LIST 2
acquire [ə’kwaɪə(r)] ★★★★★
v. 获得
➢ A ll children can effectively be taught to acquire different skills, including those associated with sport, art or music. (C7T1) 所有的孩子都可以被有效地教导去习得不同的技能，包括那些与运动、艺术或音乐相关的技能。
practice [‘præktɪs] ★★★★★
n. 练习
➢ A child can acquire these skills with continued teaching and guided practice. (C7T1) 一个孩子可以通过持续的教学和指导练习来习得这些技能。
differen tiate [ˌdɪfə’renʃIeɪt] ★★★★
v. 区分
➢ Some people believe that innate talent is what differentiates a person who has been trained to play a sport or an instrument, from those who become good players. (C7T1) 有些人认为，天赋能把那些受过训练从事运动或演奏乐器的人与优秀运动员和演奏者区分开来。
technique [tek’niːk] ★★★★
n. 技巧；技术
➢ There is more to the skill than a learned technique, and this extra talent cannot be taught. (C7T1) 技能不仅仅是一种习得的技巧，而且这种特别的天赋是不可能被传授的。
gene [dʒiːn] ★★★
n. 基因
➢ I personally think that some people do have talents that are probably inherited via their genes. (C7T1) 我个人认为有些人的天赋可能是通过他们的基因遗传得来的。
hard-working ['hɑrd'w\:kIK] ★★★★★
adj. 勤奋的
➢ Such talents can give individuals a facility for certain skills that allow them to excel, while more hard-working students never manage to reach a comparable level. (C7T1) 这些天赋让人具备某种技能，使他们能够脱颖而出，而一些更勤奋的学生则永远无法达到一个可与之媲美的水平。
mutually [‘m juːtʃuəli] ★★★★
adv. 相互地
➢ But, as with all questions of nature versus nurture, they are not mutually exclusive. (C7T1) 但是，就像所有关于先天和后天的问题一样，它们并不是相互排斥的。
succeed [sək’siːd] ★★★★★
v. 成功
➢ Good musicians or artists and exceptional sports stars have probably succeeded because of both good training and natural talent. (C7T1)优秀的音乐家、艺术家和杰出的体育明星成功了是因为他们受到了良好的训练并且又有天赋。
continuous [kən’tInjJəs] ★★★★★
adj. 不断的
➢ Without the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive. (C7T1) 如果没有天赋，持续的训练既不会有吸引力，也不会有成效。
train [treɪn] ★★★★★
v. 培训；训练
➢ Without the training, the children would not learn how to exploit and develop their talent. (C7T1) 没有训练，孩子们就不会学习如何开发和培养他们的天赋。
skill [skɪl] ★★★★★
n. 技能
➢ I agree that any child can be taught particular skills. (C7T1) 我同意任何孩子都可以被教授特定的技能。
require [rɪ’kwaɪə(r)] ★★★★★
v. 需要；要求；必须
➢ To be really good in areas such as m usic, art or sport, then som e natural talent is required. (C7T1) 要想在音乐、艺术或体育等领域保持良好的竞技能力，就必须有一些天赋。
member [‘membə(r)] ★★★★★
n. 成员
➢ Some people think that parents should teach children how to be good members of society. (C8T1) 有些人认为父母应该教孩子如何成为好的社会成员。
basic [‘beɪsɪk] ★★★★★
adj. 基本的
➢ A child’s education has never been about learning information and basic skills only. (C8T1) 孩子的教育从来都不是仅仅只关于学习获取信息和基本技能。
generation [ˌdʒenə’reɪʃn] ★★★★★
n. 一代人
➢ It has always included teaching the next generation how to be good members of society. (C8T1) 它（教育）一直包括教导下一代如何成为好的社会成员。
responsibility [rɪˌspɒnsə’bɪləti] ★★★★★
n. 责任
➢ Therefore, this cannot be the responsibility of the parents alone. (C8T1) 因此，这不能仅仅只是父母的责任。
community [kə’m juːnəti] ★★★★★
adj. 社区；社会
➢ In order to be a good member of any society the individual must respect and obey the rules of their community and contribute to their community and share their values. (C8T1) 为了成为任何一个社会的好成员，个人必须尊重和遵守他们社区的规则，对社区贡献自己的力量并分享他们的价值。
v. 行为规矩(或得体)，循规蹈矩地行事；听话；有礼貌
➢ They(Parents) will certainly be the first to help children learn what is important in life, how they are expected to behave and what role they will play in their world. (C8T1) 他们（家长）肯定是最开始帮助孩子们去学习生活中重要的东西，如何才能举止得当，以及他们将在自己的世界中起什么作用。
achieve [ə’tʃiːv] ★★★★★
v. 完成；实现
➢ However, learning to understand and share the value system of a whole society cannot be achieved just in the home. (C8T1) 然而，学会理解和分享整个社会的价值体系，是不可能仅仅在家中实现的。
peer [pɪə(r)] ★★★★★
n. 同龄人
➢ Once a child goes to school, they are entering a w ider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home. (C8T1) 一旦孩子上了学校，他们就进入了一个更广阔的环境，在这样一个环境中，老师和同龄人对他们的影响力与父母对他们的影响力一样大。
background [‘bækɡraʊnd] ★★★★★
n. 背景
➢ At school, children will experience working and living with people from a whole variety of backgrounds from the w ider society. (C8T1)在学校，孩子们将会和来自更广泛的各种社会背景的人一起工作和生活。
co-operate [‘kəʊ’ɒpəreɪt] ★★★★★
v. 与……合作
➢ This experience should teach them how to co-operate with each other and how to contribute to the life of their community. (C8T1) 这段经历应该教会他们如何合作，如何为他们的社区生活作出贡献。
valuable [‘væljuəbl] ★★★★★
adj. 有价值的
➢ But to be a valuable member of any community is not like learning a simple skill. (C8T1) 但是，成为任何一个社区的重要成员，和学习一种简单的技能不一样。
active [‘æktɪv] ★★★★★
adj. 积极的
➢ It is the responsibility of every member of a society to take responsibility for helping the younger generation to become active and able members of that society. (C8T1) 一个社会的每个成员都有责任帮助年轻一代成为这个社会积极和有能力的成员。
primary [‘praɪməri] ★★★★★
adj. 基本的；初级的
➢ Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school. (C9T1) 一些专家认为，孩子从小学而不是从中学开始学习外语会更好。
secondary [‘sekəndri] ★★★★
adj. 中等的
➢ Traditionally, children have begun studying foreign languages at secondary school. (C9T1) 以前，孩子们从中学开始学习外语。
educationalist [ˌedʒu’keɪʃənəlɪst] ★★★★★
n. 教育工作者；教育家
➢ Introducing foreign language learning earlier is recommended by some educationalists. (C9T1) 一些教育家建议更早些引进外语学习。
authority [ɔː‘θɒrəti] ★★★★★
n. 权威人士
➢ This policy has been adopted by some educational authorities or individual schools, with both positive and negative outcomes. (C9T1)这一政策既有优点，也有缺点，已被一些教育机构或个别学校采用。
teenager [‘tiːneɪdʒə(r)] ★★★★★
n. 12至18岁的青少年
➢ Young children pick up languages much more easily than teenagers. (C9T1) 小孩子比青少年更容易开始语言学习。
facilitate [fə’sɪlɪteɪt] ★★★★★
v. 促进
➢ Their brains are still programmed to acquire their mother tongue, which facilitates learning another language. (C9T1) 他们的大脑仍设定（学习其他语言）为学习母语，这有利于学习另一种语言。
n. 青少年
➢ Un like ado lescents, the children are not inhibited by selfconsciousness. (C9T1) 孩子们不像青少年，他们不受自我意识的限制。
play-centred ['pleI'setYd] ★★★★★
adj. 以玩乐为中心的
➢ The greater flexibility of the primary timetable allows for more frequent, shorter sessions and for a play-centred approach, thus maintaining learners’ enthusiasm and progress. (C9T1) 有更高灵活性的小学时间安排能够采用更频繁、更短的教学和一种以玩乐为中心的方法，从而保持学习者的热情和进步。
exposure [ɪk’spəʊʒə(r)] ★★★★
n. 接触
➢ Their command of the language in later life will benefit from this early exposure, while learning other languages subsequently will be easier for them. (C9T1) 在以后的生活中，他们对语言的掌握将会从早期的学习中受益，而之后学习其他语言则会更容易。
gain [ɡeɪn] ★★★★★
v. 获得
➢ They may also gain a better understanding of other cultures. (C9T1)他们也可能对其他文化有更好的了解。
disadvan tage [ˌdɪsəd’vɑːntɪdʒ] ★★★★★
n. 缺点，不利条件
➢ There are, however, some disadvantages. (C9T1) 然而，也存在一些缺点。
generalist [‘dʒenrəlɪst] ★★★★
n. 全才
➢ Primary school teachers are generalists, and may not have the necessary language skills themselves. (C9T1) 小学教师是全才，然而他们自己可能都没有必备的语言技能。
specialist [‘speʃəlɪst] ★★★★
n. 专家
➢ If specialists have to be brought in to deliver these sessions, the flexibility referred to above is dim inished. (C9T1) 如果需要引入专家来教授这些课程，那么之前提到的灵活性就会降低。
pupil [‘pjuːpl] ★★★★
n. 小学生
➢ Enthusiastic primary pupils become demotivated as soon as they change schools. (C9T1) 一旦换学校，有学习热情的小学生就会失去动力。
address [ə’dres] ★★★★★
v. 解决
➢ However, these issues can be addressed strategically within the policy adopted. (C9T1) 然而，已经采纳的政策可以战略性地解决这些问题。
culturally [‘kʌltʃərəli] ★★★★
adv. 在文化方面
➢ Anything which encourages language learning benefits society culturally and economically. (C9T1) 任何鼓励语言学习的事情，都使得社会在文化方面和经济方面受益。
contribute [kən’trɪbjuːt] ★★★★★
v. 有助于
➢ Early exposure to language learning contributes to this. (C9T1) 早期的语言学习有助于这一点。