backpack is not the same as your brother’s. 你的双肩背包和你弟弟的不一样。
I haven’t ever met such a man as your younger brother. 我以前从没遇到过像你弟弟这样的人。
(3)主语+谓语+形容词/副词比较级+ than +被比对象
此结构中,than是个连词。如果被比较的对象为名词或代词,一般采用省略形式,即省去与主句中相同的部分。
This scarf is better than that one. 这条围巾比那条好。
He drives faster and more dangerously than you (do). 他开车比你快,更危险。
注 意 比较状语从句的补充说明
当than后直接跟从句的谓语时,我们可以把它看成是省略了某些词语。
She danced much better tonight than could have been expected.
= She danced much better tonight than she could have been expected.
她今晚跳舞跳得比预想中的要好很多。
另外,有时主句中的比较对象含蓄,后面往往只是一个表示时间或条件的修饰语。这时,就应该根据上下文来判断。
This medicine makes him less ill-tempered than before. 这种药使得他的脾气没有以前那样暴躁了。
than引导的从句有时可放句首。
Than he no one could solve the problem with a better way. 没有人能想出比他更好的解决这个问题的方法了。
在一定上下文中,从句还可以省略。
You ought to behave more politely. 你应该表现得更礼貌些。
(4)主语+谓语+形容词/副词最高级+(名词)+范围
此结构中,形容词最高级的前面要加定冠词the,后面可跟名词。副词最高级的前面加不加the均可,只能修饰动词。比较的范围一般是短语或从句。
She is the most active girl in our class. 她是我们班上最活泼的女孩。
(5)……否定词…… + 比较级……
I have never seen a taller building. 我从没见过(比这)更高的楼房。
(6)……否定词语…… + so + 形容词/副词 + as + 比较对象
I have never been so sad as I am today. 我从来没有像今天这么伤心。
(7)more... than any other...
He is more diligent than any other students in the class. 他比班里的任何一个学生都勤奋。
(8)as... as any...
Changjiang river is as long as any other rivers in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。
3.比例句
比例句结构“the +比较级,the +比较级”,此结构表示比例,意思是“越……,就越……”。后面跟的是形容词或副词的比较级。通常前面为条件从句,后面为结果主句。
The more she thought, the angrier she grew. 她想得越多就越生气。
但有时候,主句可以在前,从句在后。
Others will trust us the more, the more we trust them. 我们越信任别人,别人就会越信任我们。
注 意 省略句型与半倒装语序
省略句型
The more, the better. 越多越好。
The sooner, the worse. 越快越糟。
The smaller the mind, the greater the conceit. 心胸越狭小,就会越自以为是。
主句用半倒装语序,以保持句子的平衡。
The more you listen, the better will you speak. 听得越多,就会说得越好。
4.模拟句
模拟句表示两类事物的相同或相似关系,通常用连词引导从句。其主要结构如下。
(1)A is to B what / as C is to D.
Air is to human being what / as water is to fish. 空气对人而言就像水对鱼一样重要。
(2)A does for B what C does for D.
Leaves do for plants what lungs do for animals. 树叶是植物的肺。
(3)A is that to B which C is to D.
Intellect is that to the mind which sight is to the body. 知识是心灵的窗户。
(4)A does that for B which C does for D.
Railways do that for a country which blood vessels do for a man’s body. 铁路是一座城市的动脉。