07 Internet Is Changing Publishing网络改变出版
导读
本文谈的是通过互联网发表研究成果的一种新方式，指出了三大业务模式。第一段先谈传统的杂志出版（论文发表）流程，这种出版流程使科学工作者只有订购了该科学杂志才可以获得科学的结果。文章第二段介绍一种新型的出版方式——网络出版，使得科技人员容易获得科学结果。第三段谈到科学的价值和投资回报取决于杂志的发行量和易获得性。第四段具体介绍了这一新趋势的主要出版模式。
It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors' names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it, is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development（OECD）has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.
This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author（or his employer）to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.
过去在期刊上发表论文是很简单直接的。在同一个实验室工作的一组人员会将他们的研究成果投给某家期刊。杂志编辑会将作者名字和附件从论文上删去再交给同领域的其他研究者进行审阅。编辑将根据得到的评价决定是发表论文还是退回稿件。版权归杂志发行人所有，研究人员要查询有关知识成果必须先购买杂志。
但这已成为历史。互联网以及来自资金提供部门的压力——这些组织一直质疑为什么商业发行人通过限制资源来从政府资助的研究项目中牟利——使取得科技研究成果成为现实。经济合作和发展组织最新发布了一项报告描述了这将产生意义深远的结果。这篇报告由澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰·胡顿和经合组织的格拉汗·维克里合作完成，迄今已经获利丰厚的发行人来读这篇文章必定如芒在背。但是它的意义不仅如此，它标志着到现在为止一直是科学研究中的关键的东西将会发生改变。
知识的价值和在研究上的公共投资回报部分取决于广大的发行量和现成的途径。这是一桩大生意。美国核心科技出版市场据估计市值在70亿美元到110亿美元之间。国际科技医学出版商协会表示世界范围内超过2000个出版机构是专注于这一些领域。他们每年在16000多种杂志上刊载出超过120万篇文章。
这些正在发生改变。根据经合组织的报告，75%的学术期刊在互联网上都能找到。全新的商业模式正在形成；三大主要研究单位订阅者通过网站许可协议购买网上期刊合集的使用权。还有一种开放式发行，一般需要作者（或者其雇主）为发表的论文付费。最后，还有一种开放路径的档案库，由一些如大学或者研究院所的实验室等机构扶持建立。其他类型的模式主要是这三种模式混合而成。延时开放阅览——期刊前六个月只允许订阅者阅读论文，然后对所有想读该论文的人免费开放。所有以上所述都可能改变同行审阅流程的传统模式，至少对论文发行来讲是如此。
Cloze
完形填空
This is now changing. 1 to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. 2 new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access 3 a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author（or his employer）to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, 4 journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, 5 making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at 6 for the publication of papers.
Key
1. According 2. Entirely 3. to 4. where 5. before 6. least
Translation Practices
翻译练习
（1）Textual Translation（篇章翻译）
过去在期刊上发表论文是很简单直接的。在同一个实验室工作的一组人员会将他们的研究成果投给某家期刊。杂志编辑会将作者名字和附件从论文上删去再交给同领域的其他研究者进行审阅。编辑将根据得到的评价决定是发表论文还是退回稿件。版权归杂志发行人所有，研究人员要查询有关知识成果必须先购买杂志。
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（2）Sentence Translation（句子翻译）
子曰：“视其所以，观其所由，察其所安，人焉瘦哉？人焉瘦哉？”
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参考译文
(1) It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors' names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
(2) Confucius said, “If you want to know a person, you should analyze the motives of his words and deeds, observe the way he takes and examine what he is up to with ease of mind. If so, how can a person cover up himself? How can a person cover up himself?”