中国矿业大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析
Part I Reading Comprehension
1.【答案】D
【解析】本题为细节题。根据第二段第一句话“Make no mistake: in many cases the love e-mail messages significantly resemble their aromatic predecessors.”可知,在很多情况下,爱情e-mail短信息与传统信件惊人地相似。因此D选项正确。
2.【答案】C
【解析】本题为细节题。根据第三段最后三句话“Even in the love letters of the 19th century, one often found the letter X as a symbol of a kiss. Many paper love letters would have three Xs at the bottom as a closing. And this symbol is often used today between lovers in their e-mail messages.”可知,甚至在19世纪的情书中,就可以发现人们经常以字母X作为接吻的符号,许多纸情书一般以3个X作为结束语。而这一符号如今也用在爱情e-mail中。由此可知,3个X仍代表“three kisses”。因此C选项正确。
3.【答案】A
【解析】本题为推断题。根据最后一段前两句话“…classic love letters on paper still have a special meaning, the experts say. Ink on paper simply affects many people more strongly than lines on a computer screen.”可知,专家认为传统信件仍然具有特殊含义,纸张情书比电脑屏幕上出现的字更能感动许多人。因此A选项正确。
4.【答案】B
【解析】本题为态度推理题。通读全文可知,作者阐述了传统的纸情书和e-mail或手机短信情书各自的优缺点,但作者并没有发表自己的观点,只是介绍了专家的观点,由此可知,作者态度是客观的阐述。因此B选项正确。
5.【答案】C
【解析】本题为细节题。根据第一段可知,医生说“盐对人身体有害”。政治家更是说“人消耗钠的量与心脏病、身体循环紊乱、中风以及早死有直接关系”。由此可知,医生和政治家都认为,消耗盐的量与一些疾病具有密切关系。因此C选项正确。
6.【答案】A
【解析】本题为推理题。根据第二段最后两句话“Dustan's most recent short-term study of 150 people showed that those with normal blood pressure experienced no change at all when placed on an extremely low-salt diet, or later when salt was reintroduced. Of the hypertensive subjects, however, half of those on the low-salt diet did experience a drop in blood pressure, which returned to its previous level when salt was reintroduced.”可知,Dustan的研究表明,对于血压正常的人而言,含盐量极低的饮食对血压没有任何影响;而对高血压者,一半的人血压下降,但再吸收盐的时候,血压又回复到之前的水平。由此可知,含盐量极低的饮食对某些高血压患者还是有一点效果的。A选项符合基于原文的推断。B和D选项与原文的意思正好相反,C选项说“能治愈高血压病人”不准确。因此A选项正确。
7.【答案】B
【解析】本题为推理题。根据文中第三段可知,Laragh医生认为,过度吸收盐挽救的生命可能比其导致死亡的人数还多一些,因此,建议人们避免使用盐是没有根据的。由此可以推出,Laragh医生认为医生不应该建议人们禁止食用盐。A和C选项属过度引申,D选项为原文细节。因此B选项正确。
8.【答案】A
【解析】本题为主旨题。通读全文可知,作者在第一段提出一个观点,即医生和政治家都认为消耗盐的量与一些疾病具有密切关系;接下来作者通过Dustan医生的研究以及专家的观点证明这一观点是错误的。由此可知,本文主要观点是,人们对盐的恐惧是不合理的。因此A选项正确。
9.【答案】A
【解析】本题为细节题。根据文中第一段最后两句“In five years the gap year has metamorphosed from a radical activity of a rebellious student generation into an obligation that must be fulfilled by ambitious future professionals. It has spawned in the process a lucrative commercial market providing tourist style trips.”可知,gap year已经成为那些希望在将来职业上有所成就的学生必须做的事,而且在商业旅游市场上被壮大。由此可知,C和D选项符合原文意思。再根据第四段最后一句话“The benefits of a well-structured year out are now widely recognized by universities and colleges and cannot fail to stand you in good stead in later life.”可知,越来越多的大学认可gap year。由此可知,B选项正确。A选项文中并未提及,因此应选择A选项。
10.【答案】C
【解析】本题为推理题。根据这句话可知,在许多项目中,学生扮演着成人和专家的角色,把当地人当作豚鼠。由此可推出,作者认为这些学生并不具有专业知识,却从事一些专业工作,当地人就成了他们的操作实验对象。C选项最符合原文意思,因此C选项正确。
11.【答案】C
【解析】本题为推理题。根据最后一段中Simpson女士的话“Projects did not have to be based on the exploitative and dehumanizing relationships. I am sure that many students learn a great deal from their gap years, but they could gain so much more if they experiment with local people.”可知,她认为项目不用基于利用和剥夺人性化的关系之上。如果他们与当地人民一起实验,学生就能学到更多。再根据最后一段第一句话“The projects are often used to the benefit of the visiting students, as opposed to the residents.”可知,这些项目一般对学生有利,但对当地人则没有益处。由此可以推出,如果项目对当地人更加人性化,更有利于他们,对学生也会更好。C选项符合基于原文的推断,为正确选项。
12.【答案】C
【解析】本题为主旨题。通读全文可知,作者在第一段就提出gap year可能并不像所宣传那样具有益处。然后作者通过Kate Simpson女士的观点分析了gap year对学生和当地人带来的不良影响。由此可知,这篇文章主要是提醒人们为何在gap year如此盛行之下,有这么多不尽如人意的地方。正如文中第七段最后一句话“The gap year industry cannot rely on its good intentions to assure the quality of its work”所说。C选项与原文中心思想最为符合,因此C选项正确。
13.【答案】A
【解析】本题为推理题。根据第二段第三和第四句话“But the co-worker was purposely not calling attention to something her colleague might not want to talk about. She let her decide whether or not to mention it, being considerate by not imposing.”可知,她同事故意没有提这件事,因为她怕这名同事可能不想谈及此事。她通过不将其强加于同事头上而体现出自己对同事的体贴。A选项“她不想让她的白领同事尴尬”符合基于原文的推断。B和C与原文正好相反。D属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。
14.【答案】C
【解析】本题为词义辨析题。定位至第二段第四句话“She let her decide whether or not to mention it, being considerate by not imposing.”。这句话为“她让同事自己决定是否要提及此事,通过不擅自插手别人的事情体现出对同事的体谅”。这里impose表示“强制别人做某事”,C选项最符合该词的意思,因此C选项正确。
15.【答案】D
【解析】本题为推理题。根据第五段最后三句话“The American couldn't see that another system of politeness was at work. By not acknowledging here presence, the British couple freed her from the obligation to acknowledge theirs. The American expected a show of involvement; they were being polite by not imposing.”可知,这个美国人没有意识到另一种礼貌原则。英国夫妇没有跟她打招呼,这样她就也不用跟他们打招呼。美国人期待交集,而英国人则是不迫使他人与自己打招呼来体现礼貌。由此可知,英国人体现礼貌的行为是在公共场合不与陌生人攀谈。D选项符合基于原文的推断,为正确选项。
16.【答案】A
【解析】本题为推理题。根据第六段中的第二句话和最后一句话“In order to preserve privacy in this most unprivate situation, his Japanese neighbor with the door open, they steadfastly glued their gaze ahead as if they were alone in a desert.…But he realized that the intention was not rudeness by omitting to show involvement, but politeness by not imposing.”可知,日本人目光直视前方,仿佛他的邻居根本不存在。而这并非无理的做法,而是通过不强迫别人与自己打招呼从而体现出礼貌。A选项符合基于原文的推断,因此A选项正确。
17.【答案】C
【解析】本题为词义辨析题。定位至原文第三段倒数第二句话“But even Apple's rivals became convinced that the GUI was groovy.”。根据这句话可知,但是就连苹果公司的竞争对手都确信图解式用户界面(GUI)很时髦。Groovy在这里表示“时髦的,极好的”。C选项最符合这一意思,因此C选项正确。
18.【答案】A
【解析】本题为推理题。根据第五段可知,乔布斯认为苹果人对自己的工作富有激情,认为这是职业发展的顶峰。当出现诋毁的话语时,就会引发他们的怒火。因为现在社会制造的产品很少有制造它的人喜爱它。由此可以推出,乔布斯说他知道原因,是指苹果人热爱他们制造的产品,对自己的产品和工作富有激情。A选项最符合基于原文的推断,因此A选项正确。
19.【答案】D
【解析】本题为推断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Who ended up running the company? Sales guys. At the critical juncture in the late '80s, when they should have gone for market share, they went for profits.”可知,乔布斯认为,在20世纪80年代末期的关键时刻,销售人员本应该追逐市场份额,却只关注于利润,导致Mac市场份额极低。因此D选项正确。
20.【答案】B
【解析】本题为主旨题。通读全文可知,这篇文章主要讲述了苹果公司20年的发展,讲述了Macintosh的创造,并分析了导致Macintosh市场份额极低的原因;然后讲述了苹果的复兴。B选项“Macintosh在过去20多年发展的起起伏伏”最准确概述了全文的主要内容,因此B选项正确。
Part II Cloze
21.【答案】A
【解析】考查固定搭配。in particular表示“特别是,尤其”;in ordinary表示“常任的,正规服务的”。这句话说“尤其是美国有自己的发音和拼写方式”。因此A选项正确。
22.【答案】D
【解析】考查固定词组。owe to为固定搭配,表示“对<某人>负有<感恩、感激等>义务”。由于and引导并列句,空格处分句中缺少谓语动词,因此空白处填动词原形。因此D选项正确。
23.【答案】C
【解析】考查句子时态。本句陈述过去一个事情,故用一般过去时。因此C选项正确。
24.【答案】B
【解析】考查单词词义。A选项为动词,表示“使……终止”;B选项表示“终止正在进行的事”;C选项表示“因完成而结束”;D选项表示“终点,终端”。这句话说,美国大革命的终结带来了美国独立。因此B为正确选项。
25.【答案】A
【解析】考查上下文逻辑。前文说美国大革命使得美国成为一个独立国家,由此可推知,空格处是说美国的政治独立。因此,A选项符合原文意思,为正确选项。
26.【答案】C
【解析】考查固定词组。do away with为固定说法,表示“废除,去掉”。want to后面应接动词原形,因此C选项正确。
27.【答案】D
【解析】考查介词搭配。replace Awith B为固定搭配,表示“用B取代A”,因此D选项正确。
28.【答案】C
【解析】考查固定词组。generation after generation为固定词组,表示“一代接一代,世世代代”,因此C选项正确。
29.【答案】A
【解析】考查介词固定搭配。become famous for为固定搭配,表示“[因……而]闻名的”。因此A选项正确。
30.【答案】A
【解析】考查句子时态。这句话陈述了过去一个事实,用一般过去时即可。这句话为“Wester还编撰了一本词典”,因此A选项正确。
31.【答案】C
【解析】根据空格前面的副词very可推知,空格处应填一个形容词。四个选项中只有C选项为形容词,表示“受欢迎的”,因此C选项正确。
32.【答案】B
【解析】考查单词词义。根据空格后面的are,可推知空格处应填名词复数形式,故排除C和D选项。A选项表示“机会”,而B选项表示“可能性”。这句话说“有可能当你不知道某个单词意思时,你可以在Noah Webster新版中查询它的意思”。因此B选项正确。
33.【答案】A
【解析】考查固定词组。look up表示“查阅字典或参考书”,look after表示“照顾”,look for表示“寻找”,look to表示“指望,依赖;照顾”。空格处说“在Noah Webster新版中查找它的意思”,因此A选项正确。
34.【答案】D
【解析】根据空格前面的to以及空格后的and spell可推知,此处应填动词原形,因此D选项正确。
35.【答案】C
【解析】空格处是说为这一语言增加新的美国单词。add Ato B为固定搭配,表示“增加A到B,为B增加A”。因此C选项为正确选项。
36.【答案】C
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。根据空格前面分句为一个完整的句子,可推知空格处为从句。which指代前面的“other changes”,因此C选项正确。
37.【答案】B
【解析】考查比较级。as far as表示“远到”,表程度或范围;as long as表示“只要,在……的时候”。这句话说“Webster并没有像他朋友Benjamin Franklin所期待的走得那么远”,空格处表示比较,因此B选项最符合原文意思,为正确选项。
38.【答案】D
【解析】考查虚拟语气。这句话为省略了if的虚拟从句。空格处表示“如果是Franklin编撰这本词典,而不是Webster”。instead of为固定词组,表示“代替,而不是”。因此D选项正确。
39.【答案】C
【解析】考查虚拟语气。这句话为省略了if的虚拟从句。在虚拟句中,主句用would+动词,空格后有动词spell,由此可推知空格处填would。因此C选项正确。
40.【答案】B
【解析】考查现在完成时。这句话为现在完成时,have后面接过去分词形式,因此B选项正确。
Part III Translation
41. 工业时代的思维方式使企业的思维模式陷入窠臼,它们的业务模式要么以产品为中心,要么以服务为中心。这是一种错误的选择。生产某种产品,并不意味着公司创造了该市场或者只能在该市场领域竞争。把一家公司定位成生产商会限制业务模式的创新机会。如果我们希望重振美国的制造业,就必须改变对制造业的思维模式。
42. 大学毕业之后,你会带着数千页的个人记录走出校门,上面印刻着多年来教育、家庭、人际关系和个人经历所塑造的信仰和价值观。这些哲理和思想当然会给你留下一定的印迹,但是严谨的提炼过程和不断的改进加工才是真正学到的东西。
43. In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or less extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by cooperation rather than by the“battle of the sexes.”
Part IV Writing
On Fabricating Academic Credentials
Money warship has influenced not only the society, but also the academic circles, which should be the last pure land in China. Under the impact, both professors and famous scholars and college students are involved in scandal of fabrication. Such phenomenon has damaged the reputation of themselves, their universities and even the Chinese academic circles, thus, fabricating academic credentials should be forbidden and anyone who involve in it should be severely punished.
There are some reasons contributing to this phenomenon. First, the competition becomes fiercer in the academic circle. Higher education means high position and quick promotion. Thus, people are motivated to fabricate their academic credentials. And second, some positions, especially research positions require the candidates to have a doctoral degree. In order to get these positions, some people are engaged in fabricating academic credentials, because it is easier to fabricate than to spend four years or longer time in pursuing a degree.
To avoid such phenomenon, the government should issue policies to support people to accept higher education and punish those who want to take a short cut. And colleges and universities should create a good environment for their faculty and students, so that they can devote themselves to research and finish their education, successfully getting their degrees. What's most important is that individuals should work hard to ensure them to graduate from high schools and universities.
In a word, fabricating academic credentials should never be tolerated. To protect other's interest and preserve academic integrity, the government, colleges and universities and individuals all shoulder the responsibility to create a pure environment.