考博英语词汇10000例精解
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第一部分 考博英语基本词汇考点详注

A

abandon [ə'bændən] vt. ①抛弃;舍弃;离弃

【同】desert, give up, quit, leave

abandon one's home离弃家园

②放弃;停止做(某事)

They abandoned the game because of rain.

因为下雨,他们放弃了比赛。

③放纵;放任

He abandoned himself to despair. 他自暴自弃。

【习惯用语】abandon oneself to沉湎于,陷入

【派】abandonment

【长难例句】The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.

译文:李家丢失的轿车被发现遗弃在高速公路旁的树林中。

【考题精解】The lost car of the Lees was found_____in the woods off the highway.

A. vanished

B. scattered

C. abandoned

D. rejected

【答案】C。abandon vt. 丢弃,离弃;放弃。vanish vi. 消失,突然不见;逐渐消散,消灭。scatter v. 撒;(使)散开;驱散。reject vt. 拒绝,驳回;退回。

【真题链接】The search for the lost ship must be_____because of poor weather.(2002年上海交通大学考博试题)

A. released

B. resigned

C. abandoned

D. surrendered

【答案】C。本题意为:“因为坏天气的缘故,必须放弃搜索失踪的船只。”C项的“abandoned放弃”符合题意。其他三项“released释放,发行;resigned辞职;surrendered投降”都不正确。

abate [ə'beit] vt. 减少,减弱,清除;减轻,废除;对价格打折:~part of price对某项价格打折

abdomen ['æbdəmən] n. 腹部

abduct [æb'dʌkt] vt. (=kidnap) 绑架,劫持,诱骗

aberrant [æ'berənt] a. 畸形的,脱离常轨的,异常的

abet [ə'bet] vt. ①教唆,唆使,煽动②帮助,支持

abide [ə'baid] vi. ①(+by)遵守

【同】cling to, conform to, obey

②(+by)坚持

【同】stick, comply, adhere to, endure, hold on to

【反】reject

vt.(常用于否定或疑问句)忍受

【同】accept, obey, endure, tolerate

ability [ə'biləti] n. ①能力;本领;才能

【同】capacity, capability, competence, faculty, talent

【反】inability, incapacity

ability to pay支付能力

②天才

【同】expertise, genius

great musical ability伟大的音乐天才

【习惯用语】to the best of one's ability竭尽全力

【长难例句】An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to stimulate further research and further thinking about a particular topic.

译文:科学理论的一个重要特点就是,它能激发人们对某一特定题目进行进一步的研究和思考。

ablate [æb'leit] v. 融化;切除,摘除;风化

able ['eibl] a. 能够的,有能力的,能干的

【同】capable, competent, talented, efficient, qualified

【反】unable, incapable, incompetent, inefficient, unqualified

【派】ability, enable, unable, disable, disability

abnormal [æb'nɔːml] a. ①反常的,变态的,异常的

【同】irregular, unusual, unnatural

【反】normal, regular, usual

②不规则的

aboard [ə'bɔːd ] ad. 在船(或飞机、车)上prep. 上船(或飞机、车);在船(或飞机、火车、公共汽车)上(里)

We must not take combustible goods aboard.

我们切不可带易燃物上车。

【习惯用语】All aboard! ①请上船(飞机、车)!②都上来!③通知驾驶员可以起航(或起飞)了!

abolish [ə'bɔliʃ] vt. ①废除

【同】eliminate, cancel, remove, call off, do away with, wipe out, destroy

②取消

【同】abrogate, annul, call off, cancel

【反】establish

③消灭

【派】abolishment, abolition

【词义辨析】abolish, cancel

abolish:指明确地终止或废除,取消习惯、传统、条件、概念等,但不用于更为具体有形的东西。cancel:指取消已安排或确定的计划、会议等,也可指用某种方法使某物失效或作废,如盖邮戳注销邮票等。

【真题链接】Should the death penalty be_____?(2004年上海理工大学考博试题)

A. abolished

B. abandoned

C. eliminated

D. omitted

【答案】A。本题是说“死刑应该被废除吗?”A项的“abolish废除、废止(法律、制度等)”符合题意。如:Bad customs should be abolished. (坏的风俗应当废除。)其他三项“abandon放弃,遗弃;eliminate排除,消除;omit省略,遗漏”都不正确。

abortion [ə'bɔːʃn] n. 流产,堕胎

【同】miscarriage

【真题链接】_____is forbidden in some states,such as in the United States for religious reasons, while it is permitted in some other states.(2007年中国矿业大学考博试题)

A. Conception

B. Abortion

C. Delivery

D. Perception

【答案】B。四个选项中,A项conception的意思是“怀孕,胚胎;概念,观念”,B项abortion的意思是“流产,小产,堕胎”,C项delivery的意思是“分娩,投递,传送”,D项perception的意思是“感知,感觉;观念,看法”。根据题意,B项为正确答案。

abound [ə'baund] vi. ①大量存在

②(in, with) 充满,富于

【真题链接】English_____in idioms,and so does Chinese.(2008年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

A. caters

B. exists

C. remains

D. abounds

【答案】D。cater投合,迎合;exist存在;remain保持,留下;abound富于,充满,可与in搭配,表示“富于”。故正确答案为D。

about [ə'baut] prep. 关于,对于;在……附近

【同】around, nearby, concerning, regarding ad. 大约;在附近,到处

【同】around, close, everywhere, approximately, almost

【反】precisely, exactly

【习惯用语】①all about关于……的一切;到处,各处 ②be about已开始;正忙着;到处有(某种危险);流行着;弥漫着 ③be about to do sth. 准备,将要,正打算

【考题精解】How did it come_____that you made a lot of mistakes in your homework?

A. about

B. along

C. around

D. by

【答案】A。come about发生,造成(多用于how疑问句中,也可用于陈述句,在非正式英语中还可简化为“How come+从句?”,如:How come you were late for class yesterday?)。come along进行,进展;(机会)出现;(用在祈使句中)赶快,快点。come around苏醒;顺访。come by sth.=get/obtain得到。

above [ə'bʌv] prep. 在……之上,高于

【同】beyond, over, on top of

【反】below, beneath

a. 上述的

【同】preceding, foregoing, previous

ad. 在上面;在前文

【同】overhead, over, more/greater than

【习惯用语】①above all首先;尤其;最重要的是 ②above oneself过于自信,自负

abrade [ə'breid] v. 擦伤,磨损

abroad [ə'brɔːd] ad. 国外,海外

【同】overseas, about, around, widely, broadly, everywhere

【反】domestically

【长难例句1】After twenty years abroad, William came back only to find his hometown severely damaged in an earthquake.

译文:在旅居海外20年后,威廉回来却发现他的家乡在地震中受到了严重破坏。

【长难例句2】One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.

译文:贝鲁斯科尼集团是意大利的一个例子,而在海外我们想到的是麦克斯威尔和默多克。

abrogate ['æbrəɡeit] vt. 废除,取消(法律/习俗)=abolish

abrupt [ə'brʌpt] a. ①突然的

【同】sudden, unexpected

②粗鲁的,(态度)生硬的

【同】coarse, gauche

【派】abruptly, abruptness

absence ['æbsəns] n. 缺席,不在场;缺乏,不存在

【反】presence, attendance, appearance, enough, adequacy, sufficiency

【同】lack, inadequacy, need, want

【词义辨析】absence, defect, lack和want absence:完全缺乏某物,也可指某物非常缺少或根本没有,亦可指人的缺席。defect:指某事物缺乏完整性,因而无法达到完美境界或充分发挥作用。lack:指某个环境中事物全部或部分缺少,lack所表示的缺乏程度范围也较广。want:指必需、需要或盼望得到的东西,部分或全部的缺少。

【考题精解】We were obliged to accept it as false in the_____of other evidence.

A. presence

B. absence

C. missing

D. shortage

【答案】B。absence n. 缺乏,不存在,没有;缺席,不在(如:He shows an absence of initiative. Absence of mind may have bad results. The secretary will be in charge in the absence of the director.)。presence n. 出席,到场;存在。missing a. 缺掉的,失踪的,不见的,少了的。shortage n. 不足,缺少。

absent ['æbsənt] a. 缺席的,不存在的;心不在焉的

【反】present

absolute ['æbsəluːt] a. ①绝对的;完全的;无条件的

【同】complete, perfect, pure

【反】relative, comparative

absolute ignorance完全无知

②专制的;有绝对权力的;无限制的absolute liberty无限自由

③确实的;实在的;真正的

【同】definite, sure, firm, positive, unquestionable

without absolute proof of one's guilt无确实犯罪证据

【习惯用语】by absolute necessity万不得已

【派】absolutely ad. 绝对地,完全地

【长难例句】Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term“downshifting”has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.

译文:奇怪的是,在差不多两年半并完成了两部小说之后,我所亲历的美国人称之为“减低生活速度”的实验已将我厌倦的借口变成了纯粹的现实。

【考题精解】Ronny's steps died away, and there was a moment of_____silence.

A. relative

B. absolute

C. abstract

D. odd

【答案】B。absolute a. 绝对的,完全的(如:Their ideal was absolute independence. A child has absolute trust in its mother. His story was an absolute lie.)。relative a. 相对的,比较的。abstract a. 抽象的。odd a. 奇特的;临时的,不固定的;(鞋子)单只的,不成对的。

abstain [əb'stein] v. ①节制,克制,抑制②弃权

abstinence ['æbstinəns] n. 节制,节欲,戒酒

abstract ['æbstrækt] a. 抽象的

【反】concrete, specific, actual

n. 摘要,提要,文摘

【同】brief, outline, summary

【习惯用语】①in the abstract抽象地,观念上,理论上 ②make an abstract of把……的要点摘录下来

【派】abstraction, abstractionism

【考题精解】He read through the papers and made a (n)_____of their contents.

A. compression

B. abstract

C. shortage

D. concentration

【答案】B。abstract n. 摘要,梗概(如:Please write an abstract of this scientific article. an abstract of the proposed legislation.)。compression n. 压缩,浓缩,凝缩。shortage n. 不足,缺少。concentration n. 专心,专注;集中;浓度。

abstruse [əb'struːs] adj. 深奥的

absurd [əb'səːd] a. 荒谬的,荒唐可笑的

【同】ridiculous, illogical, meaningless

【反】rational, sensible, reasonable, meaning

【派】absurdity, absurdly

abundance [ə'bʌndəns] n. 丰富;充裕

【同】plenty, profusion, large amount, great quantity

【真题链接】You needn't worry about your lunch.At the party there will be_____food and drink in.(2006年中国矿业大学考博试题)

A. number

B. abundance

C. quantity

D. quality

【答案】B。四个选项中,A项number的意思是“数,数字”,B项abundance的意思是“丰富,充足”,C项quantity的意思是“数量”,D项quality的意思是“质量”。根据题意,B项为正确答案。

abundant [ə'bʌndənt] a. 大量的,充裕的,丰富的

【同】enough, adequate, plentiful, ample

【反】scarce, scant, insufficient

abundant in petroleum deposits石油储量丰富

【派】abundance, abundantly

【习惯用语】abundant in富于……;……很丰富

【考题精解】Tibet, the second largest province of China, is_____in uranium (铀) and underground thermal power(地热).

A. wealthy

B. abundant

C. adequate

D. sufficient

【答案】B。abundant (in) a.大量的,充足的,丰富的。wealthy a. 富裕的,富有的,有钱的。adequate (to/for) a. 充足的,足够的;适当的,胜任的。sufficient (for) a. 充分的,足够的。

abuse [ə'bjuːz] vt. ①滥用,妄用;虐待

【同】misuse, misemploy, misapply, mistreat

②辱骂,污蔑

[ə'bjuːs]n. ①滥用,妄用

②辱骂,污蔑

【同】belittle, insult

【反】esteem

【考题精解】It has been revealed that some government leaders_____their authority and position to get illegal profits for themselves.

A. execute

B. take

C. abuse

D. overlook

【答案】C。abuse vt. 滥用(职权);虐待;辱骂。execute vt. 实施,执行。take vt. 带,携带。overlook vt. 俯瞰;看漏;忽略。

【真题链接】In today's modern society alcohol addiction and alcohol_____has become one of the most complex life-threatening issues.(2010年中国人民大学考博试题)

A. infuse

B. abuse

C. reduce

D. refuse

【答案】B。本题考查词义辨析。句意为:现如今的社会,酒精依赖和酗酒成瘾已然成为最复杂且最具危害性的问题之一了。A:灌输,使充满,浸渍;B:滥用,虐待,辱骂,弊端,恶习,陋习;C:减少,降低,使处于,把……分解;D:拒绝,不愿,抵制。因此,本题选B。

academic ['ækə'demik] a. 学术的;学院的

【同】scholastic, scholarly, bookish, learned, lettered

【长难例句】Mr. McWhorter's speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of old English.

译文:麦克霍特先生的学术研究领域是语言史及其变迁,例如,他认为“whom(谁)”这个词在语言中的逐渐消失纯属自然现象,它不会比古英语词尾格的消失更令人惋惜。

academy [ə'kædəmi] n. ①(高等)院校,研究院,学院

【同】college, school, institute

②学会,协会

【同】institution, association, society, club

【派】academic, academical(ly)

accelerate [ək'seləreit] v. 加速,促进

【同】quicken, further, stimulate, speed

【反】retard, decelerate, delay, postpone, hinder, slow down

【派】accelerator, acceleration, accelerative

【考题精解】John's new car can_____from10 mph to 60 mph in a few seconds.

A. facilitate

B. hurry

C. improve

D. accelerate

【答案】D。accelerate v.(使)加快,(使)增速(如:Fertilizer accelerates the growth of crops. The bad weather accelerated our departure.)。facilitate vt. 使便利,使变得更容易。hurry v.(以人做主语)赶忙,赶紧;催促,使加快。improve v. 改进,改善,使……变得更好。

accent ['æksent] n. 口音;重音,重音符号

【同】pronunciation, intonation

speaking French with an English accent说法语带有英语口音

【习惯用语】a broad accent土腔很重的口音

【派】accentual

【考题精解】My father was born in Germany and still speaks English with a German_____.

A. pronunciation

B. trace

C. dialect

D. accent

【答案】D。accent n.(说话时带着某地特有的)口音,腔调。pronunciation n. 发音,发音方法。trace n. 踪迹,痕迹。dialect n. 方言,土话。

acceptable [ək'septəbl] a. 可接受的;合意的an acceptable gift受欢迎的礼物

access ['ækses] n. 进入,享用机会;通道;接近

【同】approach, entrance, entry, admittance, passage

【习惯用语】①be easy [hard, difficult] of access容易[难]接近 ②give access to接见;准许出入 ③have/gain/get/obtain access to得接近;得会见;得进入;得使用

【长难例句1】Access to some parts of South America is still difficult, because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests.

译文:因为该大陆的部分地区仍被密林覆盖着,所以进入南美洲一些地方仍很困难。

【长难例句2】Companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company ’ s private Internet .

译文:有些公司为了降低这种风险,只与那些已经熟识并给予进入本公司内部网的权利的贸易伙伴进行在线交易。

【词义辨析】access和approach

access:指“接近”的自由或权利,如对人可自由会见,对地方可自由出入。approach:指“接近”的动作。

【考题精解】Over a third of the population was estimated to have no_____f to the health service.

A. access

B. assignment

C. exception

D. assessment

【答案】A。access (to) n.(本义)(进入……的)通道,入口;(引申)接近……的机会,享用机会(如:The only access to that building is the muddy track. Only high officials had access to the emperor. Students need easy access to books.)。

assignment n. 分配,指派;(分派的)任务, (指定的)作业。exception n. 例外,除外。

assessment n. 评价,估价,看法。

【真题链接】The people living in these apartments have free_____to that swimming pool.(2013年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

A. access

B. excess

C. excursion

D. recreation

【答案】A。本题考查单词词义。A项意为“进入,利用”;B项意为“过度,剩余”;C项意为“远足,短途旅行”;D项意为“消遣,娱乐”。本句意为“居住在这些公寓里的人可以免费使用游泳池”,A项符合题意。

【真题链接 2】English is an important foreign language to master because it provides ready_____to world scholarship and world trade.(2015年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

A. excess

B. approach

C. solution

D. access

【答案】D。access意为“入口,进入”。根据句意:“英语是一门非常重要的需要掌握的外语,因为它是获得世界奖学金和世界贸易的通道”,故选D。

其他三项中,A项意为“超过”;B项意为“接近”;C项意为“解决”,都不符合句意。

accessory [ək'sesəri] n. 附件,配件附属品;同谋

【同】accomplice, appendant

a. ①附属的,从犯的

【同】extra, addition, assistant

②同谋的

【同】related to accomplices

【真题链接】A/An_____is a person who is not present at a crime but who helps another in doing something criminal.(2006年中国矿业大学考博试题)

A. assessor

B. access

C. acquaintance

D. accessory

【答案】D。四个选项中,A项assessor的意思是“财产估价人;估税员;陪审法官”,B项access的意思是“接近,进入;接近的机会”,C项acquaintance的意思是“相识的人,熟人”,D项accessory的意思是“从犯,同谋”。根据题意,D项为正确答案。

accident ['æksidənt] n. 事故;意外的事

【同】misfortune, disaster

John's had an accident:he's been knocked down by a car. 约翰出事了:他被一辆小汽车撞倒了。

I met Jacob by accident in the cinema.

我偶然在电影院遇到了雅各布。

【习惯用语】①by accident偶然,无意中;不小心 ②by accident of因……的机会;由于……方面的运气 ③by no accident绝非偶然

【派】accidental, accidentally

accidental ['æksi'dentl] a. 意外的,偶然发生的

【同】casual, haphazard

【反】planned, intended

【考题精解】Breaking Mary's doll was purely_____;John did not mean to do it.

A. accidental

B. inevitable

C. unavoidable

D. natural

【答案】A。accidental a. 意外的,偶然(发生)的(如:Our meeting was quite accidental. an accidental meeting with a friend)。inevitable a.必然(发生)的,不可避免的。unavoidable a. 无法避免的。natural a. 自然的,天然的;天生的。

acclaim [ə'kleim] n. 喝彩,欢呼

vt. 欢呼,称赞

【同】hail, applaud, approve

【真题链接】I don't know why he has been given_____. It wasn't his accomplishment but his wife’s.(2002年中国社会科学院考博试题)

A. acclaim

B. confidence

C. reimbursement

D. robustness

【答案】A。本题空格处是说我不知道为什么要称赞他。A项“acclaim称赞”符合题意,如:He was acclaimed as the winner.(在欢呼声中他被承认为胜利者。)其他三项“confidence信心;reimbursement赔偿;robustness精力充沛”都不正确。

accommodate [ə'kɔmədeit] vt. ①为……提供住宿

【同】house, lodge, put up

②容纳,接纳

【同】contain, receive, hold

③使适应,调节

【同】adapt, adjust

【派】accommodative

【真题链接 1】Scholarships are too few to_____the high-school graduates who deserve a college education.(2003年北京大学考博试题)

A. meet

B. accommodate

C. compromise

D. adopt

【答案】B。本句是说“奖学金太少了,不足以提供给那些本应该上大学的高中毕业生”。“accommodate向……提供”符合句意。“meet相遇,满足,作‘满足’讲时,常用搭配meet the need of…;compromise妥协,折中;adopt收养”。这三项都与句意不符,因此正确答案为B。

【真题链接 2】In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by“being_____”being open to all kinds of art.(2002年3月中国科学院考博试题)

A. gratifying

B. predominating

C. excelling

D. accommodating

【答案】D。本题空格处后面的“being open to all kinks of art”应当视作对空格处词的进一步解释。D项的“accommodating友好的,愿意给予合作的”符合题意。其他三项“gratifying使满足的;predominating占主导地位的;excelling超过的”都不正确。

【真题链接 3】This is a very big hotel and it can_____more than 1,000 people.(2011年南京师范大学考博试题)

A. furnish

B. accommodate

C. transport

D. institute

【答案】B。句子的大意为:这是一个非常大的酒店,它可以容纳超过1000人。A项furnish“提供”;B项accommodate“容纳”;C项transport“运输”;D项institute“建立;制定;着手”。所以B项符合题意。

accommodation'kɔmə'deiʃn]

n. ①膳宿,供应

【同】lodging, boarding

②(pl.)提供便利的设备(或用具)

【同】convenience

③适应调节

【同】adjustment, adaptation

accompany [ə'kʌmpəni] vt. ①陪伴

【同】go with, follow, attend

She accompanied me to the doctor’s. 她陪我去看了医生。

②伴随

Lightning usually accompanies thunder.

雷声常常伴随着闪电而来。

③伴奏

Mary sang and I accompanied her on the piano.

玛丽唱歌,我弹钢琴给她伴奏。

【习惯用语】①(be) accompanied附有,伴随②be accompanied with (a thing) 带着,带有,兼有

【考题精解】The lecturer_____his explanation with some tape recordings.

A. conducted

B. accompanied

C. made

D. demonstrated

【答案】B。accompany vt. 伴随发生;陪伴,陪同;为……伴奏(如:Lightning usually accompanies thunder. He accompanied his speech with gestures. His father accompanied him to school. Her mother accompanied her on the piano.)。conduct vt. 指挥,引导;处理,管理。make vt. 做,做出。demonstrate vt. 说明,论证,演示;表露,显示。

accomplish [ə'kʌmpliʃ] vt. 完成,实现

【同】achieve, attain, complete, fulfill, carry out

【反】fail

to accomplish a purpose达到目的

I accomplished two hours’ work before dinner.

我在吃饭前完成了两小时的工作。

【派】accomplishment, unaccomplished

【词义辨析】accomplish, complete和achieve accomplish:“成功地”完成某项工作。complete:侧重于完成某事的“结果”。achieve:表示通过努力,克服困难,取得较大成绩。

【考题精解】The builders have_____the difficult piece of work they were paid to do.

A. attained

B. fulfilled

C. reached

D. accomplished

【答案】D。accomplish vt. 完成,实现(如:He always accomplished what he set out to do. They didn't accomplish the purpose desired.)。attain vt. 达到,获得。fulfil (l) vt. 履行,实现;满足,使满意。reach vt. 抵达,到达;(伸手)够到。

accomplishment [ə'kʌmpliʃmənt]

n. ①完成;达到

②成就;造诣

【习惯用语】difficult [easy] of accomplishment难[易]实现的

accord [ə'kɔːd] vt. ①使符合,使一致

【同】grant, allow, conform

【反】discord

②给予

【同】give, grant, award

vi. 符合,一致

【同】harmony, agreement, conformity

n. 一致

【同】agreement

【考题精解】What he has done is not in_____with your instructions.

A. favour

B. step

C. alliance

D. accord

【答案】D。accord n. 一致,符合(in accord with符合……,与……一致,如:The decision was in accord with popular sentiment. Some of his projects were hardly in accord with their interest.)。favour n. 赞同,支持(可以说in favour of sth.赞成,支持;in favour with sb.受到……的宠爱)。in step with与……步调一致,协调。in alliance with与……联盟,与……结盟。

accordance [ə'kɔːdns] n. 一致,相符;和谐

【同】agreement, harmony

【考题精解】In_____with the new regulations,all tickets must be stamped.

A. combination

B. agreement

C. connection

D. accordance

【答案】D。accordance n. 一致,符合(in accordance with与……一致;按照,根据:act in accordance with the orders / with the instructions)。in combination with与……相结合。in agreement with(作表语)同意(某人的意见、观点、看法)。in connection with关于,有关,和……联系起来;和……一道。

according to [ə'kɔːdiŋtəː] 按照,根据

accordingly [ə'kɔːdiŋli] ad. ①按照;据此;于是;相应地

【同】according to, in accordance with

②因此;所以

【同】so, thus, therefore, hence, correspondingly

He was asked to leave the city and accordingly he left. 有人叫他离开该城市,于是他就走了。

【考题精解】When the revolutionary situation changes, revolutionary tactics must change_____.

A. accordingly

B. eventually

C. directly

D. immediately

【答案】A。accordingly ad. 相应地;因此,于是(如:You told me to lock the door and I did accordingly. He was too sick to stay;accordingly we sent him home.)。eventually ad. 最后,终于。directly ad. 直接地,径直地;立即,马上。immediately ad. 立即。

accountant [ə'kauntənt] n. 会计,出纳

【同】banker, teller, clerk, cashier

【派】accountable

accumulate [ə'kjuːmjəleit] vt. 积累,积聚

【同】gather, amass, collect

vi. 堆积,积累

【同】heap up, pile up, gather, amass, compile, increase

【派】accumulation, accumulative

accuracy ['ækjərəsi] n. 准确,精确

【同】exactness, precision

【反】inaccuracy, incorrectness

【考题精解】Philip did not believe in the_____of their statements.

A. conciseness

B. accuracy

C. precision

D. creativeness

【答案】B。accuracy n. 准确(性),精确(性) (the accuracy of the report)。conciseness n. 简明。precision n. 精确(性),精密(度)。creativeness n. 创造性。

accurate ['ækjərət] a. 准确的,精确的

【同】correct, exact, precise

【反】inaccurate, imprecise

an accurate answer准确的答案

【词义辨析】accurate, exact和precise

accurate:尤指做事或说话准确、计算精确。exact:指刚好和事实或标准等相符,着重指无论从质上还是量上都相当精确,尤其强调各细节均与事实丝毫不差,侧重指数字、日子等与事实准确相符。precise:除指整体上达到要求的严密和精确程度外,还强调范围界线的鲜明和细节方面完整一致。

【考题精解】You are not quite_____when you call a computer an“electronic brain”.

A. concise

B. definite

C. accurate

D. concrete

【答案】C。accurate a. 准确的,精确的(如:This is an accurate statement of what happened. He is always accurate in what he says and does.)。concise a. 简明的,简要的。definite a.明确的,确切的;肯定的。concrete a. 实在的,具体的。

accusation ['ækjuː'zeiʃn] n. 告发,控告

【同】charge, prosecution

accuse [ə'kjuːz] vt. 指责,控告

【同】blame, criticize, allege, denounce, charge,complain

The police accused him of murder.

警方指控他谋杀。

【习惯用语】accuse sb. of指控某人……

【派】accused, accuser, accusative

【词义辨析】accuse和charge

accuse:多指对人身的指责,常常含有直接或尖刻地诋毁或非难之意。可用于正式、非正式场合,适合于官方及个人,常用词组accuse sb. of sth. 指责、控告某人犯有……。charge:比accuse更正式,通常指在法庭上依法控告,也可以引申为指责某人违反公众的行为准则。常用词组charge sb. with sth. 控告某人犯有……。

【考题精解】A neighbour may_____a man of playing his radio too loudly.

A. charge

B. accuse

C. criticize

D. condemn

【答案】B。accuse sb. of指责或指控某人犯有某罪。charge sb. with控告或指控某人犯有某罪。criticize(sb. for) vt. 批评。condemn vt. 谴责。

accustomed [ə'kʌstəmd] a. ①经常的,惯常的

【同】familiarize

her accustomed smile她惯常的微笑

②习惯的

to be accustomed to work hard一向勤奋工作

【习惯用语】①be accustomed to习惯于②accustom oneself to使自己习惯于;养成……的习惯

【考题精解】Of course I'm not_____to associating with society people like you.

A. accustomed

B. bound

C. subjected

D. given

【答案】A。accustomed to习惯的(跟名词、代词、动名词=be used to);惯常的(跟不定式,如:He was accustomed to hard work/to working hard. Mrs. Babbit was not accustomed to leave home during the winter.)。be bound (to) 一定会,准会;有责任(或义务)(去做)。subjected to遭到,受到。given to喜欢,常爱(做……)。

【真题链接】My eyes had become_____to the now semi-darkness, so I could pick out shapes about seventy-five yards away.(中国科学院2011年3月试题)

A. inclined

B. accustomed

C. vulnerable

D. sensitive

【答案】B。句子的大意为:我的眼睛已经习惯了现在这种半黑暗,可以辨别出75码远东西的形状。A项inclined“倾向于……的”;B项accustomed“习惯的,通常的,独有的”;C项vulnerable“易受攻击的,易受……的攻击,易受伤害的,有弱点的”;D项sensitive“敏感的,[仪] 灵敏的,感光的,易受伤害的”。所以B项符合题意。

ache [eik] v./n. 痛,疼痛

【同】hurt, pain, suffer, agony, grief

a stomach ache胃疼

【习惯用语】①ache for想念,渴望 ②aches and pains各种各样的病痛,周身不适

【词义辨析】ache和pain

ache指身体某部位局部的、轻微的、持续的疼痛。

pain指身体的剧痛,也可指精神上的痛苦。

【考题精解】His stomach began to_____because of the bad food he had eaten.

A. pain

B. ache

C. harm

D. upset

【答案】B。ache vi./n. 痛,疼痛。pain vt. 使疼痛;(在精神上)使痛苦,使难过(注意:这两个词主要是及物与不及物之分)。harm vt.(造成有形或无形的)伤害,危害,损害。upset vt.(本义)打翻,弄翻;(引申)使苦恼,使不适,使心烦意乱。

achieve [ə'tʃiːv] vt. ①完成;实现

【同】accomplish, fulfil, complete

【反】fail

The university has achieved all its goals this year.

这个大学今年已经实现了所有的奋斗目标。

②达到;获得

【同】acquire, obtain, gain

He hopes to achieve all his aims soon.

他希望尽快达到所有目标。

【派】achievable

【长难例句】I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.

译文:我也知道,日本和瑞典这两个国家在医疗方面的花费远比我们少得多,但它们国家的人们比我们更长寿、更健康。

achievement [ə'tʃiːvmənt] n. ①完成;达成

【同】fulfillment, realization

【反】failure

②成就;成绩;成功

【同】accomplishment, victory

【反】defeat

achromatopsia [əkrəumə'tɔpsiə] n. 色盲

acid ['æsid] a. 酸的,酸性的

n. 酸,酸性物质

acknowledge [ək'nɔlidʒ] vt. ①承认

【同】admit, confess

【反】deny

②对……表示感谢

【同】thank, appreciate

③告知收到(信件等)

【同】confirm

【派】acknowledgement

【词义辨析】acknowledge, admit和confess acknowledge:指公开承认本来被隐瞒或否认的,令人窘迫的事情。admit:强调不情愿、犹豫之意,指屈服于某种外界压力或受到良心的谴责才承认某事的存在或真实情况。confess:承认自己的过错、罪过,有忏悔的含义;有时表示对别人观点的尊重或对对方的敬意。

【考题精解】I_____with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.

A. express

B. acknowledge

C. confirm

D. verify

【答案】B。acknowledge vt. 对……表示感谢(常用搭配:acknowledge sth. with thanks) express vt. 表示,表达。confirm vt. 肯定,证实;进一步确认。verify vt. 证明,证实;查清,核实。

acne ['ækni] n. 痤疮,粉刺

acoustic [ə'kuːstɪk] a. 声学的,听觉的

acquaint [ə'kweint] vt. ①(+with)使熟悉②(+with)使认识,告知

【同】introduce, accustom, make familiar

【真题链接 1】Ms. Breen has been living in town for only one year, yet she seems to be_____with everyone who comes to the store.(2004年湖北省考博试题)

A. accepted

B. admitted

C. admired

D. acquainted

【答案】D。本题意为“布林女士在城里仅仅生活了一年,但她似乎认识到该店来的每一个人”。D项的“acquaint使认识,使了解”符合题意。如:You must acquaint yourself with your new duties.(你必须熟悉你的新任务。)其他三项“accept接受,承认;admit招收,承认;admire钦佩,赞美,羡慕”都与题意不符。

【真题链接 2】They made detailed investigations to_____themselves with the needs of the rural market.(2010年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

A. adhere

B. acknowledge

C. acquaint

D. activate

【答案】C。本题考查固定搭配。be acquainted with“熟悉,了解”。所以,正确答案是C。

acquaintance [ə'kweintəns] n.①熟悉;熟知

I have some acquaintance with the Russian.

我懂一点儿俄语。

②相识的人,熟人

【同】associate, friend, colleague, familiarity, knowledge, awareness

【习惯用语】①a passing acquaintance with对……的浮浅的了解②drop/cutsb.’sacquaintance (=cut an acquaintance with sb.)和某人绝交③have a nodding/bowing acquaintance with sb.与某人有点头之交;(对某学科)略知一二

【考题精解】I had the pleasure of_____with your husband in the States when he was lecturing there three years ago.

A. knowledge

B. identification

C. acquaintance

D. recognition

【答案】C。acquaintance n. 认识,了解,熟悉(如:I have some acquaintance with John/French.)。knowledge(of)n. 知道,了解。identification n. 认出,确定身份(of);联系(with)。recognition (of) n. 认出,识别;承认。

【真题链接】To our disappointment, the guide also only has a slight_____with Italian.(2003年上海交通大学考博试题)

A. recognition

B. orientation

C. acquaintance

D. familiarity

【答案】C。本题是说“让我们失望的是,这个导游也只懂得一点意大利语”。C项的“acquaintance了解,所知”符合题意。其他三项“recognition承认,识别;orientation方向,倾向;familiarity通晓,熟悉”都不正确。

acquire [ə'kwaiə(r)] vt. ①获得;取得

【同】earn, gain, get, obtain, secure, learn, develop, cultivate

She acquired a knowledge of English by careful study. 她通过认真学习而精通英语。

②拥有;得到

Some smoking and alcoholic drinks are an acquired taste and are not born. 抽烟喝酒往往是一种后来习得的嗜好,并不是生来就有的。

【习惯用语】①acquire currency传播;流传,散布 ②acquire knowledge of求得……的知识

【派】acquirement, acquisitive

【长难例句】And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.

译文:许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,他们认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。

【考题精解】The ability to use a language can be_____only by the act of using the language.

A. acquired

B. required

C. performed

D. perfected

【答案】A。acquire vt.(一般指经过一个过程或通过自己的努力)取得,获得,(以抽象名词作宾语:acquire confidence/a command of the English language/a large vocabulary/a knowledge of/information about sth.)。require vt. 要求,规定;需要。perform vt. 履行;表演,演出。perfect vt. 使完美,使完善。

【真题链接】If people feel hopeless, they don't bother to_____the skills they need to succeed.(2013年厦门大学考博试题)

A. adopt

B. acquire

C. accumulate

D. assemble

【答案】B。四个选项的意思分别是adopt采取,吸收;acquire获得,学成;accumulate积聚,累积;assemble集合,装配。句意是,如果人们感到绝望时,他们不会费神去获得他们成功所需的技能。所以正确答案是B选项。

acquisition ['ækwi'ziʃn] n. 获得(物)

【同】obtainment, reward, gain

【考题精解】He spent hundreds of hours in the_____of skill with a rifle.

A. acquaintance

B. familiarity

C. acquisition

D. repetition

【答案】C。acquisition (of) n. 取得,获得;获得物,新增添的人或物(如:He devotes his time to the acquisition of knowledge. The museum displayed its new acquisitions.)。acquaintance n. 认识,了解;熟人。familiarity n. 熟悉,了解;亲切,亲热。repetition n. 重复,反复。

acquittal [ə'kwɪtl] n. 无罪释放

acre ['eikə(r)] n. 英亩

acrobat ['ækrəbæt] n. ①杂技演员 ②见风使舵的人,善变的人

across [ə'krɔs] prep. 横过,越过;在……的对面ad. 横过,穿过

【考题精解】Michael found it difficult to get his British jokes_____to American audiences.

A. around

B. on

C. across

D. down

【答案】C。get…across (to sb.) 把……讲清楚,让听懂,使被了解(如:He got his meaning across. get across a theory to his students. The message got across all right.)。get around(消息)传开;四处走走;回避,绕过;(get around to sth.)找时间做某事。get on to接着干(下一件事,讨论下一个问题)。get down to sth. 开始认真干某事。

act [ækt] n. 行为;法令;(戏剧的)一幕

【同】action, conduct, performance, behavior, law, bill, scene v. 表演;举动;起作用

【同】behave, conduct, make, effect, work, perform, play, pretend

【派】react, counteract

【词义辨析】act, action和deed

act:是可数名词,指个人具体的一次性的行动,强调动作的结果。action:作不可数名词时指复杂的动作,强调动作的方式和效果;用作可数名词时表示某次具体的行为,可与act通用。deed:多指大的、显著的、感人的行为,强调已完成的结果。

action ['ækʃn] n. ①行动,行动过程

【同】activity, conduct, deed

②已做的事,行为

③作用

【同】reaction, response

④情节

activate ['æktiveit] vt. ①使活动

【同】make active, set in notion, trigger, start, initiate

②使激活,使活化

【派】activation, activator

【真题链接】The new policy has_____a large amount of investment for industry and business in this city.(2009年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

A. acquainted

B. adhered

C. activated

D. asserted

【答案】C。四个选项的意思分别是:acquainted熟知,熟悉;adhered (to) 遵守,依附;activated使活动,使起作用;asserted断言,宣称。根据句子意思可知,正确答案是C选项。如:Foreign investment has activated the China ink market.(外国投资激活了中国的墨水市场。)

active ['æktiv] a. ①活动的;活跃的

【同】energetic, lively, earnest

【反】inactive, idle

She is very active. 她非常活跃。

②能起作用的;活性的

③能动的;积极的

to take an active part积极参加工作

activist ['æktivist] n. 活动分子,积极分子

【同】revolutionary

activity [æk'tivəti] n. ①活跃;活动性

The classroom was full of activity; every child was busy. 教室里充满了活跃的气氛,每个孩子都忙个不停。

②活动

social activities社会活动

③行动;行为

【习惯用语】①be in activity在活动中

②with activity精力充沛地

【长难例句】It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

译文:它同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派;前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论,后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

actor ['æktə(r)] n. 男演员

【同】performer

actress ['æktrəs] n. 女演员

My aunt Jennifer is an actress.

我的詹妮弗姨妈是一位女演员。

actual ['æktʃuəl] a. ①实际的;真实的

【同】true, real, factual, virtual

【反】false, imaginary

I can not give the actual figures.

我不能举出实际数字。

②现在的;目前的

the actual state现状

【派】actuality, actualize, actualist

【考题精解】This is the_____piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.

A. original

B. genuine

C. real

D. actual

【答案】D。actual a. 实际的,事实上的,真实的。original a. 起初的,原来的;独创的,新颖的。genuine a. 真的,非人造的;真诚的,真心的。real a. 真的,真实的;实际的,现实的。注:genuine和real都强调是真的,不是假的,而actual强调的是实际的,事实上的。

acupuncture ['ækjupʌŋktʃə(r)] n. 针刺,针刺疗法

acute [ə'kjuːt] a. 敏锐的;剧烈的;严重的

【同】bright, intelligent, smart, keen

【反】dull, stupid, foolish, slow, chronic

【词义辨析】acute, crucial和critical

acute:通常指需要或缺乏的东西到了危害程度,需要给予补充、增加。crucial:用于指实际的危急的形势,期望迅速采取决策或得到外援,含有将产生决定性的结果。此时常令人担忧、恐惧、焦虑,或以渴望的心情期待。critical:指在危急中或转折点的紧急关头,也用于指极度需要或缺乏紧缺的东西。

【考题精解】Angles of less than 90°are called_____angles.

A. acute

B. blunt

C. sharp

D. dull

【答案】A。acute a. 锐的(an acute angle锐角)。blunt a. 钝的。sharp a. 锋利的,锐利的。dull a. 钝的;愚钝的。

【真题链接】The shortage of water became more_____this summer with the highest temperatures in 40 years.(2003年复旦大学考博试题)

A. needy

B. latent

C. uneasy

D. acute

【答案】D。本题是说今年夏天的温度是40年来最高的,缺水现象变得更加严重。D项的“acute剧烈的,敏锐的”符合题意。其他三项“needy非常贫困的,缺乏生活必需品的;latent潜在的,潜伏的;uneasy心神不安的,不自在的”都不正确。

ad (=advertisement) n. 广告

【同】poster, advert, commercial, publicity, announcement

adapt [ə'dæpt] vt. 使适应;使适合

【同】adjust, arrange, tailor, rewrite

He adapted himself to the cold weather.

他适应了寒冷的天气。

【习惯用语】①adapt for使适合于,为……改编(改写)②adapt from根据……改写(改编)③adapt oneself to使自己适应或习惯某事

【派】adaptable, adaptability, adaptation

【长难例句】In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or adapted for language learning purposes, there is yet no effective and systematic program for the reading skills.

译文:尽管有专为语言学习而编写或改编的广泛的阅读材料,然而至今还没有培养阅读技巧的行之有效的、系统的课程。

【词义辨析】adapt和adjust

adapt:使适合,使适应,指在原来的情况下进行一些修改或改变,从而适应新的环境或条件,着重指结果;也指作出改变而用于不同的用途,改为……,改编为……。常用短语:①adapt oneself to适应于;②be adapted to适用于;③be adapted for为改编(修改)。adjust意为“调节,调整”,多指机械和仪器方面的调整,如调节光点、高度、角度等。也可指人或其他生物改变有生活方式以适应新的环境,着重指过程。

【考题精解】To our delight, she quickly_____herself to the new situation.

A. acquainted

B. exposed

C. adapted

D. devoted

【答案】C。adapt…to使适应,使适合;(少数情况下用)adapt to适合(如:He has not yet adapted to the climate.)。acquaint sb. with使了解,使认识。expose sb. to sth.把……暴露于,使处于……的作用(或影响)之下。devote oneself/one's time,etc to sth.将……奉献给,把……专用于,致力于。

【真题链接 1】You must try your best to_____to the new environment.(2003年西南财经大学考博试题)

A. adopt

B. adapt

C. adjust

D. affect

【答案】B。本题说你必须尽力去适应新的环境。B项的“adapt (to) 适应”符合题意,如:She lacked the ability to adapt easily.(她缺少适应能力。)其他三项“adopt采用,收养;adjust调整;affect影响,感动”都不正确。

【真题链接 2】In spite of the wide range of reading material specially designed or_____for language learning purposes, there is yet no effective and systematic program for the reading skills.(2005年清华大学考博试题)

A. appointed

B. assembled

C. acknowledged

D. adapted

【答案】D。本题是说尽管专门为语言学习而编写或改编的广泛的阅读材料,然而至今仍没有培养阅读技巧的行之有效的、系统的课程。adapt for的意思是“使适合于;为……改编(改写)”,appointed的意思是“约定,指定(时间,地点);任命,委任”,assembled的意思是“集合”,acknowledged的意思是“承认,答谢,报偿”。根据题意,只有D项为正确答案。

【真题链接 3】If you_____the principle of democratic government to your family you will run into some obvious difficulties.(2011年南京大学考博试题)

A. carry

B. track

C. manipulate

D. adapt

【答案】D

【解析】各选项的意思是:carry运送,携带,支撑,支持;track跟踪,追踪;manipulate(暗中)控制,操纵,影响;adapt使适应,使适合(+to)。根据句意可知,答案是D。

【真题链接 4】The newcomers found it impossible to_____themselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new country. (2014年厦门大学考博试题)

A. suit

B. adapt

C. regulate

D. coordinate

【答案】B。句意为:刚来的人们发现适应新国家的气候是不可能的。本题考查短语adapt to… “适应……”,其他三个选项,A项suit“诉讼”,C项regulate“调整”,D项coordinate“协调”,均不符合句意。

add [æd] vi. 加上,增加;接着又说

【同】calculate, total, increase, reckon

【反】subtract

【习惯用语】①add in加入;包括 ②add on加到……上;附加;包括 ③add to增加,加到

【派】addition, additional(ly)

【考题精解】Although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject, he still found it hard to understand this point and her explanation only_____to his confusion.

A. added

B. amounted

C. extended

D. burdened

【答案】A。add to增添,增加(区分:add up to合计达)。amount to合计,共计达(某数量);等同,接近于,相当于,意味着,实际上是(如:I don't think whatever they say amounts to much. The economic reforms amount to revolution. That remark amounts to a threat.)。extend to延伸到,扩展到。burden vt. 给……以负担。

addict [ə'dikt] v. 使成瘾,上瘾,入迷

【同】dedicate

【派】addictive

【真题链接】Despite warnings from his parents and teacher, Stevenson is_____to computer games.(2006年中国矿业大学考博试题)

A. activated

B. adhered

C. addicted

D. appealed

【答案】C。四个选项中,A项activate的意思是“使活动起来”,B项adhere的意思是“黏附,紧粘;遵守;坚持”,C项addict的意思是“沉溺,醉心,成瘾”,D项appeal的意思是“有吸引力,迎合爱好;诉诸,求助”。根据题意,C项为正确答案。

addition [ə'diʃn] n. ①加;加起来

【同】plus

【反】deduction, subtraction

②增加物

【同】increase, supplement

【反】decrease

Our baby brother is an addition to our family.

新出生的弟弟使我们家多了一口人。

【习惯用语】in addiction(常与to连用)此外In addition to gene, intelligence also depends on an adequate diet, a good education and a decent home environment.除了遗传基因外,智力的高低还取决于良好的营养、良好的教育和良好的家庭环境。

【长难例句】In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.

译文:此外,和其他10个被调查的国家的工人相比,太多的日本工人表示对自己的工作不满意。

additional [ə'diʃənl] a. 附加的,追加的,另外的

【同】added, extra, supplementary

an additional tax附加税

the additional regulation补充规定

【长难例句】During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

译文:在这种转变中,那些用在历史研究中解释新史料的新方法加强了传统的历史研究方法。

address [ə'dres]

vt. 在……写姓名地址;向……讲话

【同】greet, speak to

n. ①地址;住址

【同】residence, lodging

②演讲;称呼

【同】lecture, speech

③举止

【习惯用语】form of address称呼

【派】addresser, addressee

【考题精解】He is going to_____the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute.

A. speak

B. talk

C. remark

D. address

【答案】D。address vt.向……讲话,向……发表演说(to address sb./a meeting on the subject of air pollution)。speak vi.演说,发言;说话,讲话。talkvi.讲话,交谈,谈论。remark vi.评论,议论。

【真题链接】The conference appealed to the international community to jointly_____the issue of global warming.(2011年华东师范大学试题)

A. maneuver

B. conspire

C. testify

D. address

【答案】D。四个选项的意思分别是maneuver调动,巧妙地操纵(或处理);conspire密谋, (事件等)巧合;testify证明;address从事,对付。句意是会议呼吁国际社会共同应对全球气候变暖问题。所以正确答案是D。

adduce [ə'djuːs] vt. 引证,举证

adequate ['ædikwət] a. ①足够的

【同】ample, enough, sufficient

【反】inadequate, insufficient

We took adequate food for the holiday.

我们为假期备足食品。

②恰当的;胜任的

I hope you will prove adequate to the job.

我希望你能胜任这份工作。

③尚可的;差强人意的

The performance was adequate. 表演还算可以。

【习惯用语】adequate for适合;足够

【派】adequacy, inadequate

【考题精解】There was_____rain and snow last winter. So we have a good harvest this summer.

A. proper

B. plenty

C. adequate

D. excessive

【答案】C。adequate a. 充足的,足够的;适当的,胜任的(如:His wages are adequate to support three people. His knowledge of French was adequate for the job.)。proper a. 恰当的,适合的;合乎体统的,正当的。plenty (of) n. 丰富,充足,大量。excessive a. 过多的,过分的,极度的。

adhere [əd'hiə(r)] vi. ①粘着

②坚持,遵守

③依附,追随,附着

【同】stick, hold, cling

【反】separate, detach

【派】adherence, adhesive, adhesion

【词义辨析】adhere, insist, persevere, persist和stick

adhere:表示忠贞不渝地坚持某种意见、观点、信念等,也有“粘着,附着”之意。用作不及物动词,常与介词to连用。insist:坚持某一观点、见解、主张或要求,也可作“坚持认为、坚持主张”,用作不及物或及物动词,常与介词on/upon或that引起的宾语从句连用,多用虚拟should+动词原形,但也可用其他形式。persevere:褒义词,强调不因失败、困难而垂头丧气的品质和能够锲而不舍地追求目标或完成任务的可贵精神。常与介词in/at/with连用。persist:强调不顾困难与阻力坚持某一行为或行动。常接介词in或that从句。stick:意为“坚持,忠于,坚守”,与at连用时,表示坚持或继续做某事。

【真题链接 1】The company will_____to its agreement, no matter how costly the process may be.(2002年中国人民大学考博试题)

A. retain

B. alter

C. abandon

D. adhere

【答案】D。本题意为“该公司将信守协议,不论这一过程的代价有多大”。adhere的意思是“坚持”,与to构成常用词组,如:I will adhere to this opinion until contrary facts appear.(如果没有相反的事实,我将坚持我的意见。)其他三项“retain保持,保留;alter改变;abandon放弃,遗弃”都与题意不符,因此D项为正确答案。

【真题链接 2】Pop culture doesn't _____to strict rules; it enjoys being jazzy, unpredictable, chaotic.(中国科学院2011年3月试题)

A. adhere

B. lend

C. expose

D. commit

【答案】A。句子的大意为:通俗文化不遵循教条,它以花哨、出乎预料、混乱无序为荣。A项adhere“坚持,依附,粘着,追随”;B项lend“贷,增添,提供,把……借给”;C项expose“揭露,揭发,使曝光,显示”;D项commit“犯罪,把……交托给,使……承担义务”。所以A项符合题意。

【真题链接 3】At the party we found that shy girl_____her mother all the time.(2013年北京航空大学考博试题)

A. depending on

B. adhering to

C. clinging to

D. coinciding with

【答案】C。本题考查固定词组。A项意为“依赖”;B项意为“附着,黏附”,多指物;C项意为“紧紧贴着,粘着”;D项意为“符合,一致”。本句意为“在聚会上我们发现,这个害羞的女孩一直紧紧粘着她妈妈”,C项符合题意。

adjacent [ə'dʒeisnt] a. ①(时间上)紧接着的

【同】close to, next to

②邻近的,毗邻的,邻接的

【同】neighboring, adjoining, bordering

【真题链接】His office is_____to the President’s;it usually takes him about three minutes to get there. (2002年清华大学考博试题)

A. related

B. adhesive

C. adherent

D. adjacent

【答案】D。本句的后半句说他花大约三分钟就到总统办公室,那么前半句的意思应该是他的办公室离总统的很近。“related to有关的;adhesive to黏性的;adherent to坚持于”都不符合句意。只有“adjacent to邻近的,接近的”正确,因此应选D项。

adjective ['ædʒiktiv] n. 形容词

compound adjective复合形容词

demonstrative adjective指示形容词

adjust [ə'dʒʌst] vt. ①调整;调节;使适合;使适应

【同】adapt, accommodate, tailor

adjust my watch校准我的表

adjust oneself in the school适应学校生活

②整理;使有条理

③核算

【同】modify

【习惯用语】adjust (oneself) to使自己适应……

【派】adjuster, adjustable

【考题精解】My camera can be_____to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.

A. treated

B. adjusted

C. modified

D. remedied

【答案】B。adjust vt. 校正,调整;使适应(to)。treat vt. 对待;处理;招待,款待。modify vt.(稍加)修改,更改。remedy vt. 治疗,医治;纠正,补救。

adjustment [ə'dʒʌstmənt] n. 调整,调节

【同】adaptation, modification, improvement

administer [əd'ministə(r)] vt. ①管理,支配

【同】govern, manage, control, supervise

②实施,实行

【同】carry out, execute, implement

③给予,用

【同】give, deal

【派】administrate, administrative, administrator

【词义辨析】administer, manage和govern administer:指政府或官员行使行政职权,也指按法律执行遗嘱或法令等。manage:指经营或管理事务。govern:指通过宪法或权力来管理。

【真题链接】Last week, the US bishops adopted rules to take priests who_____minors out of any ministerial activities.(2003年厦门大学考博试题)

A. administer

B. generate

C. implicate

D. molest

【答案】A。本题中,A项“administer管理”符合题意,如:administer the country(管理国家)。其他三项“generate产生;implicate暗示;molest骚扰,困扰”都不正确。

admire [əd'maiə(r)] vt. 赞赏,钦佩,羡慕

【同】appreciate, envy, esteem, respect, look up to

【反】detest

【派】admirable, admiration

【考题精解】We all_____the achievements he has made in his experiments.

A. advertise

B. confess

C. admire

D. realize

【答案】C。admire vt. 钦佩,赞赏,羡慕,欣赏,佩服(如:I much admire you/your poems/your conduct/your courage, etc.)。advertise vt. 为……做广告;登广告(advertise one's products;advertise for a house/for one's missing wallet)。confess vt. 承认;坦白,供认(如:confess one's error;confess taking part in a plot; confess oneself (to be) guilty; He confesses that he has done it.)。realize vt. 认识到,体会到;实现。

admission [əd'miʃn] n. ①准许进入;准许加入

【同】access, entrance, admittance

Admission by ticket only. 凭票入场。

②入场费;会费

【同】fee

Admission is one dollar. 入场费1美元。

③承认;招认

【同】acknowledgement, confession, declaration

【习惯用语】①by [on] sb.'s own admission据某人自己承认 ②gain [obtain] admission to [into]获准进入 ③grant sb. admission准许进入

admit [əd'mit] v. ①许可进入,准许进入This ticket admits two people to the football match. 这张票可供两人入场看足球赛。

②容纳,容许

The cinema admits about 2,000 people.

这座电影院大约可容纳2000人。

③承认;供认

He admitted his crime. 他招认了罪行。

【习惯用语】①admit of容许有;有……可能;留有……的余地 ②admit sb. to [into] 接纳某人进入……;吸收某人参加…… ③be admitted to bail [律] 准许保释

【派】admittance

【词义辨析】admit, acknowledge和confess

admit:指因受外力或受良心的驱使承认某事物的存在或其真实性。acknowledge:指公开承认。confess指承认自己的弱点或有罪等。

【考题精解】We have to_____that he is a highly competent man.

A. admit

B. realize

C. compromise

D. approve

【答案】A。admit vt. 承认,供认;准许进入,准许加入(to admit one's error/defeat/that…;admit+动词ing形式/having done sth.;admit sb. to the concert/into the building/to an organization)。realize vt. 认识到,体会到;实现。compromise (with) vi. 妥协。approve (of) v. 同意,赞成。

admonish [əd'mɔniʃ] v.告诫;督促;责备;非难

adolescence ['ædəu'lesəns] n. 青春期,青少年

【同】youth, youngsters, teens

【派】adolescent

adopt [ə'dɔpt] vt. ①收养

【同】take as one's own child

②采取;采用

【同】take up, accept

They adopted our methods.

他们采用了我们的办法。

③正式通过;采纳

【同】choose

adopt a resolution unanimously

全体一致通过决议

【派】adoption, adoptive

【考题精解】The old couple decided to_____a boy and a girl though they had three children of their own.

A. adapt

B. cherish

C. receive

D. adopt

【答案】D。adopt vt. 收养(子女);采取,采用(如:As they had no children of their own,they adopted an orphan. They adopted my suggestion. Congress adopted the new measures.)。adapt vt. 使适应,使适合;改编,改写;vi. 适应(to)。cherish vt. 抱有,怀有(希望、想法、感情等);爱护,抚育;珍爱,珍视。receive vt. 接到,收到;遭受,受到;接待,接见。

adore [ə'dɔː(r)] vt. ①崇拜,敬慕

【同】idolize, worship, cherish

②喜爱

【同】love, delight in

【真题链接】lf you_____someone, you feel great admiration and love for them.(2007年中国矿业大学考博试题)

A. advocate

B. adjoin

C. adore

D. addict

【答案】C。四个选项中,A项advocate的意思是“拥护;提倡;主张”,B项adjoin的意思是“贴近,毗连”,C项adore的意思是“崇拜,崇敬;敬重”,D项addict的意思是“使沉溺,使醉心;使成瘾”。根据题意,C项为正确答案。

adult ['ædʌlt] n. 成年人

【同】grown-up, manhood

【反】child

advanced [əd'vɑːnst] a. 先进的,高级的

【同】progressive

【同】elementary

advantage [əd'vɑːntidʒ] n. ①优势;长处

【同】dominance, merit, superiority

【反】disadvantage, handicap

Mary speaks good English, but she has an advantage because her mother is English. 玛丽英语说得好,因为她有一个有利条件,她妈妈是英国人。

②利益;便利

【同】benefit, welfare, profit, interest

Is there any advantage in getting there early?

早到那里是否值得?

【习惯用语】①advantage(在延时赛中)先得分取胜 ②take advantage of利用,欺骗

【派】advantageous (ly)

【长难例句】Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.

译文:相反,行为主义者认为,成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其他环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。

【词义辨析】advantageous, beneficial和profitable beneficial:有益处的,有帮助的,指有益健康或福利、幸福的。profitable:赚钱的,有益的,获利的,指在物质或精神方面可获得好处的,但主要是指在金钱方面,意为“可带来利益的”。

【考题精解】George took_____of the fine weather to do a day's work in his garden.

A. advantage

B. chance

C. interest

D. charge

【答案】A。take advantage of利用;趁……之机(如:Companies took advantage of favourable interest rates. He often took advantage of her trustfulness.)。chance n. 机会,机遇;可能性,或然性(可以说take a/the chance/chances碰碰运气,冒冒风险,也许不会……;不能说take chance of)。interest n. 兴趣(可以说take [an] interest in对……有兴趣;不能说take interest of)。take charge of(开始)负责……。

advent ['ædvent] n. 出现,到来

【同】arrival, appearance, entrance

adventure [əd'ventʃə(r)] n. ①奇遇

adventures in the mountains山中的奇遇

②冒险

【同】venture, risk

All the children listened to his adventures with eager attention. 孩子们注意力十分集中地听他讲他的冒险经历。

【习惯用语】①at all adventure (s) 胡乱地;不顾一切地 ②put in adventure使遭受危险,使冒风险

【派】adventurous, adventurer

【考题精解】To take part in a space flight would be an exciting_____.

A. relaxation

B. pleasure

C. pastime

D. adventure

【答案】D。adventure n. 冒险,冒险活动;奇遇。relaxation n. 放松,娱乐;娱乐活动。pleasure n. 高兴,愉快,满足;令人高兴的事物,乐事,乐趣。pastime n. 消遣,娱乐。

adverse ['ædvəːs] a. ①敌对的,不利的

【同】unfriendly, unfavourable

【反】friendly, favourable

②有害的

【同】dangerous, harmful, hazardous

【真题链接】The influx of large numbers of tourists has influenced social behavior and social values, and caused a certain amount of_____effect.(2006年厦门大学考博试题)

A. attempt

B. overreached

C. defeated

D. adverse

【答案】D。本题是说“观光者的大批涌入影响了社会行为和社会价值观,造成了一些有害影响”。四个选项中,A项attempt的意思是“尝试,企图”,B项overreached的意思是“走过头”,C项defeated的意思是“击败,战胜”,D项adverse的意思是“不利的,有害的”。根据题意,D项为正确答案。

adventurous [əd'ventʃərəs] a. 喜欢冒险的

adverb ['ædvəːb] n. 副词

advertise ['ædvətaiz] vt. ①为……作广告,为……宣传 ②公布,通知 vi. 作广告,作宣传

advertisement [əd'vəːtismənt] (=ad)n. 广告

The wall was covered with advertisements. 墙上贴满了广告。

【考题精解】He always studies the_____in the paper as he wants to find a good second-hand car.

A. advertisements

B. columns

C. publications

D. developments

【答案】A。advertisement n.(简称ad)广告。column n.(报刊、文章的)栏,专栏。publication n. 出版,发行;出版物;公布,发表。development n. 事态发展,新情况;发展,形成,开发,研制。

advice [əd'vais] n. ①劝告

【同】counsel, recommendation

②(商业)通知,通知书

advice of arrival

(船舶)抵港通知,到货通知

【习惯用语】①act on advice依劝告而行动②ask advice of向……征求意见,请教 ③by [on] sb.'s advice依某人劝告

advisable [əd'vaizəbl] a. 明智的;可取的

【同】wise, proper, advantageous

It is advisable to leave now. 你最好现在离开。

【考题精解】It’s_____that everyone should have a map.

A. advisable

B. preferable

C. inevitable

D. possible

【答案】A。advisable a. 明智的,可取的(如:It is advisable to leave now/that you leave now.注意:在这个结构中从句谓语用虚拟式)。preferable (to) a. 更好的,更可取的,更合意的。inevitable a. 不可避免的,必然发生的。possible a. 可能的。

advise [əd'vaiz] vt. ①建议,提意见

Be advised! 接受意见吧!

②劝告;忠告

【同】counsel, recommend, suggest, propose

I shall act as your advise. 我将按你的忠告去做。

③通知;告知

【同】inform, notify, report, announce

We are to advise you that the matter is under consideration. 此事已在讨论中,特此通知。

【习惯用语】①advise sb. of把……报告[通知]某人 ②advise with sb. on [about] sth. 同某人商量某事,就某事请教某人

【派】advised (ly), adviser, advisable, advisory

【词义辨析】advise, counsel和suggest

advise:根据自己的学识,经验或判断而提出的个人意见或建议,后可接不定式。常用短语:advise sb. to do建议某人做某事,advise sb. against劝某人别做某事。counsel:对重要问题予以正式的或具有权威性的咨询和评议,建议的内容常涉及公事或职业方面问题,并且观点是客观公正的,不带个人喜好。suggest:提出意见、计划、理论、假设等,供人参考,可接名词、动词或that从句。

【考题精解】As I felt so much better, my doctor______me to take a holiday by the sea.

A. proposed

B. agreed

C. approved

D. advised

【答案】D。advise vt. 建议,劝告;(商业术语)通知,告知(句型:advise sth.;advise sb. on/as to sth.;advise sb. to+动词原形/against+动词ing形式;advise that sb. do〈从句谓语用虚拟语气should+动词原形,should可省去,只用动词原形〉;advise sb. of sth.通知)。propose vt. 提议,建议;vi. 求婚(句型:propose sth.;propose to+动词原形/+动词ing形式;propose that sb. do〈从句谓语用虚拟语气should+动词原形,should可省去,只用动词原形〉;如:James Hill proposed to Mary and she accepted his proposal.)。agree vi. 同意(不能说agree sb. to+动词原形)。approve vt.赞成,同意(不能说approve sb. to+动词原形)。

adviser [əd'vaizə] n. 导师,顾问

advisory [əd'vaizəri] a. 咨询的,告诫的

advocate vt. ['ædvəkeit]

①提倡,鼓吹

【同】uphold, support, favor, speak for, promote, push for

【反】oppose

②辩护,律师

【同】defend, recommend publicly

n. 提倡者

【同】advocator, prophet, supporter

【反】opponent

【派】advocator, advocacy

【长难例句】A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

译文:一项关于1996年新闻报道的调查显示,反科学的标签还可以贴在许多其他团体身上,包括从提倡消灭最后存留的天花病毒的权威机构,到鼓吹削减基础研究经费的共和党人。

【考题精解】There are not many teachers who are strong_____of traditional methods in English teaching.

A. sponsors

B. contributors

C. advocates

D. performers

【答案】C。advocate (of) n. 倡导者,拥护者;辩护人,律师 (an advocate of free trade)。sponsor (of) n. 发起者,主办者;资助者。contributor n. 捐助者;投稿者。performern. 表演者,演奏者;履行者,执行者。

aerobic [ɛə'rəubik] adj. 需氧的

aeroplane ['ɛərəplein] n. 飞机

【同】aircraft, airliner, jet, plane

by aeroplane乘飞机;用飞机

aeroplane carrier航空母舰

aeroplane spotting校射机

aesthetic/esthetic [iːs'θetɪk] a. ①美学的,审美的

【同】artistic

②悦目的,雅致的

afebrile [ei'fiːbrəl] adj. 无热的

affair [ə'fɛə(r)] n. 事情,事件;(pl.) 事务

【同】matter, case, business, event, incident

【习惯用语】①carry on [have] an affair with sb.与某人有不正当的男女关系 ②love affair恋爱事件;风流韵事 ③mind one's own affairs [business] 少管闲事

【词义辨析】affair, business和matter

affair:指已经发生或必须去做的事情。复数affairs指事态、情形及重大事件,也指经济、外交及日常事务等。business:通常强调任务、职责、业务活动。在“事务”意义上与affair相同,可互换。matter:是普通用词,通常指需要考虑和处理的事,不强调行动。

affect [ə'fekt] vt. ①影响

【同】influence

Smoking affects health.

吸烟影响健康。

②(使)感动

【同】impress, move, strike, touch

deeply affected by the news

深深地被这消息所感动

③使感染

【同】infect, catch

【长难例句1】Symposium talks will cover a wide range of subjects from overfishing to physical and environment factors that affect the populations of different species.

译文:研讨会的发言将涉及很广泛的主题,从过度捕捞鱼类到影响不同物种生存的物理和环境因素等。

【长难例句2】And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?

译文:还有,当所处理的问题牵涉其他许多国家时,比如像在美国政府诉微软一案中,一个国家应不应该扮演“自由竞争保卫者”的角色?

【考题精解】We are interested in the weather because it_____us so directly what we wear,what we do, and even how we feel.

A. benefits

B. affects

C. guides

D. relates

【答案】B。affect vt. 影响。benefit vt. 有益于。guide vt. 指导;给……领路。relate vt. 使相互关联;叙述,讲述。

affection [ə'fekʃn] n. 爱,感情

【同】attachment, fondness, love, feeling, passion, tenderness, influence, impact, reaction, response

【反】hostility, hatred

【习惯用语】①gain [win] sb.'s affection得到某人的爱 ②have an affection for [towards]深爱着

【派】affectionate (ly)

【考题精解】She had a great_____for the toxin where she grew up.

A. feeling

B. taste

C. emotion

D. affection

【答案】D。affection (for) n. 爱,深挚的感情(注:如果前面有形容词修饰可加不定冠词:A feeling of affection grew up between them. He thanked her with genuine affection. He had a warm affection for his mother.)。feeling n. 感情(中性名词,常有形容词修饰才能说明具体的感情)。taste(for) n. 口味,鉴赏力( have a taste for sth. 能欣赏……)。emotion n. 情感,情绪(没有have an emotion for sth.的句型)。

afferent ['æfərənt] adj. 传入的;传导的,向心的

affinity [ə'finəti] n. 喜好,亲和力;密切关系

affiliate [ə'filieit] v. 使隶属;隶属

【真题链接】The company that Joan works for is_____with an automotive company, so she can get a discount on a new car.(2014年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

A. correlated

B. parallel

C. affiliated

D. accounted

【答案】C。本题考查固定搭配。A有相互关系的;B使与……平行;C附属的,有关联的;D解释,认为。句意为:琼工作的公司隶属于一家汽车公司,所以她可以得到一辆新车。此处“be affiliated with”为固定搭配,意思“隶属于……”,故此处答案为C。

affirm [ə'fəːm] vt. ①断言,肯定

【同】declare, assert, confirm

②批准,使生效

【同】agree to, authorize

【真题链接】The Supreme Court_____the judgment of the lower court in that case last week. (2009年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

A. amplified

B. affirmed

C. ascended

D. applauded

【答案】B。四个选项的意思分别是:amplified放大;affirmed认可,批准(法律,判决);ascended上升,攀登;applauded鼓掌,赞同。所以正确答案是B选项。如:The ministry affirmed that the visit had been postponed.(部里证实访问已延期。)

afflict [ə'flikt] v. 使苦恼,折磨

affluent ['æfluənt] a. 富裕的,富足的

【同】rich, wealthy, well off

【反】poor

【派】affluence

afford [ə'fɔːd] vt. 买得起,花得起(时间);提供

【同】manage to buy, furnish, provide, offer

The transaction afforded him a good profit.

这笔买卖使他赚了一大笔。

【考题精解】I can't _____to have a holiday abroad on my salary.

A. spend

B. spare

C. afford

D. stand

【答案】C。afford vt.(一般与can/could搭配)买得起,花得起,担负得起,做得起(句型:afford sth./+动词ing形式;afford to+动词原形)。spend vt. 花(钱、时间)(句型:spend money on/for sth.;spend money on/in+动词ing形式;spend time on sth.;spend time/n. +动词ing形式)。spare vt. 节约,吝惜;省出,抽出(时间);饶恕,不伤害。stand vt.(用于否定句)经受,容忍(后面不跟不定式)。

afraid [ə'freid] a. ①害怕的

【同】fearful, frightened, scared, terrified

【反】bold, brave, courageous, fearless

be afraid of dogs怕狗

②担心的;担忧的

【同】worried

He was afraid that he would lose. 他担心会输。

③(表示抱歉)恐怕;我想……

I am afraid you are wrong about that.

这事儿我想恐怕是你错了。

【习惯用语】①be afraid of害怕,担心②I'm afraid [口]大概,恐怕,担心;对不起(因为要说不受欢迎的话而用的客套语)

Africa ['æfrikə] n. 非洲

African ['æfrikən] a. 非洲的,非洲人的n. 非洲人

after ['ɑːftə(r)] prep./conj.

①在……后

after dinner饭后

one after another一个接一个

②模仿;依照

Please read after me. 请跟我读。

③与……一致

a man after my own heart与我心思一致的人

【同】following, behind

【反】before

ad. 以后,后来

【同】afterwards, later

【反】previously, before

【习惯用语】after all ①终究;毕竟It has turned out to be a nice day after all.天气终于转晴了。②记着;记住I know he hasn't finished, but, after all, he is very busy. 我知道他没有做完,不过要知道,他太忙了。③尽管After all my care in packing it, many of the ceramics arrived broken.尽管我包得非常小心,瓷器运到时还是坏了许多。

【考题精解】The bridge was named_____the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.

A. by

B. with

C. after

D. from

【答案】C。name (sb./sth.) after/for以……的名字给……取名(不与其他三个介词搭配)。

afterward ['ɑːftəwəd] ad. 后来,以后

【同】after, later, subsequently

【反】previously

We saw the film and afterwards walked home together. 我们看完电影后一起走回了家。

again [ə'ɡein,ə'ɡen] ad. ①再;又;再一次

【同】once more

try again再试一次

②此外,另一方面

I might, and again I might not.

我有可能,也有可能不。

【习惯用语】now and again有时

against [ə'ɡeinst,ə'ɡenst] prep. 对着,靠着;反对;和……比

【习惯用语】①as against与……比较 ②be against (sth.)违反,无视,不顾 ③dead/set against [口]断然反对,正对着

【长难例句】One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.

译文:另外一个不应该因为油价上涨而失眠的原因是,这次不像20世纪70年代的那些上涨,它并不是在普遍的商品价格暴涨和全球需求过旺的背景之下发生的。

【考题精解】He felt it rather difficult to take a stand_____the opinion of the majority.

A. for

B. against

C. to

D. by

【答案】B。take a stand for/against sth.对……表明支持/反对态度(注:take a stand后面不跟to/by sth.)

【真题链接】Any business needs insurance_____ordinary risks such as fire,flood and breakage.(2007年中国科学院考博试题)

A. in

B. against

C. on

D. of

【答案】B。本题考查介词的用法,句子的意思是:任何行业都需要保险来抵御一般的风险,如火灾、水灾或破损。这四个介词中只有against有“防备,预防”的意思,所以B项是正确答案。

age [eidʒ] n. ①年龄

【同】years

②时代

【同】era, period, time

v. ①(使)变老,(使)老化

【同】decline, mature, ripen

②成熟

【派】aged, ageless

aged ['eidʒid] a. 年老的,陈年的

The sick and the aged need our help.

病人和老人需要我们帮助。

aggregate ['æɡriɡət] vt. 人口(数)达到……,聚集 vi. 聚集 a. 聚集的 n. ①聚集物②总数,合计③拌水泥用的粒料

aggression ['əɡreʃən] n. ①(无理的)争斗,战争 ②侵略

【同】attack, assault, invasion, offense

aggravate ['æɡrəveit] vt. ①加重,加剧,使恶化 ②激怒,使恼火

【真题链接】The continuous unrest was_____the nation's economy.(2004年上海理工大学考博试题)

A. exaggerating

B. aggravating

C. amending

D. fastening

【答案】B。本题是说“持续动荡的局面使国家的经济愈加恶化”。B项的“aggravate使恶化,加重”符合题意。如:Grief aggravated her illness.(痛苦加重了她的病情)。其他三项“exaggerate夸张,夸大;amend修改,修订,订正,改进,改善;fasten扎牢,集中于,加强”都不正确。

aggressive ['əɡresiv] a. ①侵略性的;攻击性的

【同】invasive, hostile, offensive

【反】peaceable

aggressive weapons攻击性武器

②有进取心的

【同】ambitious, enterprising

【反】modest

【长难例句】It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

译文:它把对疼痛的治疗不足和盲目大量使用有可能延长死亡时间甚至让死亡过程蒙羞的“无效并且强迫性的医疗手段”视为生命临终医护的孪生问题。

【考题精解】Animals can become unusually_____when they are upset by a sudden environmental change.

A. vigorous

B. predominant

C. aggressive

D. irritable

【答案】C。aggressive a. 侵略的;好斗的;敢作敢为的;有进取心的。vigorous a. 有力的,用力的;精力充沛的。predominant a. 占主导地位的;显著的。irritable a. 易生气的,不耐烦的,烦躁的。

【真题链接】International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages_____patriotism.(2004年中国人民大学考博试题)

A. obsolete

B. aggressive

C. harmonious

D. amiable

【答案】B.空格处是说鼓励带有挑衅性的爱国精神。aggressive的意思是“侵犯的,挑衅的”。与题意相符。而“obsolete陈旧的,过时的;harmonious和谐的;amiable和蔼可亲的”都不正确。

agile ['ædʒail] a. 敏捷的,灵活的

agitate ['ædʒiteit] v. ①使激动,使焦虑,②搅动,煽动

ago [ə'ɡəu] ad. 以前

【同】before, earlier, in the past

She left 30 minutes ago. 她30分钟前离开了。

【习惯用语】①long ago很久以前,从前②some time ago不久前 ③a while ago刚才

agony ['æɡəni] n. 痛苦,创痛

【同】distress, misery, pain, suffering

【反】enjoyment, happiness

【词义辨析】agony, misery和distress

agony:指精神上和肉体上的强烈痛苦,常用于描写面临生死时的挣扎和痛苦。misery:指慢性的或长期的痛苦,含有绝望的意思。distress:着重指生理或心理上的痛苦所造成的严重压抑。

agree [ə'ɡriː] v. ①同意;赞成;答应

【同】approve, consent, permit, accord, conform, decide on

【反】protest, differ, disagree

She agreed to my idea. 她同意我的想法。

②意见相合

We agree on this count.

在这一点上,我们的意见一致。

【习惯用语】①agree like cats and dogs [like pickpockets in a fair] 水火不相容 ②agree on [upon] 对……达成协议;对……取得一致意见③agree to sth. 同意某事

【派】disagreeable, agreeably, disagreement

agreeable [ə'ɡriːəbl] a. ①令人愉快的

【同】pleasant, enjoyable, pleasing, favorable

【反】disagreeable

②(+to)一致的,符合的

【同】conformable

③易相处的

agriculture ['æɡrikʌltʃə] n. 农业

【同】farming

【派】agricultural

ague ['eiɡjuː] n. 疟疾

ahead [ə'hed] ad. 在前,向前,提前

【同】beforehand, before, forward, earlier

Walk straight ahead until you reach the river.

一直朝前走到河边。

【习惯用语】①ahead of在……之前;超过Our company is ahead of other makers of spare parts for the airplane. 我们公司制造的飞机零部件比别家的好。 ②get ahead胜过,超过

aid [eid] n. ①帮助;援助

【同】assistance, help, supporter, rescue, assist, back, help, favor, save

【反】obstruct, interrupt

first aid急救

②帮助者;有帮助的事物

An English-Chinese Dictionary is an important aid in learning the English.

英汉词典是学习英语的重要帮手。

【习惯用语】①aid and abet [律] 帮助,同谋,教唆(常指犯罪行为)②by [with] the aid of借助于,通过……的帮助 ③come [go] to sb.'s aid前来[去]援助某人

【长难例句】Help will come from the UN, but the aid will be nowhere near what's needed.

译文:从联合国可以得到援助,但这种援助与所需要的相差甚远。

【词义辨析】aid, help和assist

aid:指给予处于困难或危急状况的团体、国家等救助。help:日常用语,口语常用来代替aid或assist,多指积极而实际的具体帮助。assist:强调“协助,辅助”的意义,其主语往往是它的宾语的助手和下属。

aim [eim] v. 旨在,志在;瞄准,对准

【同】intend, attempt, point, direct, steer

n. 目标,目的;瞄准

【同】end, goal, objective, target, ambition, pointing, focusing

【派】aimless (ly)

【习惯用语】①aim at向……瞄准;旨在,针对;志在 ②aim high胸怀大志;力争上游③cry aim喝彩助威;予以鼓励

air [ɛə(r)] n. 空气;天空;神气

【同】atmosphere, attitude, look, manner, carriage

v. 使通风;晾干

【派】airless, airy, airily

air-conditioning

n. 空调设备,空调系统

aircraft ['ɛəkrɑːft] n. 飞机,飞行器

【同】airliner, airplane, jet plane

airfield ['ɛəfiːld] n. 飞机场

【同】airport

airline ['ɛəlain] n. ①航线;两点间的直线

【同】route

②航空公司;定期航线

【同】airline company

airliner ['ɛəlainə] n. 客机,班机

commercial airliner商务班机

commuter airliner长期票乘客班机,短途班机

airplane ['ɛəplein] n.飞机

【同】aeroplane

airport ['ɛəpɔːt] n. 机场,航空港

【同】airfield

aisle [ail] n. 走廊,通道

【同】passageway, opening

alarm [ə'lɑːm] n. 警报,警铃;惊恐

【同】dread, panic, fright, horror, terror, warning, caution

【反】comfort, security, safety

v. 向……报警;使惊慌

【同】frighten, panic, scare, shock, terrify, warn

【反】relieve, comfort

【习惯用语】①alarms and excursions喧闹和忙乱;紧张和骚乱 ②be alarmed at被……吓一跳 ③be alarmed for (the safety of) 放心不下,担心(……的安全)

【派】alarming

【词义辨析】alarm, frighten, scare和terrify alarm:指由于某种可能发生的危险而使人惊恐、慌乱和担忧。frighten:指对某种刺激短暂的心理,也可指满心恐惧的心理状态。一般有使人身体或意志受到影响的效应。scare:比frighten语气更强烈,而且可用于较正式场合,指令人胆怯、颤抖或逃跑的恐惧。terrify:语气更强烈,指剧烈的恐惧和焦虑,使人无法自我控制,可形容为令人“魂飞魄散”。

【考题精解】The moment someone broke into the factory, a burglar_____rang in the police station.

A. alarm

B. warning

C. bell

D. threat

【答案】A。alarm n. 报警器;惊恐。warning n. 警告。bell n. 铃。threat n. 威胁。

album ['ælbəm] n. 相片册,邮票簿

【同】photo collection, stamp book

alcohol ['ælkəhɔl] n. 酒精,乙醇

【同】liquor, spirits, wine

【派】alcoholic, alcoholize

alert [ə'ləːt] a. ①机警的,警觉的

【同】attentive, observant

②机灵的,活泼的

【同】clever, lively, nimble

③留心的

【同】watchful, prompt, nimble, lively

vt. 使警觉

【同】warn

【考题精解】The doctor_____me to the danger of not getting enough sleep.

A. warned

B. advised

C. reminded

D. alerted

【答案】D。alert (to) vt. 警告,使警惕(如:This alerted us to a new danger of aggression. We must alert the nation to the need to solve these problems.)。warn (of/against) vt. 警告,告诫(句型:warn sb. of/against danger/that there is danger;warn sb. not to+动词原形)。advise vt. 劝告,建议(句型:advise sb. on sth./to+动词原形/advise that sb. do sth.)。remind vt. 提醒,使想起(句型:remind sb. of sth./to+动词原形;remind sb. that…)

alga ['ælɡə] n. 海藻,水藻

alien ['eiliən] a. ①外国(人)的,异己的

【同】foreign, unfamiliar, unknown

【反】familiar

②性质不同的

【同】different

【反】same

n. 外国人,外来人,外侨

【同】foreigner

【派】alienate, alienation

【长难例句】There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the“standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien to many readers.

译文:在新闻从业人员与读者之间存在着社会与文化方面的隔阂,这有助于解释为什么新闻编播室中的“标准模板”对众多读者来说是陌生的原因。

alike [ə'laik] a. 同样的,相像的

【同】matching, similar, resembling

【反】unlike, different, dissimilar

The two sisters are very alike. 这两姐妹非常相像。

【词义辨析】alike, like和similar

alike:指彼此在外貌、性格、做事方法等方面完全相像,仅作表语,可由much, very much, exactly, somewhat等副词修饰。like:指在很多方面相似,可作定语和表语,作表语时可用very修饰。similar指部分或大部分相似,可作定语或表语。

ad. 同样地,相似地。

【考题精解】The twins are so much_____that it is difficult to tell one from the other.

A. similar

B. same

C. like

D. alike

【答案】D。alike a. 同样的,相像的(只作表语)。similar (to) a. 类似,相似。same a. 相同的,一样的(必须与定冠词连用)。like a. 相像的,相同的(作表语或定语)。

alive [ə'laiv] a. ①活的,活着的

【同】living, existing

【反】dead, nonexistent

The fish we caught is still alive.

我们捉的鱼还活着。

②活跃的

【同】active, lively, energetic

【反】inactive, dull, lifeless

Although old she is still very much alive.

她虽已年迈,但仍很活跃。

③仍然存在的;仍然进行着的

The argument was kept alive by the politicians.政治家们还在继续争论那件事。

【习惯用语】alive with充满……的The dead tree is alive with insects. 这棵枯树上爬满了昆虫。

【词义辨析】alive, living和live

alive:强调虽有死的可能但也有可能是活着的,在句中多作表语,也可用作后置定语或补语。living:可用于指人或物,强调还在活着,没有死,在句中可作表语或定语,作定语时放在所修饰的名词前后都可以。live作形容词用时,读[laiv],除在诙谐的场合可指人外,主要用于指物,放在所修饰的名词前作定语。

【考题精解】The park was_____with people doing all sorts of recreational activities.

A. live

B. alive

C. lively

D. vigorous

【答案】B。alive (with) a.(常指某个地方充满着人或生物或活动等因而显得)活跃的,有活力的,充满(生气的),到处是(如:The streets were alive with people. The lake was alive with fish. The place was alive with music.)。live a.(一般作定语)活的,有生命的,活生生存在的(不是假想的)。lively a.活泼的,充满活力的(作表语或定语,后面不跟with)。vigorous a. 有力的,用力的;精力充沛的(表语或定语,修饰人或活动)。

all [ɔːl] a. 全部的,所有的

【同】complete, full, entire, total, whole, extreme

【反】partial

pron. 全部,一切;大家

【同】whole

ad. 完全地,很,都

【同】totally, purely, utterly

allegation ['æli'ɡeiʃən] n. 断言,主张,见解

【同】assertion, claim, statement

allege [ə'ledʒ] vt. 断言,声称,宣称

【同】assert, declare, state, maintain

【反】deny

alley ['æli] n. ①小巷,胡同

【同】lane

②小径,小路

【同】path, street

alleviate [ə'liːvieit] vt. 减轻,缓解,缓和

【同】abate, ease, lessen

【真题链接 1】The doctor promised that this medicine would_____the pain in the stomach.(2009年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

A. affirmed

B. agitated

C. alleviate

D. allocate

【答案】C。四个选项的意思分别是:affirmed断言,肯定;agitated使激动的,使不安的;alleviate减轻,使(痛苦,疾病)缓和;allocate分配,拨出。根据句子意思可知,正确答案是C选项。如:What good method can alleviate hypoglycemia low blood pressure?(有什么好方法能缓解低血糖低血压?)

【真题链接 2】Though this apparatus is expensive, the patient agreed to use it after the operation because it could_____the pain.(2004年武汉大学考博试题)

A. assess

B. alleviate

C. avenge

D. affirm

【答案】B。本题意为“尽管这种医疗器械很贵,但病人同意手术后使用它,因为它能减轻痛苦”。alleviate的意思是“减轻”,符合题意。如:Heat often alleviates pain.(热常常能减缓疼痛)。其他三项“assess对……进行估价,评价;avenge替……报仇;affirm断言,证实;批准”都不正确。

【真题链接 3】The medicine_____his pain but did not cure his illness. (2015年北京航空大学考博试题)

A. activated

B. alleviated

C. deteriorated

D. mediated

【答案】B。alleviated意为“减轻,缓解”。根据句意:“这种药缓解了他的疼痛,但不能治愈他的疾病”,故选B。

其他三项中,A项意为“触发”;C项意为“使恶化”;D项意为“调解”,都不符合句意。

alliance [ə'laiəns] n. 结盟,联盟,联姻

【同】association, union, merger, combination, marriage, coupling, wedding

【反】disunion, separation, divorce

【词义辨析】alliance, league和union

alliance:指双方有共同利益的联盟,也可指联姻。

league:指因有特别目的而组成的联盟,也可指家族间的联姻关系或行业中的工会等组织。

【考题精解】England and France formed a (n)_____against Germany in the Second World War.

A. union

B. alliance

C. entity

D. solidarity

【答案】B。alliance (with/against) n. 结盟,联盟;联姻(如:They are in alliance with each other. The American colonies joined in an alliance against the British.)。union n. 结合,联合;合并;团结,一致。entity n. 实体,独立存在体;实际存在物。solidarity n.(政治上的)团结一致。

allied ['əlaid] a. 联合的,同盟的,联姻的

【同】associated, linked, united, wed

【反】separated

alliteration'litə'reiʃən] n. 头韵

allocate ['æləkeit] vt. 分配,分派,派给,拨给

【同】distribute, assign, appoint, designate

【派】allocation

allow [ə'lau] v. 允许,准许

【同】approve, entitle, let, permit, acknowledge, admit, confess, give, grant, take into consideration

【反】disallow, disapprove, forbid, prohibit, ban, bar

【习惯用语】①allow for估计到,考虑到;对……留有余地;体谅 ②allow of容许;许可

【派】allowable, allowance, disallow

【词义辨析】allow, permit

allow:其实表达的意思是并不反对、不加阻止或客观的可行性,偏重“默许、听任”,意义较消极。permit意为“准许、允许”,指有权允许的一方积极、明确地从正面允许或持肯定态度。

【真题链接】It will take us twenty minutes to go to the railway station,_____traffic delays.(2017年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

A. acknowledging

B. affording

C. allowing for

D. accounting for

【答案】C

【解析】A项意为“承认,告知已收到”;B项意为“提供,买得起”;C项意为“留出,考虑到”;D项意为“说明(原因、理由等),导致,引起”。因此,C项符合题意。

allowance [ə'lauəns] n. ①补贴,津贴

【同】stipend, money, bonus

②允许,准许

【同】admission, approval, consent

③分配

【同】distribute, budget, assign

【考题精解】The boy had certainly done wrong,but his father made_____for his youth.

A. allowances

B. excuses

C. pleas

D. accounts

【答案】A。make allowances for考虑到,顾及;体谅,原谅(如:We make allowances for her rudeness. If there is friction between them, each should make allowances for the other.)。excuse n.理由,借口(句型:make an excuse to+动词原形借口要;make excuses to sth.为……找理由;in excuse of作为……的借口)。plea n.(多作单数用)借口,托词(句型:on the plea of借口……,不能说make pleas for)。account n.叙述,说明(句型:give an account of解释……(理由);叙说……;take account of/take sth. into account考虑,把……考虑进去;不能说make accounts for)。

alloy ['ælɔi] n. 合金

ally ['ælai] n. ①同盟者

【同】associate, supporter, colleague

【反】enemy

②伙伴

【同】companion, partner

③同类

【同】same kind

【考题精解】The small country_____itself with the stronger power for protection.

A. attached

B. allied

C. geared

D. adapted

【答案】B。ally (with) vt. 使结盟(如:Britain has been allied with Portugal for many centuries. Will the workers of the factories ally against the big employers?)。attach (to) vt. 使附属,使依恋。gear (to) vt. 使适应,使适合。adapt (to) v.(使)适应,(使)适合。

almost ['ɔːlməust] ad. 几乎,差不多

【同】nearly, roughly, practically, approximately Hurry up — it's almost time for school.

赶快,差不多到上学时间了。

【词义辨析】almost和nearly

almost与动词、副词、形容词或名词连用时可与nearly通用。almost可后接no, none, nothing, never等表示否定意义的词,nearly则不可,在英国可用hardly, any/ scarcely, any等代替almost no/none/nothing。almost不可被not修饰,nearly可被not修饰,作“远非”解。在表示时间、空间、距离、程度等方面nearly表示的差距比almost大。在具体数字前用nearly比用almost更普通。在more than, too之前用almost,不用nearly。

alone [ə'ləun] a. 单独的,孤独的

【同】isolated, deserted, unaccompanied, only, sole

ad. 单独地,独自地;仅仅

【同】by oneself, just, merely

He alone knows the secret. 只有他一人知道这个秘密。

【习惯用语】①all alone独自一人,孤零零地②leave sb./sth. alone(=let sb./sth. alone) 听其自然,不要去管,让某人独自留在那 ③leave severely alone绝对不理,严格不介入;敬而远之;不再打交道,不再去干

along [ə'lɔŋ] prep. 沿着

【同】down

ad. 向前;一起

【同】ahead, forward, forth, onward

【习惯用语】①all along始终;一直I knew the truth all along. 真相我始终是清楚的。②along with与……一道

Along with the letters there are answers written by people who are supposed to know how to solve such problems. 与这些读者来信一起还刊登对这些问题的回答,由那些被认为能够解决这些问题的人来撰写。

alongside'lɔŋ'said] prep. ①在……旁边,沿着……的边

【同】beside, by, next to, along the side of

②和……在一起

【同】along with, together with

ad. 在旁边,并排地

【同】parallel to, shoulder to shoulder

aloud [ə'laud] ad. 出声地,大声地

【同】loudly, audibly, noisily

【反】quietly, silently

【习惯用语】think aloud自言自语

【词义辨析】aloud, loud和loudly

aloud:指从不出声到出声,别人能听得见。aloud与cry, shout等动词连用时,意为“大声地”。loud :可与loudly通用,loudly比loud正式些,用在动词前面或后面均可。

alphabet ['ælfəbet] n. 字母表

【同】letter

【派】alphabetical

【长难例句】Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea”.

译文:罗伯特·富尔顿曾经这样写道:“一个技师会坐在杠杆、螺丝钉、楔子、轮子等等当中,就像一个诗人沉浸在字母表的字母中,把这些零件看成自己思想的展示。在这样的展示中,每种新的次序安排都传达了一种新的思想。”

already [ɔːl'redi] ad. 已经,早已

【同】by now, beforehand, previously

【反】not yet

She had already left when I arrived.

我到的时候她已经走了。

also ['ɔːlsəu] ad. 也;同样地

【同】too, likewise, as well as, furthermore, besides

We also went to see the film. 我们也去看了电影。

【习惯用语】as also同样(也),照样(又)

alter ['ɔːltə] v. ①改变;变更

【同】adjust, change, convert, modify, transform, remodel, refashion, vary

【反】preserve

These clothes are too large;they must be altered.这些衣服太大,得修改。

②阉割

【派】alterable, alteration

【词义辨析】alter, change, convert, modify和vary。alter:可指重大的改变,但比change更为正式。change:意为“变化,改变”,普通用词,含义和用途最广,基本可涵盖其余几个词,但它通常指本质的变化,甚至失去本身性质,有时也指一种东西替换了另一种。常用词组:change from sth. to/ into sth.……变成……。convert:意为“把……转(改)变换为/转而使用”,指从一种状态或情况转变为另一种状态或情况,尤其指对事物进行改变后,使其适应新的功能、用途。涉及态度或信仰时,表示大的转变。modify:表示其有一定限制或限定变化。这个词也有“缓和”(严重情况)、调节及降低之意。vary:指由于变化(如更替、移动、生长等)而产生的一个或一系列的差别,有时指违背常规或惯例,暗含并非简单、雷同、模仿的反复。

【考题精解】She had to_____her dress because she had lost weight.

A. change

B. modify

C. alter

D. shrink

【答案】C。alter v. 改变,变更(如:His feature had not altered. Nothing can alter the facts. If your new coat is too large,the tailor can alter it to fit you.)(衣服由大改小)。change vt. 改变,更改;换。modify vt.(稍加)修改,更改,改进(计划、设计、立场、态度、观点、看法等)。shrink vi. 收缩;起皱;退缩,畏缩。

alternate [ɔːl'təːnət] v.(使)交替,(使)轮流a. ①交替的,轮流的

②间隔的

③候补的

【同】interchange, reciprocal

【反】consecutive

【派】alternation, alternative

alternative [ɔːl'təːnətiv] a. ①两者选一的

【同】choice, option, selection

②交替的

n. ①两者选一

②替换物

③交替

【考题精解】When travelling, you are advised to take travellers’ checks, which provide a secure_____to carrying your money in cash.

A. substitute

B. replacement

C. preference

D. alternative

【答案】D。alternative (to) n. 取舍,抉择;供选择的东西,替代办法(如:You have the alternative of fighting or being taken prisoner. The alternative to being taken prisoner was to die fighting.<常考句型>One has no alternative but to/There is no alternative for one but to fight.)。substitute (for) n. 代用品,代替者。replacement (of) n. 替代,替换;替代的人或物。preference (for/to) n.偏爱,更喜爱;优先(权)(have a preference for sth.;choose A in preference to B)。

【真题链接 1】Many people proposed that a national committee be formed to discuss_____to existing mass transit systems.(2003年中国科学院考博试题)

A. substitutes

B. measures

C. duplicates

D. alternatives

【答案】D。本题空格处是说,讨论替代现有的大规模的运输系统。四个选项中,alternatives的意思是“代替物或方式”,常与to搭配,如:I wanted to go out, but I had no money. I had no alternative to staying at home. ( I have no alternative but to stay at home. 我想出去,可是没钱,只能待在家里。)substitutes的意思是“代替,替代”,常与for搭配;measures的意思是“措施”,常与to搭配;duplicates的意思是“复制品”,常与of搭配。只有D项符合题意。

【真题链接 2】Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no_____but to report him to the local police.(2002年3月中国科学院考博试题)

A. time

B. chance

C. authority

D. alternative

【答案】D。本题空格处是说只能向当地警察局报告,没有其他选择。D项的“alternative选择”符合题意,如:There was no other alternative but to fight till the victory.(除了战斗到胜利外别无选择)。其他三项“authority权威性,决定权;time时间;chance机会”都不正确。

【真题链接 3】When traveling, you are advised to take traveler's checks, which provide a secure_____to carrying your money in cash. (2010年厦门大学考博试题)

A. substitute

B. selection

C. preference

D. alternative

【答案】D。在给出的选项中:substitute“代替,代替物”;selection“选择”,指从相当数量中进行选择,强调数量多和慎重的判断和鉴别;preference“喜欢,偏爱”,强调选择时个人的偏爱;alternative“两者或两者以上挑一,取舍,抉择”。根据句意和各个选项的意思可知,正确答案是D。

【真题链接 4】Under ethical guideline recently adopted by the National Institutes of Health, human genes are to be manipulated only to correct disease for which_____treatments are unsatisfactory.(2014年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

A. similar

B. dangerous

C. uncommon

D. alternative

【答案】D。本题考查形容词辨析。A相似的;B危险的;C不寻常的,罕有的;D供选择的,选择性的,交替的。句意为:根据国家健康研究机构最近通过的伦理学的指导方针,人类的基因只有在(其他的)治疗方案不能满意的情况下才可以改变。D为正确选项。

although [ɔːl'ðou] conj. 虽然,尽管

【同】though

Although they are poor they are happy.

虽然他们很穷,但很快乐。

altitude ['æltitjuːd] n. ①高度

【同】height

②海拔

【同】elevation, height

③(pl.) 高处

【同】peak

altogether ['ɔːltə'ɡeðə] ad. ①完全地;全然

【同】completely, entirely, fully, thoroughly, wholly

【反】partially

He's not altogether sure what to do.

他全然不知该怎么做。

②总之;总共

【同】in all, generally, anyway, anyhow

Altogether there were 18 people in the bus.

在公共汽车上一共有18个人。

【习惯用语】for altogether永久地;一劳永逸地

【考题精解】The project is not_____a failure.It is a success in some respect.

A. altogether

B. likely

C. possibly

D. inevitably

【答案】A。not altogether并非完全(如:It's not altogether impossible. She wasn't altogether pleased with her choice. I don't altogether agree with him.)。likely ad. 很可能;a. 可能的,有希望的(句型:sb. is likely to+动词原形;it is likely that sb. will do sth.;a likely place;不能说likely a place)。possibly ad. 可能,也许。inevitably ad. 不可避免地,必然地。

aluminium/aluminum ['ælju'miniəm] n.

always ['ɔːlweiz] ①总是

【同】all the time, constantly, continually, invariably

【反】never

He always comes late. 他总是迟到。

②永远

【同】everlastingly, forever, permanently, endlessly

【反】never, temporarily

I shall always remember my first day at school.

我将永远记住我上学的第一天。

amateur ['æmətə] a. 业余的,外行的

【同】inexperienced, nonprofessional

【反】professional

n. 业余爱好者

【同】hobbyist

【反】master, expert

①业余爱好者

Only amateurs may complete in the Olympic Games. 只有业余运动员才能参加奥运会比赛。

②外行

【长难例句1】As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.

译文:这种发展的逻辑结果是,现在不同的杂志主要面向不同的读者群,要么是专业人士,要么是业余读者。

【长难例句2】No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.

译文:科学领域的专业人员和业余爱好者之间划不出泾渭分明的界线,因为任何规则都有例外。然而,“业余”一词的确意味着相关人员不能充分融入科学圈子,尤其未能分享科学圈子的价值观。

【考题精解】_____are not allowed to play in most professional golf tournaments.

A. Amateurs

B. Laymen

C. Fencers

D. Boxers

【答案】A。amateur n.(科学、艺术、体育等方面的)业余爱好者(如:Our actors are amateurs.)。layman n. 门外汉,外行。fencer n. 击剑者。boxer n. 拳师。

amaze [ə'meiz] v. 使惊奇,使惊叹

【同】astonish, surprise, astound

Her knowledge amazes me. 她的学识令我吃惊。

【习惯用语】①be amazed at (by) 对……大为惊奇 ②be amazed to see [hear, find] 看到[听到,发现] 对……感到吃惊

【派】amazement

【词义辨析】amaze, astonish和surprise

amaze:强调“迷惑”或“惊骇”之意,有时含有“惊叹,佩服”的意思。过去分词作形容词表示被动意思。astonish:面对无法解释或无法理解的事实而大吃一惊,甚至觉得不可思议。现在分词和过去分词用法同surprise。surprise:意为“使吃惊,使惊异”,普通用词。指因为事情出乎意料或者特殊而使人感到突然或意外。

【考题精解】All of us were_____that the old man could walk on his hands.

A. shocked

B. amazed

C. frightened

D. pleased

【答案】B。amaze vt. 使大为惊奇,使惊愕(注意:引起惊愕的事可以是坏事,也可以是好事,如:Your attitude simply amazes me. We were amazed at mans first landing on the moon.)。shock vt. 使震惊(注:引起shock的事物一般都是指突然发生的、不好的东西)。frighten vt.使惊恐,吓唬。please vt. 使高兴,使满意,合……的心意。

ambassador [æm'bæsədə] n. 大使,专使

【同】diplomat, minister, representative

【考题精解】George Bush, once U.S._____to China, became President in 1988.

A. deputy

B. ambassador

C. representative

D. envoy

【答案】B。ambassador n. 大使。deputy n. 代表,代理人;副职,副手。representative n.代表,代理人。envoy n. 使节,公使,使者(注:如果没有ambassador一词,envoy也可表达同一意思)。

ambiguous [æm'biɡjuəs] a. 模棱两可的,有两种(或多种)解释的

【同】vague, unclear, indefinite, confusing

【反】specific, clear, definite, certain

【派】ambiguity

【词义辨析】ambiguous, obscure和vague ambiguous:对同一表达方式有两种或两种以上的解释,但无法推断是其中的哪一种。obscure:指物体或观点不清晰、不明确,往往难以理解或无法看清。vague:由于光线暗淡而造成轮廓不清;指事物过于笼统无法表述清楚,用来描述故意被人说得模棱两可的事物。

【真题链接 1】I don't know how to interpret her remark. I think it was deliberately_____.(2003年上海交通大学考博试题)

A. distinct

B. ambiguous

C. suspicious

D. invisible

【答案】B。本题是说“我不知道怎样翻译她的评论,我想那是故意含糊其辞的”。B项的“ambiguous暧昧的,不明确的”符合题意。如:This is an ambiguous sentence.(这是一个含意不清的句子)。其他三项“distinct清楚的;suspicious可疑的;invisible看不见的”都不正确。

【真题链接 2】His_____directions confused us;we did not know which of the two roads to take.(2007年中国矿业大学考博试题)

A. intricate

B. arbitrary

C. complicated

D. ambiguous

【答案】D。四个选项中,A项intricate的意思是“错综复杂的,复杂精细的;难理解的;难分析的”,B项arbitrary的意思是“随心所欲的,武断的;反复无常的,任性多变的”,C项complicated的意思是“复杂的,难懂的;结构复杂的”,D项ambiguous的意思是“含糊不清的,引起歧义的”。根据题意,D项为正确答案。

ammunition ['æmju'niʃən] n. ①弹药,军火②武器,军事装备

【同】arms

ambition [æm'biʃən] n. ①野心;雄心;企图

【同】enterprise, desire, aim, goal, objective, target

be full of ambition野心勃勃

②所希望的东西

Her ambition was to be a famous singer.

她的理想是成为著名的歌唱家。

【长难例句1】On the whole, ambitious students are much likely to succeed in their studies than those with little ambition.

译文:总体来看,有进取心的学生比那些进取心不强的学生在学习上更可能成功。

【长难例句2】If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition — wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf.

译文:如果个人的雄心壮志被人看得很重,那么雄心壮志带来的好处——荣华富贵、出人头地、命运自主——都应被认为是值得为了这雄心壮志而作出的各种牺牲。

【考题精解】His_____had always been to become an architect.

A. career

B. ambition

C. idea

D. attempt

【答案】B。ambition n. 雄心;野心。career n. 职业;生涯。idea n. 主意,想法。attempt n. 企图,试图。

ambitious [æm'biʃəs] a. ①有雄心的,有抱负的,有野心的

【同】enterprising

②热情的

【同】desirous, eager, hungry, longing

【派】ambitiously

ambulance ['æmbjuləns] n. 救护车

【同】hospital vehicle

【考题精解】A (n)_____must have priority over other vehicles for it has an emergency to deal with.

A. car

B. bus

C. ambulance

D. truck

【答案】C。ambulance n. 救护车。

amend [ə'mend] vt. ①修改,修订

【同】change, edit, revise, rework

②改良

【同】correct, revise, improve

【派】amendable

【词义辨析】amend, reform和revise

amend:指对议案等进行改进或修改,使之更为完善或能达到更高标准。reform:指进行激烈的变革,以期除去不完善、不圆满的事物,从而使某事物得到改进,并且获得新形势或新特点。revise:指经过仔细阅读和反复思考之后,对需改正、完善的地方进行必要的变动,强调不改变整体的性质,只是修正。

America [ə'merikə] n. 美洲,美国

American [ə'merikən] a. 美洲的,美国的,美国人的

n. 美国人

amiable ['eimiəbl] a. 和蔼可亲的,友好的

【真题链接】So_____was the mood of the meeting that an agreement was soon reached. (2003年复旦大学考博试题)

A. resentful

B. amiable

C. suffocating

D. gloomy

【答案】B。本题是说“会议的气氛如此友好,以至于协议很快就达成了”。B项的“amiable亲切的、和蔼的”符合题意。如:The foreign guests are always amiable to the host when they visit his house.(外宾来到主人家拜访时总是友好的。)其他三项“resentful愤慨的;suffocating令人窒息的;gloomy阴沉的、沉闷的”都不正确。

amid [ə'mid] prep. 在……中,在……当中

【同】among (st), between

among (st) [ə'mʌŋ(st)] prep. ①在……之中

【同】amid, between

They live among the mountains.

他们住在群山之中。

②……之一

She is among my most welcome visitors.

她是我最欢迎的来访者之一。

ample ['æmpl] a. ①充分的,足够的,富足的

【同】enough, plentiful, sufficient, abundant

【反】insufficient

②大的,宽敞的

【同】spacious

amplifier ['æmplifaiə] n. 扩音器,扬声器

amplify ['æmplifai] vt. ①扩大,加大

【同】enlarge, extend, develop

【反】condense, belittle, abridge

【派】amplification, amplifier

②引申,详述

【同】dilate, elaborate, recount

【词义辨析】amplify, enlarge, expand和increase amplify:扩大不充足或不分明的东西,多指利用功率、电流和电压的增大来放大音量、信号等,也可作为正式用词,指通过补充细节来详细阐述和充实内容。enlarge:指该事物在某些局部或所有部分大小、体积、容量方面变大,也可引申为领域能力等抽象事物的扩展或增加,通常是由外力导致了这种扩展或增加。expand:可指尺寸、面积的伸展,也可指范围和体积的扩张,产生这种扩张的可以是外力也可以是内力。increase:指在数字、大小、总和、数量或强度的增长,作及物动词时,则可能表示循序渐进的持续增长,但在强调动作的原因或效果时,就不一定具备这种持续增长的意思。使用范围最广,可指尺寸、距离、范围、规模、价值、力量、强度等的增长。

amply ['æmpli] adv. 充足地,广阔地

amuse [ə'mjuːz] vt. ①使欢乐;逗……笑

【同】charm, cheer, delight, enliven, please, entertain

【反】bore, displease

His story amuses me. 他的故事使我发笑。

②娱乐;消遣

She amused herself by reading detective stories.她读侦探小说消遣。

【习惯用语】①be amused at [by, with]以……为乐;对……觉得有趣/好笑 ②amuse oneself with以……自娱

【派】amusement, amusing

【考题精解】The sailor_____the little boy by telling him an interesting story.

A. teased

B. tickled

C. amazed

D. amused

【答案】D。amuse vt. 给……提供娱乐,使高兴,使开心;逗乐,逗笑(如:A clown's job is to amuse the spectators. The children were amused at/by his jokes.)。tease vt. 开……的玩笑,取笑,逗弄。tickle vt.(用手指轻轻抚摸某人身体的某个部位使其发笑)逗痒痒,抓痒痒。amaze vt. 使大为惊奇,使惊愕。

analog/analogue ['ænəlɔɡ] n. 类似物,模拟

【同】simulation, parallel, counterpart

analogy [ə'nælədʒi] n. ①类似,相似

【同】likeness, resemblance, similarity

【反】dissimilarity

②类比,类推

③相应,相当

【同】conformity, agreement

④比较,对照

【同】juxtaposition

⑤例证

【同】example, specimen, case

⑥隐喻,暗喻

【同】analogy, symbol, picture

【派】analogize, analogous, analogist

analysis [ə'næləsis] n. ①分析;分解

【同】study, resolution, breakdown, separation

chemical analysis化学分析

②评论;剖析

③〈美〉精神分析

【习惯用语】①high analysis (作定语用)(肥料)高成分的 ②in the final/last analysis总之,最终仍是;归根结底是 ③under analysis在精神分析治疗下

【长难例句】A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.

译文:安全分析本来可以鉴别出预定目标是一种潜在危险。所不幸的是,它从未得以实施。

analyse/analyze ['ænəlaiz] vt. ①分析,分解

【同】resolve, discompose, break down

The scientist analyzed the milk and found it contained too much water.

科学家分析了一下牛奶,发现里面含水分过多。

②精神分析

【派】analytical, analyst

analytic (al) ['ænə'litik] a. ①分析的,分解的

【同】searching

②哲学的

【同】metaphysical, abstract

③评析的

【同】diagnostic, perceptive

④科学的

【同】methodical, systematic, regulated

analyst ['ænəlist] n. 分析者,善于分析者,化验员

【同】examiner, investigator

anarchy ['ænəki] n. ①无政府状态

②混乱状态

【同】disorder, chaos, lawlessness

【反】order

【派】anarchism, anarchist, anarchic, anarchically

ancestor ['ænsestə(r)] n. 祖先,祖宗

【同】forefather, forerunner, predecessor

【反】descendant

My ancestors came from Italia.

我的祖先是意大利人。

【习惯用语】be one's own ancestor [罕]自己当始祖(指不靠父祖余荫,自立特殊功勋)

【词义辨析】ancestor, forefather和forebear ancestor:指人时即一个家族或民族的上代;也可指物,即由之发展而来的最初形式。forefather:常用复数,本词是文学用词,特别指男性祖先。forebear:本词是文学用词,通常用复数形式。

anchor ['æŋkə(r)] n. 锚(=ship hook)

vt. ①把……固定住

【同】fasten, attach

②抛锚,泊(船)

【同】moor

vi. ①固定

【同】secure, fix, fasten

②抛锚

ancient ['einʃənt] a. ①古代的

【同】old, aged, antique, old-fashioned

【反】modern, contemporary, current, fashionable ancient Rome古罗马

②古老的

③年纪很老的

and [ənd] conj. ①和;及;并

Let's go and play basketball. 我们去打篮球吧。

②然后;接着又

She read for an hour and went to bed.

她读了一小时的书,然后就去睡了。

【习惯用语】and so forth等等

anecdote ['ænikdəut] n. 轶事,趣闻

angel ['eindʒəl] n. 天使;可爱的人

【同】spirit

【反】devil

【习惯用语】①an evil/a fallen angel恶魔,凶神 ②a good/guardian angel吉神,守护神;保护人 ③be on the angel's side站在教会的一边,坚持传统的观点

anger ['æŋɡə(r)] n. 愤怒;怒气

【同】rage, offense

v. 发怒,激怒

【同】annoy, enrage, provoke

【反】charm, cheer, enliven, entertain, amuse Has his anger cooled yet? 他息怒了没有?

【习惯用语】①bluster oneself into anger勃然大怒 ②dare sb.'s anger不怕惹某人生气

③furious with anger狂怒

【派】angry, angrily

【词义辨析】anger, rage, fury和indignation

anger:指由于某种原因而引起的个人的感情冲动,含有想报复的意味,可以是轻微的,也可以是强烈的。rage:大怒,着重指怒火中烧,不能控制。fury:几近于疯狂。indignation:正式用词,主要指由于对卑劣、非正义或侮辱的事情引起的正义的愤慨。

angle ['æŋɡl] n. ①角,角度

【同】perspective, position, outlook, viewpoint, standpoint

②倾斜

【同】slope, incline, angle, list

③偏见,偏爱

【同】slant, angle, distortion, bent

④观点

【同】position, station

v. ①捕鱼,诱捕

【同】trawl, hunt

②变曲处

【同】curvature, curve, arc, bow

③(看问题的)角度,观点

【同】context, idea

angry ['æŋɡri] a. 愤怒的,生气的

【同】mad, enraged, furious

【反】content

I came home late and my mother was angry.

我回家晚了,我妈妈很生气。

【习惯用语】①be/get angry at/about sth. 因某事而生气 ②be/get angry with sb. 生某人的气③be/get angry at sb. for因……生某人的气

anguish ['æŋgwiʃ] n.(精神或肉体的)极度痛苦

ankle ['æŋkl] n. 踝,踝关节部

【同】joint

anniversary ['æni'vəːsəri] n. ①周年

②周年纪念

We were married on 20 May 1964, so every year we have a party on our anniversary. 我们是1964年5月20日结婚的,因此我们每年在结婚周年纪念日都要办一个聚会。

【考题精解】October lst is the_____of the founding of the People's Republic of China.

A. day

B. date

C. anniversary

D. celebration

【答案】C。anniversary n. 周年纪念(日)。day n.(一)天;白天。date n. 日期;约会。celebration n. 庆祝。

announce [ə'nauns] vt. 宣布,宣告;通知

【同】declare, publish, state

【派】announcer

【词义辨析】announce, assert, declare和proclaim announce:指公众或官方通过任何方式宣布的言论,尤其指首次宣布人们所关心或感到好奇的事。常用短语:announce…to the public向公众宣布……。assert:指公开、明确地宣称或公布某事,但含有证据不够充分而声明人依然断言或相信自己正确之意,还有“维护”之意。常用短语:assert one's rights维护自己的权威;assert oneself坚持自己的权利、维护自己的权威;assert sth. to be true断言某事是真实的。declare:用于正式场合,指清楚、有力或直率地断言,也可指正式、明确地宣布或声明某事的发生,一般也强调是权威性的言辞。常用短语:declare war/peace宣战/宣布和平;declare against (in favor of) sth. 声明反对(赞成)某事;declare oneself发表意见、表明态度。proclaim:用于正式场合,指借助一定的音响设备,口头向广大群众庄严地宣告一件大事情,也表示宣布经过考虑的、明确的决定或判断;有时引申为长久或鲁莽地广泛宣传。

【考题精解】The bright flowers and warm winds_____that spring had come.

A. threatened

B. announced

C. stated

D. pronounced

【答案】B。announce vt.(本义或比喻)宣告,宣布;预示,表示。threaten vt. 恐吓,预示……的征兆(一般指坏的情况即将到来)。state vt.陈述,说明。pronounce vt. 发音;宣布,宣判。

announcement [ə'naunsmənt]n.①布告,通告

【同】declaration, notice, poster

②预告,声明

【同】statement, proclamation, declaration

annoy [ə'nɔi] vt. 使烦恼,使生气;打扰

【同】anger, enrage, upset, bother, disturb

annoy with生……的气

【习惯用语】be annoyed with sb. for/at sth. 对某人(为某事)而生气

【考题精解】The baby is always_____his sister by pulling her hair.

A. enraging

B. upsetting

C. annoying

D. frustrating

【答案】C。annoy vt. 使恼火,使烦恼;打扰。enrage vt. 使暴怒,使极为生气。upset vt. 使心烦意乱,使苦恼,使不适;打翻,弄翻。frustrate vt. 挫败,使受挫折;使灰心,使恼怒而又不知所措。

annual ['ænjuəl] a. 每年的,年度的

【同】yearly

n. 年刊,年鉴

【同】yearbook

an annual event一年一度的活动

【习惯用语】hardy annual耐霜冻的一年生植物

anonymous [ə'nɔniməs] a. ①匿名的

【同】unidentified

②无名的

【同】nameless, unknown

【真题链接 1】Some people believe that“King John” was written by Shakespeare, but some people think it might be written by an_____author.(2002年复旦大学考博试题)

A. delivered

B. anonymous

C. antique

D. ambiguous

【答案】B。本题空格处说,由不知名的作家所写。B项的“anonymous无名的,不公开姓名的”符合题意。如:an anonymous letter(匿名信)。其他三项“delivered在……交货的,包括运费在内的;antique古代的,古老的;ambiguous模棱两可的”都不正确。

【真题链接 2】Mrs. Green received an_____letter threatening to expose her private life if she refused to pay$10,000.(2010年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

A. anonymous

B. apparent

C. arbitrary

D. artificial

【答案】A。在给出的选项中:anonymous“匿名的”;apparent“表面上的,显然的”;arbitrary“武断的,任意的”;artificial“人造的,仿造的”。根据句意和各个选项的意思可知,正确答案是A。

another [ə'nʌðə(r)] a. ①又一;另一

【同】different

Have another one. 再来一个。

Would you like another orange?

你还想再要个橘子吗?

②不同的(一个)

【习惯用语】①Ask(me)another. [口]问点新鲜事儿!多此一问!别傻里傻气地!②like another普通、平常(的)③one after another相继地

answer ['ɑːnsə(r);(US)'ænsər] v. 回答,答复;响应

【同】reply, respond

n. ①回答;答复

I asked her the time but she gave no answer.

我问她时间,可是她没回答。

②以行动答复

③答辩;抗辩

【习惯用语】①a dusty answer含糊的答复;不解决问题的回答 ②A soft answer turn away wrath. [谚]婉言可以释怒。(来自《圣经》)

③in answer to为了回答;为了响应;听/接到……后就……

【词义辨析】answer, reply和respond

answer:常指口头回答问题、答复争论或指责,或要求给予服务和注意。常用词组:answer back顶嘴,为某人辩护,in answer to回答,响应。reply:正式用语,指以书面形式答复,也指用行动回击,在辩论中回敬。除了后面带直接引语和that引导的宾语从句,一般只作不及物动词。常用作拟人化,常用词组:in reply to回答、答复。respond:通过口头或行动作出相关反应,并且常常是即刻或毫不犹豫地作出反应。

ant [ænt] n. 蚂蚁

【习惯用语】have ants in one's pants(因焦急、气愤等而)坐立不安

antenna [æn'tenə] n. ①天线

【同】aerial

②触角

【同】feeler

anticipate [æn'tisipeit] vi. 预料,期望;提前使用

【同】forecast, predict, expect, look forward to

【派】anticipation, anticipator, anticipative

【考题精解】People_____that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.

A. convinced

B. anticipated

C. resolved

D. assured

【答案】B。anticipate vt. 预料,期望(句型:anticipate difficulties/meeting opposition;anticipate that…)。convince vt. 使确信,使信服(句型:convince sb. of sth./sb. that…;be convinced of/that…;〈美语〉convince sb. to do sth.)。resolve v.决心,决定;解决(困难),解答(问题)。assure vt. 使确信,使放心;向……保证(句型:assure sb. of/that…)。

【真题链接】When Ph. D candidates_____their impending professorships, they consider housing benefits offered by the prospective universities.(2002年中国社会科学院考博试题)

A. anticipate

B. assume

C. apply

D. demand

【答案】A。本题中,A项的“anticipate期望,预见”符合题意,如:We anticipate great pleasure from our visit to London.(我们期待伦敦之行过得非常愉快。)其他三项“assume假设;apply申请,应用;demand要求”都不正确。

antique [æn'tiːk] n. 古玩,古董

adj.古老的,古代的,过时的

【派】antiquity, antiquated

anxiety [æŋ'zaiəti] n. 焦急,忧虑;渴望,热望

【同】care, concern, uneasiness, worry, eagerness, desire, thirst

anxiety for knowledge求知的渴望

【习惯用语】①be all anxiety担忧 ②feel no anxiety about对……不愁,不着急 ③give anxiety to使……担心

【词义辨析】annoyance, anxiety和concern

annoyance:不断地干扰引起的烦恼和厌倦。anxiety:害怕事情发生变化而产生的苦恼,或指因预料到失败、不幸或灾难将至而感到的恐怖或痛苦,有时也指对某事的热切盼望。concern:indifference的反义词,强调关切的重视,也指由于某人兴趣、利益或责任感所造成的不同程度的忧虑,有时可能暗示对可能的困难、危险、失败而感到的担心、疑虑。

anxious ['æŋkʃəs] a. 忧虑的,担心的,渴望的

【同】concerned, uneasy, worried, desirous, eager,thirsty

【反】composed

①忧虑的;焦虑的,不安的

He was anxious for her safety. 他担心她的安全。

②令人忧虑的;令人担忧的

③渴望的

We are anxious that he (should) do his bit.

我们非常希望他能尽到自己的本分。

【习惯用语】①be on the anxious seat [be kept on the anxious seat] 坐立不安,如坐针毡

②be anxious about忧虑,担心,害怕(结果)

③anxious for sth. 渴望有(得到)

【词义辨析】anxious, eager和keen

anxious:渴望的、着急的,一般指对结果或前途怀有忧虑或不安而产生的急切愿望。eager:热切的、渴望的,指包含有热情的强烈兴趣,着重指进取的热情或指由于其他因素急不可待。keen:切望的、热心的,指因强烈的兴趣而渴望做某事。另外,还有激烈、敏锐之意。

【考题精解】I’m_____to get the tickets for the show today, as there are hardly any left.

A. worried

B. curious

C. anxious

D. interested

【答案】C。anxious a. 渴望的,急切的;焦虑的,发愁的(如:I was anxious to see him. She was anxious for Laura to go. They are especially anxious that you should come. Dick was anxious for a bicycle.)。worried (about/over) a.(为……)发愁,着急。curious (about) a. 好奇的( be curious about / to know )。interested (in) a. 感兴趣的。

any ['eni] a.(否定、疑问、条件句中)什么;一些;任何的

pron. 无论哪个,无论哪些

①什么;无论哪一个

You can buy sugar at any big store.

你可以在任何大商店里买到糖。

②根本没有

I haven't any money. 我一点儿钱也没有。

③(用于否定句)任何一种This isn't any ordinary fish. 这不是一种普通的鱼。

【习惯用语】in any case无论如何It's too late, in any case. 无论如何太晚了。

anybody ['enibɔdi] pron.(否定、疑问、条件句中)任何人;无论谁;(肯定句中)随便哪一个人

【习惯用语】anybody's guess不确定的事

anyhow ['enihau] ad. ①随便

put one's clothes on anyhow随便穿上衣服

②无论如何,不管怎样

It may rain, but anyhow I shall go out.

天可能要下雨,但无论如何我要出门。

③(用来表示更换话题)

John's a good friend of mine. Well anyhow, I left for Mexico the next morning. 约翰是我的好朋友。但是,我明天早晨要去墨西哥了。

【习惯用语】all anyhow [美口] 草率,马虎,潦草The work was done all anyhow. 这项工作做得太草率。

【考题精解】Do you want me to do this in any particular way or with special care, or can I do it_____?

A. somehow

B. somewhat

C. sometime

D. anyhow

【答案】D。anyhow ad. 不论用何种方法,随便(怎么做);不管怎么说,无论如何(如:I could not get in anyhow. You can arrange them anyhow. We managed to get what we wanted anyhow.)。somehow ad. 以某种方式,用某种方法;不知怎么地。somewhat ad. 稍微,有点。sometime ad. 在过去或将来的)某个时候。

anyone ['eniwʌn] pron. 任何人

anything ['eniθiŋ] pron. (否定、疑问、条件句中)任何

Don't worry. It isn't anything.

别担心,没有什么大事。

【习惯用语】①anything but绝不;并不 ②I will do anything but go there. 我决不到那里去。③That's anything but true. 那绝不是真的。

anyway ['eniwei] ad. 无论如何;无论用什么方式

I shall go and see him anyway.

无论如何我要去看他。

anywhere ['eniwɛə(r)] ad. ①在什么地方;在任何地方

Did you go anywhere yesterday?

你昨天去没去过什么地方?

②到任何地方;无论何处

You can go anywhere you like.

你可以去你喜欢的任何地方。

【习惯用语】①get anywhere [口](用于否定句)吃得开;取得进展,成功 ②if anywhere如果在哪儿能……的话 ③not / never go anywhere隐居

apart [ə'pɑːt] ad. ①分开;离开

【同】away from, separately, aside

The 2 buildings are 200 meters apart.

两座建筑相距200米。

②拆开;使成一件一件的

She tore the chicken apart and began to eat.

她把鸡撕成一块一块的,然后开始吃。

③个别;单独

View each idea apart. 请单独审查每个办法。

【习惯用语】①fall apart土崩瓦解 ②far /wide apart离得很远 ③joking/jesting apart别说笑话;认真地说;说正经的

【考题精解】It is easy to take a watch_____,but difficult to put it back together.

A. apart

B. away

C. down

D. off

【答案】A。take sth. apart拆卸,拆开(反义短语:put the parts back together)。take…away把……拿走。take…down把……拿下来;拆卸,拆除(简易建筑物)。take…off脱下(衣服);减轻体重;打折扣。

apartment [ə'pɑːtmənt] n. 一套公寓房间

【同】flat, quarters, room

【习惯用语】①efficiency apartment有小厨房和卫生设备的小套公寓房间②garden apartment有大块草地或花园的公寓住宅

apologize/-ise [ə'pɔlədʒaiz] vi. 道歉,认错

【同】defend

I apologized to her for stepping on her foot.

我因踩了她的脚而向她道歉。

【习惯用语】①apologize to sb.向某人道歉

②apologize to sb. for sth./for doing sth. 为某事(为做了某事)向某人道歉 ③apologize for oneself为自己辩解或辩护

【考题精解】I wish to meet you to_____for my rudeness on Saturday this week.

A. apologize

B. criticize

C. account

D. compensate

【答案】A。apologize (for) vi. 道歉,认错(如:I must apologize (to you) for calling so late.)。e

criticize (for) vt. 批评,批判;评论,评价。

account (for) vi. 解释,说明(原因)。compensate (for) v. 补偿,弥补,抵消。

apology [ə'pɔlədʒi] n. 道歉,认错

【同】excuse, pardon, regret, defense

【习惯用语】①an apology to sb. for sth. [for doing sth.] 为……向某人道歉 ②an apology for sth. 不像样的代替品 ③in apology for为……辩护

【派】apologetic

【考题精解】The child was told to make a (n)_____for being rude to his sister.

A. excuse

B. admission

C. confession

D. apology

【答案】D。apology n. 道歉,认错(make an apology to sb. for sth.;demand an apology from sb.)。excuse n. 借口,理由。admission n. 承认,供认(of);准许进入(某地方),准许加入(某组织)(to)。confession (of) n. 承认。

appalling [ə'pɔːliŋ] a. 骇人听闻的,令人震惊的,可怕的

【同】frightening, terrifying, scaring, horrifying, startling

apparatus ['æpə'reitəs] n. ①装置,器械②器具,设备

【同】device, tackle, appliance, equipment

apparent [ə'pærənt] a. ①明显的;显而易见的;明白的

【同】distinct, evident, obvious, plain, noticeable, seeming, superficial

【反】actual, hidden

It was apparent that he knew nothing about how to repair cars. 很明显,他一点儿也不知道怎样修理小汽车。

②外表的;表面上的

apparent cause表面原因

【考题精解】Sometimes the machine will go wrong without any_____cause.

A. actual

B. apparent

C. natural

D. excusable

【答案】B。apparent a. 明显的,显然的,显而易见的;表面上的,貌似(真实)的(如:It is apparent to the most casual eye. Their apparent grief soon turned to laughter.)。actual a. 实际的,事实的,真实的。natural a. 自然的,正常的;天然的;出于本性的。excusable a. 可以原谅的。

appeal [ə'piːl] vi. ①呼吁;恳求

【同】plea, request, attraction, ask, plead

The government is appealing to everyone to save water. 政府呼吁每个人节约用水。

②(常与to连用)吸引;引起兴趣

She appeals to me. 我对她感兴趣。

③(与to连用)求助于

to appeal for aid求助

【习惯用语】①appeal to向……呼吁,请求;投合……的心意;引起……的兴趣;诉诸(武力)②appeal to sb. for为……向某人呼吁,请求 ③have appeal有吸引力,引人入胜

【派】appealing

【长难例句】Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.

译文:那些感觉自己正在被敲诈的发货商有权力向联邦政府的交通运输局提出指控,要求降低费率,但是这样做费用很高,过程耗时,而且只在真正极端的案例中有效。

【考题精解】Police have_____to the public to come forward with any information which might help them in their inquiries.

A. urged

B. claimed

C. called

D. appealed

【答案】D。appeal vi. 呼吁,请求(句型:appeal to sb. to+动词原形;appeal to sb. for sth.)。urge vt.敦促,力劝;驱策,鼓励(句型:urge sth.;urge sb. to+动词原形;urge that sb. do sth.)。claim vt.声称,主张;对……提出索取要求(句型:claim sth.;claim that…)。call vt. 号召,呼吁,要求(句型:call on sb. to+动词原形)。

【真题链接】It's a program designed to_____mainly to 16 to 25 year olds. (2014年厦门大学考博试题)

A. include

B. appreciate

C. appeal

D. conduct

【答案】C。句意为:这是一个为吸引16到25岁年龄段的人而设计的项目。根据句意,C项appeal“吸引”,其他三项,A项include“包括”、B项appreciate“欣赏”、D项conduct“实施”均不符合句意。

appear [ə'piə(r)] vi. ①出现

【同】emerge, arise, come into view/sight, seem, look as if

The sun appeared on the horizon.

太阳在地平线上出现了。

②看来;似乎

She appears very tired. 她显得很疲劳。

③公开露面;出版,发表

My new book will be appearing in the shops next month. 我的新书下月就可在书店出售。

【习惯用语】①as it appears似乎 ②It appears to me that…据我看来,我觉得

③appear for替……出庭

【派】apparent, apparently, disappear, disappearance

【词义辨析】appear, arise和emerge

appear:指某物出现,使人能看见或变得明显,又明指在公共场合出现或露面。arise:原意为起身、起立,现在引申为呈现、出现,发生,通常用于描述较抽象的事物。emerge:指从隐藏、孕育、模糊状况中暴露、呈现出来,意思较明显。

appearance [ə'piərəns] n. ①出现;露面

【同】showing, emergence, presence, look, figure, outline, framework

【反】absence

His sudden appearance surprised her.

他的突然到来使她很惊讶。

②外貌;外观

He had an unhealthy appearance.

看起来他身体不太好。

③表面现象;外表

Don't judge people by their appearances. 不能以貌取人。

【习惯用语】①keep up an appearance讲排场;装阔气 ②put in an appearance (at) 短时间露一下面 (=make an appearance)

【长难例句】Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

译文:对药品的依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量,要产生想得到的效果所需要的药品剂量越来越大,然后表现为当停止用药后,令人不快的停药症状就会出现。

【真题链接 1】Alternatively, it can be presented by a careful arrangement of objective facts, where psychological development is described purely in terms of behavior, and where the reader's subjective response is elicited by the minute descriptions of physical reality, as in the greatest Chinese novels like The Dream of the Red Chamber, which convince the reader that through the novel he is seeing reality itself rather than an artfully contrived semblance of reality. (2013年社科院考博试题)

A. appearance

B. criticism

C. occurrence

D. contrast

【答案】A。semblance意为“表象,假象,外观,外貌”;A项appearance意为“外貌,外观,外表”;B项criticism意为“①批评,批判,责备,指责,②(尤指对书、音乐等的)评论文章,评论”;C项occurrence意为“发生,事件”;D项contrast意为“明显的差异,对比,对照”。因此选择A项。

【真题链接 2】In the early 20th century, at the advent of the telephone, it was considered a superfluous instrument which would never be of practical use in the average household.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)

A. appearance

B. popularity

C. dominance

D. consolidation

【答案】A。本题中,advent的意思是“出现,到来”。A项“appearance出现”符合题意,如:His sudden appearance surprised her. (他的突然到来使她很惊讶。)其他三项“popularity普及,流行;dominance优势,统治;consolidation巩固,合并”都不正确。

appendix [ə'pendiks] n. ①附录,附属物②阑尾

appetite ['æpitait] n. ①食欲;胃口

【同】taste, stomach, desire, inclination

to lose one's appetite食欲不振

②(常与for连用)欲望

【同】desire, passion, longing

sexual appetite性欲

【考题精解】Don't eat anything that will spoil your_____for dinner.

A. appetite

B. taste

C. interest

D. appreciation

【答案】A。appetite n. 食欲,胃口;欲望(如:She ate slowly,without appetite. At the moment he had no appetite for work/reading.)。taste n. 味觉,滋味;鉴赏力,口味;喜好,爱好(have no taste for不喜欢),interest in和appreciation of是习惯搭配。

applaud [ə'plɔːd] vt. ①鼓掌欢迎,欢呼

【同】shout welcome

②赞同,称赞

【同】approve, cheer, acclaim

vi. 鼓掌欢迎,欢呼

【同】acclaim, cheer, clap

applause [ə'plɔːz] n. ①鼓掌,喝彩

【同】acclamation, clapping, cheer

②夸奖,赞扬

【同】cheer, praise

【反】abuse, disapproval, reproof

【派】applaud, applausive

apple ['æpl] n. 苹果

【习惯用语】the apple of sb.'s eye珍爱之物

appliance [ə'plaiəns] n. ①器械,装置

【同】machine, mechanism, device, apparatus, tackle

②应用,适用

【同】application, exercise, employment, practice

【词义辨析】apparatus, appliance, equipment, facilities, implement, instrument和utensil apparatus:指某种职业及工作所用的仪器、工具装备或体育、娱乐活动所用的器械和设备。appliance:指用手操纵,但往往采用外部能源,尤其是电源的器具或装置。equipment:一般指为了进行有效操作或服务所需的一切事物,如极地考察队的equipment就包括船只、工具、雪橇、狗和补给品,但有时用法有限制,如:实验室的equipment就只指直接用于实验的成套设备,而apparatus除包括equipment之外还有供电装备等。可引申为人完成某项工作所需的素质和技能。facilities:常用可数形式,尤其指图书、仪器、交通运输工具、运动器械、专用场地等。implement:一般为了实现某目标或进行工作所必需的东西,可专指耕耘土地的器具,以及历史上举行宗教仪式所需的物件和原始人所用的一切工具武器。instrument:指构造精巧,需要人熟练精巧操作的器具,有时可以引申为“手段”。utensil:一般指做家务活,如烹饪、清扫等所用的器具和容器。

【考题精解】Today, housework has been made much easier by electrical_____.

A. facilities

B. appliances

C. instruments

D. equipment

【答案】B。appliance n. 器具,器械,装置(electrical appliances家用电器)。facility n. 便利,容易;(pl.)设备,设施。instrument n.(科学)仪器;器械;乐器。equipment n. 装备,设备,器材(注:equipment在英国英语中多作不可数名词,在美国英语中可用复数形式)。

applicable ['æplikəbl] a. ①生效的;可应用的The new law on the protection of the environments is applicable to everybody from next year. 新的环境保护法明年起将生效。

②适用的

This rule is not applicable to foreigners.

这项规定不适用于外国人。

③适宜的;正确的

【习惯用语】①be applicable for可应用到……;对……很合适②be applicable to(适)用于

【考题精解】Yesterday's solutions are not always_____to today's problems.

A. favourable

B. complementary

C. supplementary

D. applicable

【答案】D。applicable (to) a. 可应用的;生效的;适当的,合适的(如:This rule is not applicable to foreigners. The new law is applicable from next Monday.)。favourable (to) a. 有利的,顺利的;赞成的,称赞的。complementary (to) a.(互相)补足的;协调的。supplementary a. 增补的,补充的。

applied [ə'plaid] a. 应用的,实用的

applied science应用科学

【考题精解】Scientific discoveries are often_____to industrial production methods.

A. introduced

B. practiced

C. applied

D. adopted

【答案】C。apply (to) vt. 应用,运用(如:Would you apply that rule to everyone? The term is rarely applied to animals. The rules of safe-driving apply to everyone.)。introduce (into) vt. 引进,传入。practise/-ice vt.执行;从事;练习,实习。adopt vt. 采取,采用。

apply [ə'plai] vt. ①申请,请求(+for)②应用,使用 ③适用,适合(+to)

appoint [ə'pɔint] vt. 任命;约定

【同】designate, place, nominate, arrange, fix, agree upon

【派】appointive, appointee

【考题精解】He_____Donald McHenry as ambassador to the United Nations.

A. assigned

B. appointed

C. made

D. proposed

【答案】B。appoint (as) vt. 任命,委派;约定,指定(时间、地点)(如:They appointed him (to be) (as) chairman. Mr. Pearson was appointed to the Chairmanship of the Committee)。assign vt.指派,选派;分配,布置(作业)。可以说make sb. sb.;不能说make sb. as sb.;可以说propose sb. for chairman建议让……当主席,不能说propose sb. as sb.。

appointment [ə'pɔintmənt] n. 任命;约会

【同】date, engagement, arrangement, designation, nomination, commission

【习惯用语】①break an/one's appointment违约,失约 ②by appointment按照约定,照章③have an appointment with sb. at要在某时间和某人有约会

【考题精解】I've made a(n)_____for you to see the dentist at 5 o’clock tomorrow afternoon.

A. appointment

B. interview

C. meeting

D. audience

【答案】A。appointment n. 约会,约定;任命,委派(have/get/make an appointment with sb.)。interview n. 接见,会见;面谈,面试。meeting n. 聚集,会见。audience n.听众,观众;(国王或国家最高领导人给予下级的)接见。

approach [ə'prəutʃ] n. 接近;途径;方法

【同】arrival, access, means, method, manner, angle, viewpoint, aspect, outlook, come close to, advance, tackle, handle, cope with, deal with, draw near, round the corner

【反】withdrawal

【派】approachable

【长难例句1】This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.

译文:这一政策起源于国外,它为发明人提供奖章、现金奖和其他一些奖励。

【长难例句2】For retailers, who last year took in24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time.

译文:对于那些去年24%的年收入来自于感恩节和圣诞节期间的零售商来说,谨慎的营销方式的运用恰逢关键时刻。

approval [ə'pruːv(ə)l] n. ①赞成;赞许

【同】favo(u)r, agreement, consent, permission, sanction, acceptance

【反】disapproval

He showed his approval by smiling.

他用微笑表示赞成。

②批准

【习惯用语】①for sb.’ s approval求某人指正[教] ②give one's approval to批准 ③nod one's approval点头同意

approve [ə'pruːv] v.

①批准;认可;通过

My parents don't approve of my smoking cigarettes. 我的父母不准许我吸烟。

②(常与of连用)赞成,赞同

【同】authorize, pass, permit, appreciate

【反】disapprove, reject

I don't approve of wasting time.

我不赞成浪费时间。

【习惯用语】approve oneself证明自己是

【派】disapprove, disapproval, approvingly

【考题精解】I_____of his course of action,so I told him to go ahead.

A. assented

B. consented

C. approved

D. agreed

【答案】C。approve (of) v. 赞成,同意,对……感到高兴,喜欢,赞佩;(of) vt.“批准,核准”(如:I quite approve of the idea of your plan. I do not approve of his moral character. Congress approved the budget.)。assent (to) vi.(书面语)同意。consent (to) vi. 同意,赞成。agree(to) vi.同意。

approximate [ə'prɔksimeit] a. 大致的,近似的

【同】about, around, rough, near, close

vi. 接近,近似

【同】approach

April ['eipr(ə)l] n. ①四月

②埃普丽尔(女子名)

April fool在愚人节受愚弄之人;在愚人节开的玩笑

April Fools’ Day愚人节(四月一日)

April shower忽下忽停的春雨

apt [æpt] a. ①恰当的,适当的

②(+to) 易于……的,有……倾向的(=likely, be liable to, inclined)

③灵巧的,灵敏的(=quick)

【反】inapt

【词义辨析】apt和liable

apt:意为“有……倾向的,易于……的”,含有固有的、习惯性的倾向之意,常以其特有的方式、形式等表示出来,通常指人,也可指表示倾向性的事物。作定语时,指恰当的、贴切的,可后接for。liable:意为“有做……的倾向,易为……”,由于受条件/自然状况及特定形势的影响,可能面临某种风险或危险,常用于警告、注意事项或对恐惧的表达。

aptitude ['æptitjuːd] n. 才能,资质,天资(for)

【同】ability, talent, gift, capacity

【反】inability

【真题链接】The great American scientist Edison had a remarkable_____for inventing new things.(2002年复旦大学考博试题)

A. requirement

B. aptitude

C. obligation

D. vulnerability

【答案】B。本题是说“伟大的美国科学家爱迪生有着发明新事物的非凡天赋”。B项的“aptitude才能,天赋”符合题意。其他三项“requirement需求,要求;obligation义务,职责;vulnerability易受伤”都不正确。

Arabian [ə'reibiən] a. ①阿拉伯的

the Arabian Desert阿拉伯沙漠

②阿拉伯人的

arbitrary ['ɑːbitrəri] a. ①任意的,武断的

【同】fanciful

【反】rational, reasoned

②专断的,专横的

【同】dictatorial, compulsory

【反】mild

【考题精解】I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite_____.

A. mechanical

B. rational

C. arbitrary

D. unpredictable

【答案】C。arbitrary a. 任意(性)的;主观的,武断的,随心所欲的。mechanical a. 机械的;机械学的,力学的;机械似的,呆板的;手工操作的。rational a. 理性的,合理的。unpredictable a. 不可预料的。

【真题链接】John was not selected_____;he was chosen for the job because he had the most experience. (2014年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

A. deliberately

B. alternatively

C. momentously

D. arbitrarily

【答案】D。本题考查副词辨析。A故意地,谨慎地,慎重地;B非此即彼,二者择一地,作为一种选择;C重大地;D武断地,反复无常地,专横地。句意为:约翰并不是被随意选择的,选择他来承担这份工作是因为他拥有的工作经验最丰富。因此答案为D。

arch [ɑːtʃ] n. 拱门,弓形结构

【同】archway, bow, curve

architect ['ɑːkitekt] n. ①建筑师

【同】builder, designer, draftsman, creator, founder, father, originator

Therefore, he went to work in an architect's office in order to learn how to design buildings. 于是,他就到一家建筑事务所去工作以便学习如何设计建筑物。

②计划者;设计者

architect of his own fortunes他自己命运的设计师

【派】architecture, architectural

【考题精解】A (n)_____is a person who designs and sometimes supervises the construction of buildings, etc.

A. archaeologist

B. designer

C. physicist

D. architect

【答案】D。architect n. 建筑师,设计师;(引申)缔造者(如:Christopher Wren is my favourite architect. One should be the architect of one's own happiness.)。archaeologist n. 考古学家。designer n. 设计者;制图者;谋划者。physicist n. 物理学家。

architecture ['ɑːkitektʃə(r)] n. ①建筑学;建筑术

②建筑风格

【同】style, design, fashion, structure, framework

archives ['ɑːkaivz] n. 档案,案卷,档案室

【同】files, record, chronicles

arctic ['ɑːktik] a. 北极的

n. 北极

【反】antarctic

area ['ɛəriə] n. ①范围;区域

【同】region, zone, district, belt, field, territory, range, scope, dimension

We are going to build a school in this area.

我们准备在这个区域内建一所学校。

②地区

In some areas, there are small schools serving a few farm families, and the children walk to school. 有些地区,设有小规模的学校为少数几个农民家庭服务,孩子们走着去上学。

③面积

【同】size

the area of a rectangle长方形的面积

【词义辨析】area, district和region

area:暗示一个城市、国家乃至世界的一部分,范围较大,但可能没有明确的界限。district:指为行政管理或举之目的所分的区,界限比较明确。region:指比area更大些的地区,一般不指城市的一部分。

argue ['ɑːɡjuː] v. ①辩论;争论;论述

【同】discuss, debate, dispute, maintain, insist, testify, justify, persuade, convince

argue a case讨论一个案子

②表明;显示出

The way he spends money argues him to be a rich man. 他的花钱方式表明他是个有钱人。

③列举理由证明

Others argue that more bus routes should be opened up because buses can accommodate more passengers. 另外一些人认为应该开辟更多的公交路线,因为公共汽车载客多。

【习惯用语】①argue about [on, over] 辩论[争论]某事 ②argue against反驳 显示出与……相反的结论,证明……是站不住脚的 ③argue (sb.) down驳倒某人

【派】arguer, argumentation, argumentative

【长难例句】The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.

译文:环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗·厄尔里西认为,科学真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层损耗以及工业发展的其他后果的证据有质疑的人。

【词义辨析】argue, dispute和debate

argue:指提出理由和证据支持或反对某一主张、信仰、见解等,甚至争论得面红耳赤。dispute:指双方意见冲突。debate:指正式辩论,题目大多是公众关心的问题。也指双方在裁判的仲裁下进行的辩论。

argument ['ɑːɡjumənt] n. ①理由;论据

【同】debate, dispute, conflict, disagreement, point, subject, theme, topic, reason, proof, evidence, ground

There are many arguments against smoking.

有许多理由反对吸烟。

②说服

We must settle this by argument not by fighting.我们应当用说服而不是用打架来解决这个问题。

③争论;争吵

The argument among the two parties was blown up by the press. 双方的争论被新闻界夸大了。

【长难例句】The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of the new theory.(1995年真题)

译文:教授几乎找不到足够的证据来支持新理论的论点。

【考题精解】Despite all the heated_____they had, they remained the best of friends throughout their lives.

A. viewpoints

B. standpoints

C. differences

D. arguments

【答案】D。argument n. 争论,争辩;理由,论据。viewpoint n. 观点。standpoint n. 立场,观点。difference n. 差别,差异;差额;(意见)分歧。

arise [ə'raiz] vi. ①出现;发生

【同】get up, wake up, stand up, turn up, rise, appear, occur, merge

That question did not arise. 那个问题没有出现。

②起来;站起

I arose early in the morning. 我每天早上起得很早。

【习惯用语】arise from/out of由……而引起,由……而产生;从……中产生

【长难例句】New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

译文:同过去一样,将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,让位给新的优雅标准。

【考题精解】Some confusion has_____about who can join the association.

A. arisen

B. lifted

C. raised

D. risen

【答案】A。arise vi. 出现,发生;由……引起,起源于(from)(如:A difficulty arose right here.)。lift v. 举起;(雾等)消散,消失。raise vt. 举起,提高,升起;引起,惹起;提出(问题):养育,饲养。rise vi. 升起,上升;上涨,增高;起义,奋起。

arithmetic [ə'riθmətik] n. 算术

【同】maths

arm [ɑːm] n. 手臂,臂状物;扶手

【同】limb, support

n.pl.)武器,军火

【同】weapon

v. 武装;配备

【同】furnish, equip

【反】disarm

【习惯用语】①arm in arm臂挽着臂 ②at arm's length保持安全距离 ③with open arms热烈欢迎

【派】armament, disarm, disarmament

【词义辨析】arms, weapon和armament

arms:指一个战士能够单独使用的武器,也可以指一个国家的整个武器装备情况。weapon:指战斗时随手可得的武器,如木棒、石块、原子弹、刀、剑等任何武器。armament:指发动战争用的武器和装备,不指军用车辆和战舰上所有的武器。

armchair ['ɑːmtʃeə(r)] n. 扶手椅

army ['ɑːmi] n. ①陆军②军队③大群;大军

【同】troop, military, multitude, crowd, flock, array, host

an army of workers劳动者大军

around [ə'raund] ad. 在……周围;到处

【同】about, everywhere, throughout, about, roughly, approximately

prep. 在……四周(或附近)

【同】about, near, nearby, enclosing, encircling

【习惯用语】have been around见过世面;经验丰富

arouse [ə'rauz] v. 唤醒;激起,引起

【同】awaken, wake, excite, stir up, rouse, incite, bring about

arrange [ə'reindʒ] vt. 排列;整理

【同】array, order, lay out

【反】disorder

He arranged the books on the shelf.

他把书架上的书整理了一下。

vi. 安排;准备

【同】organize, plan, prepare

【反】disarrange

We have arranged a party. 我们准备了一个晚会。

【习惯用语】①arrange for安排,准备

②arrange with sb. about sth.与某人商定某事

【考题精解】Myra, in her efficient way,_____for Mrs. Morrison to come and light the fire and give her old mother breakfast every day.

A. arranged

B. made

C. let

D. invited

【答案】A。arrange vt. 安排,筹划;布置,整理(句型:arrange sth.;arrange to+动词原形/with sb. to+动词原形;arrange for sb. to+动词原形;arrange that sb. do sth.)(注:make/let sb. do;invite sb. to+动词原形)。

array [ə'rei] n. ①一系列,大量

【同】series, multitude, host, collection

②排列,数据

【同】display, arrangement, order

【反】disarray, disorder

vt. 展示

【同】display, arrange, order

【反】disarray, disorder

arrangement [ə'reindʒmənt] n. ①排列;整理

②经过排列或整理的东西

③经过安排或准备的事物

to make arrangement for a party为晚会作准备

【习惯用语】①come to an arrangement谈妥;达成协议 ②make arrangement for为……作好准备;为……作好安排 ③make arrangement with(sb.)与(某人)商定或约好,(和某人)达成协议;作好准备;作出安排

arrest [ə'rest] vi./n. ①逮捕

【同】capture, catch, seize, detain, seizure, detention, imprisonment

【反】discharge, release, liberate, liberation

The criminal was arrested yesterday.

罪犯昨天被捕了。

②阻止;抑制

③吸引(注意)

【习惯用语】①under arrest拘留 ②be under arrest被拘留

【派】arresting, arrestee, arrestment

arrival [ə'raivl] n. ①到达;抵达

【同】approach, coming, attainment, comer

【反】departure, leaving

The arrival of the train was delayed.

那列火车晚点到达。

②到达的人或物

arrive [ə'raiv] vi. ①到达;抵达

【同】come, get to

【反】depart, leave, go

to arrive home到家

to arrive at a port抵达港口

②发生;来临

【同】occur

③出生

【习惯用语】①arrive at获得(结果);达到(目的)②arrive at a decision达成决议

【派】arrival, arriver

arrogant ['ærəɡənt] a. 傲慢的,自大的

【同】conceited, proud, self-important

【反】humble

【派】arrogance

arrow ['ærəu] n. ①箭

②箭头状物

【同】pointer, needle

③箭头符号

art [ɑːt] n. ①美术

【同】work of art, painting, sculpture, humanities

【反】science

I am an art student. 我是个学美术的学生。

②艺术

③艺术品

work of art艺术品

【派】artist, artistic(al), artistically, artificial

articulate [ɑː'tikjuleit] a. ①善于表达的,发音清晰的

【同】clear, fluent, expressive, communicative

【反】inarticulate

②表达得清楚有力的

【同】expressive, communicative

【反】inarticulate

vt. ①明确有力地表达

【同】express, convey

②清晰地吐(字),清晰地发(音)

【同】pronounce

【派】articulation, inarticulate, articulator

artificial ['ɑːti'fiʃl] a. ①人造的;人工的

【同】synthetic, man-made

【反】genuine, natural

artificial flowers假花

②做作的,不自然的

【同】unnatural, pretentious

【长难例句】Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.

译文:在1897年到1919年期间至少拍摄了29部描写人造生物的电影。

【词义辨析】artificial和synthetic

artificial:意为“人造的、人工的”,指按人的艺术观点或技能制造的模仿或类似自然物的东西,与“自然的”相反,有“低劣”的意思。有时也形容人的举止言行等是“做作、庸俗、不自然的”,含有贬义。synthetic:意为“合成的”,指工厂中自然物质经化学作用或化学处理而成的技术合成物,多指属于某一范畴的事物。

【考题精解】They tried_____respiration but it was of no avail.

A. artificial

B. unnatural

C. false

D. unreal

【答案】A。artificial a. 人工的,人造的;假的,矫揉造作的。unnatural a. 不自然的,奇怪的,不正常的。false a. 不真实的;假的;虚伪的。unreal a. 虚假的,不真实的。

artist ['ɑːtist] n. ①艺术家;美术家

【同】painter, artisan

②能手

③演员

artistic(al) [ɑː'tistik(əl)] a. 艺术(家)的,美术(家)的

【真题链接】To my surprise, the house which looked rather shabby outside was luxuriously and_____furnished inside. (2015年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

A. artificially

B. arrogantly

C. arbitrarily

D. artistically

【答案】D。artistically意为“艺术地”。根据句意:“让我吃惊的是,房子的外面看起来很破旧,内部却装饰得十分豪华雅致。”故选D。

其他三项中,A项意为“人工地”;B项意为“傲慢地”;C项意为“任意地”,都不符合句意。

as [əz, æz] conj. 由于;正当;像……一样

prep. 作为,当作

ad. 同样地

【习惯用语】①as is按现状(出售),概不保证(维修)②as it were或者说He is my best friend, my second self, as it were. 他是我最好的朋友,或者说,是第二个我。③as of right依照法律

【考题精解】She would go home,_____usual,for Christmas.

A. like

B. as

C. than

D. for

【答案】B。as usual像平常一样,照例(如:As usual,he arrived last. I have forgotten something as/is usual.)。than usual比平常……像(用在比较级的句子中)(like usual/for usual不是成语)。

ascend [ə'send] v. 上升,攀登

【同】rise, climb, mount

【反】descend

【词义辨析】ascend, climb和mount

ascend:意为“攀登;上升”,指在水中或空气中垂直向上运动,当ascend用于指在斜坡上向上运动时,它比climb正式,但不如climb生动,登非常高的地方时通常用ascend。climb:意为“攀登,爬”,指吃力地或曲折地向上运动,如爬树、爬墙、爬山、攀着绳索向上爬等。mount是书面用词,词义与ascend相近,强调连续不断地向上拉伸、攀登或上涨。指骑马时用mount。

【真题链接】He leaned out of an upstairs window and felt a current of warm air_____from the street.(2013年3月中国科学院考博试题)

A. exalting

B. ascending

C. swaying

D. fluctuating

【答案】B。A项exalting意为“使升高,高举,“为及物动词;B项ascending意为“上升,升高”,是不及物动词;C项swaying意为“摇摆,摆动”;D项fluctuating意为“波动,起伏”,由句意可知,“一股温暖的空气从街道上升起”,因此选择B项。

ascertain ['æsə'tein] vt. 查明,弄清

【同】make clear, make certain, determine, discover, find out

【派】ascertainable, ascertainment

ash [æʃ] n. ①灰,灰烬

【同】dust, charcoal, ruins, remains

②骨灰

【习惯用语】①as pale as ashes面如死灰,面无人色 ②burn[reduce] to ashes(=lay in ashes)把……烧成灰烬,化为乌有 ③put ashes on one's head表示忏悔

【派】ashy

ashamed [ə'ʃeimd] a. ①羞愧的;惭愧的

【同】embarrassed, humiliated, shy

【反】shameless

I behaved badly yesterday and I am ashamed(of myself)now.

我昨天表现不好,我现在感到很惭愧。

②耻于……的;不好意思……的

She was ashamed to ask such a simple question.她不好意思提这么简单的问题。

【习惯用语】①be ashamed of以为……是耻辱②be ashamed of oneself for害羞,为……而害羞③feel ashamed for sb. 替某人感到羞愧

【考题精解】He was_____of having asked such a silly question.

A. sorry

B. ashamed

C. guilty

D. miserable

【答案】B。ashamed (of) a. 惭愧的,害臊的。sorry(for/to+动词原形) a. 对不起的,抱歉的;难过的,惋惜的;可怜的,使人伤心的。guilty(of) a. 内疚的;有罪的(在本句使用该词虽然符合句型要求,但显得有些过分,所以不可入选)。miserable a. 悲痛的,悲惨的,可怜的。

ashore [ə'ʃɔː(r)] ad. 上岸,在岸上,向岸上

Asia ['eiʃə] n. 亚洲

Asian ['eiʃn,'eiʒn] a. 亚洲的,亚洲人的n. 亚洲人

aside [ə'said] ad. 在一旁,在旁边

【同】alongside, sideways

ad. 在旁边;向旁边;撇开

He stepped aside to let her pass. 他往旁边站,好让她过去。

【习惯用语】aside from除了……以外

【考题精解】He sets_____a sum of money every week for his old age.

A. about

B. off

C. aside

D. apart

【答案】C。set(sth.)aside拨出,留出;把……置于一旁,不予理会(如:Each week he set aside a few dollars of his salary. Let's set aside our personal feelings. I warned them not to do it, but my objections were set aside.)。set about着手,开始(做)(如:set about one's task;set about making tea. I want to make a dress for myself,but I don't know how to set about it.)。set off出发,启程;激起,引起;引爆。set…apart (from)(常以某人的品质或性格特点做主语)使分离,使分开;使显得突出,使不同于(如:His intelligence set him apart from the others.)。

ask [ɑːsk] vt. ①问,询问

【同】inquire, question

ask him a question向他问个问题

“Who are you?”she asked.“你是谁?”她问。

They asked me the time. 他们向我打听时间。

②请求

【同】demand, require, request, plead

ask her a favor请她帮个忙

ask her for the money向她要钱

③要求;索(价)

【同】invite, call for

He asked £5 for the book. 这本书他索价5英镑。

【习惯用语】ask for trouble自找麻烦,自讨苦吃

【词义辨析】ask, inquire和question

ask:意为“问、询问”,通用词,指向别人提出询问,要求回答;或者向别人打听消息,了解情况。inquire:意为“询问,查问”,书面用语,比较正式,有深入打听和详细了解真实情况之意,有时带有查询的意思。question:意为“询问,审问”,正式地而且有计划地提出一连串问题,常意味着对方必须答复。

asleep [ə'sliːp] a. ①睡着的

【同】sleeping

【反】awake

Is the baby still asleep? 这个婴儿还在睡觉吗?

②麻木的(手臂或腿)

【习惯用语】fall asleep入睡;死

aspect ['æspekt] n. ①模样;面貌

【同】appearance, outlook

of pleasing aspect令人喜爱的模样

②方面

【同】side, angle, respect

only one aspect of the problem

只是问题的一个方面

③(房屋、门窗等的)朝向

a house with a southern aspect朝南的房子

【长难例句】However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.

译文:然而,世界被造就成如此,以致精美的体系一般是无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。

【真题链接】The Jatakana culture encompasses every_____of life from beliefs, superstitions,and practices to art, education and tourism.(2010年中国人民大学考博试题)

A. respect

B. inspect

C. aspect

D. suspect

【答案】C。本题考查词义辨析。句意为:Jatakana文化涵盖了信仰、迷信、实践艺术、教育和旅游等各个生活层面,A:尊敬,尊重,敬意;B:检查,视察,检阅;C:方面,方向,形势,外貌;D:可疑的,不可信的。分析各个选项及题干意思,文化包含了生活中的方方面面,因此本题选C。

aspiration ['æspə'reiʃn] n. 强烈的愿望,志向,抱负

【同】ambition, goal, objective, aim, target, desire, want, wish

【真题链接】With its own parliament and currency and a common_____for peace, the European Union declared itself—in 11 official languages—open for business. (2014年厦门大学考博试题)

A. inspiration

B. assimilation

C. intuition

D. aspiration

【答案】D。句意为:有了自己的议会、货币和对和平的共同渴望,欧盟用11种官方语言宣布其成立了。四个选项中只有A项和D项可以和for搭配,inspiration for…表示“灵感来源”,不与peace搭配,而aspiration for peace表示“对和平的渴望”,故选D项正确。

aspire [ə'spaiə(r)] vi.(to, after)渴望,追求,有志于

【长难例句】Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves.

译文:美国人不再期待公众人物在讲演或书写中能熟练地运用英语语言,他们自己也不渴望对其熟练掌握。

assassinate [ə'sæsineit] vt. 暗杀

assassination'sæsi'neiʃn] n. 刺杀,暗杀

【同】murder, killing

assault [ə'sɔːlt] n. 攻击 vt. 袭击

【同】attack

assemble [ə'sembl] vt. ①集合;聚集

【同】gather, bring together, accumulate

All the people assembled at Mary's house. 所有的人都聚集在玛丽的屋子里。

②装配

【同】put together, equip, furnish

【反】take apart

【派】assembler, dissemble

【考题精解】A hush fell over the guests who had_____for the wedding celebration.

A. assembled

B. participated

C. attended

D. summoned

【答案】A。assemble v. 集合,聚集;召集;装配(如:People began to assemble on the platform. If we can assemble everybody then we can leave. It took two hours to assemble the bicycle.)。participate (in) vi. 参加。attend vt.出席。summon vt. 召集,召唤;传讯,传唤。

assembly [ə'sembli] n. ①集合;集会

【同】meeting, gathering, convention, congress, session, installment

②会议

③立法机构

【词义辨析】assembly, conference和gathering assembly:较为正式,专指多人的集会或按计划为某一目标而召开的会议,以进行商议、集体行动或宗教活动。conference:指正式的大规模会议,其重要代表参加讨论并作出决策的会议。还常指正式的立法或评议机构。gathering:指两人以上的集会,尤其指一些人非正式或无组织地聚集在一起进行集体活动。

assert [ə'səːt] vt. ①宣称,断言

【同】state, declare, allege, claim

【反】deny

②维护,坚持(权力等)

【同】maintain, hold

【反】refute

【派】assertion, assertive

【真题链接】You must_____yourself, or they will continue to bully you, so you will go on living in disgrace.(2002年厦门大学考博试题)

A. promote

B. strengthen

C. assert

D. assess

【答案】C。本题空格处是说“你必须坚持自己的权利,否则他们将继续欺侮你”。四个选项中,assert的意思是“断言,声称”, assert oneself的意思是“坚持自己的权利,表现自己的权威”;promote的意思是“促进,提升”;strengthen的意思是“加强,巩固”;assess的意思是“估计,评估”。只有C项符合题意。

assess [ə'ses] vt. 估价,评价

【同】evaluate, estimate, weigh

【派】assessable, assessment, assessor

【真题链接 1】The apartment was_____at$20,000 and its owner was happy about that. (2009年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

A. assaulted

B. assessed

C. asserted

D. avenged

【答案】B。四个选项的意思分别是:assaulted攻击,突袭;assessed评价,估值;asserted断言,宣称;avenged报仇,复仇。根据句子意思可知,正确答案是B选项。如:The lawyers assessed the property at$35,000(律师们估计这笔财产价值35000美元。)

【真题链接 2】It is too early to_____the effect of the new measure.(2004年湖北省考博试题)

A. administer

B. assess

C. elevate

D. contribute

【答案】B。本题意为“评价新措施的影响为时尚早”。B项的“assess评价,评估”符合题意,如:Damages were assessed at 1,000 RMB.(损失估计达1000元人民币。)其他三项“administer管理,支配,执行;elevate抬起,使升高;contribute捐献,投稿”都不正确。

assiduous [ə'sidjuəs] adj.勤勉的 刻苦的

assist [ə'sist] v. 协助,援助

【同】aid, help

【反】hamper, hinder

We all assisted in mending the roof. 我们都帮助修理屋顶。

【习惯用语】assist sb. with [to do, in doing] sth. 帮助某人做某事

【真题链接】The nurse_____the doctor in the operation room.(2003年西南财经大学考博试题)

A. insisted

B. resisted

C. assisted

D. persisted

【答案】C。本题是说护士在手术室帮助医生。C项的assisted(帮助)符合题意。其他三项“insisted坚持;resisted反抗;persisted坚持”都不正确。

assistance [ə'sistəns] n. 援助,帮助

【同】aid, help, support, service

assistant [ə'sistənt] a. 助理的,辅助的

【同】subordinate, supplementary

n. 助手,助理;助教

【同】helper, supplement

【词义辨析】assistant, helper和adjutant

assistant:指辅助完成某项任务的人,有时也是职务称号的一部分。helper:此词除了比assistant更随便之外,二者几乎相同。一个人作为另一个人的helper可能是无代价的、慷慨无私的,因此更有人情味,不像assistant那样冷淡、客观。adjutant:意为“副官,助手”,来自军事用语,做上级官员的行政助理,但本词多指军队里的“副官”。

associate [ə'səuʃieit] v. 使联想;交往

【同】relate, link, ally, unite, combine, connect, couple, join, cooperate

【反】disassociate, separate, disconnect

n. 伙伴,合作人

【同】colleague, companion, fellow, partner,mate, ally

[ə'səuʃiət] a. 副的

【习惯用语】associate member(协会)准会员

【派】association, associative

【考题精解】A healthy life is frequently thought to be_____with the open countryside and homegrown food.

A. tied

B. associated

C. bound

D. involved

【答案】B。associate (with) vt. (在思想上)把……联系在一起,使结合在一起(如:We associate the name of Darwin with the doctrine of evolution. Cigarette smoking has been associated with lung cancer. In children's minds doctors are associated with injection and pain.)。tie vt. 拴,扎,捆;把……打结,系上。bind vt. 捆绑,捆扎。involve (in) vt. 使卷入,使参与;牵涉;包含,含有,使……成为必要。

【真题链接】The scientist decided he didn't want to be_____with the project, and left.(2004年湖北省考博试题)

A. reconciled

B. associated

C. negotiated

D. accommodated

【答案】B。本题意为“这位科学家决定不介入这个项目,起身走开了”。B项的“associate使发生联系”符合题意,如:We associate China with the Great Wall.(我们想起中国,就联想到长城)。其他三项“reconcile使和解,使和好;negotiate议定,谈判;accommodate容纳,接纳”都不正确。

association'səusi'eiʃn] n. ①协会

【同】society, organization, league, union, band

According to the American Automobile Association, since 1964 all cars sold in the United States have been equipped with seat belts.

根据美国汽车协会的资料,自从1964年以来在美国出售的所有汽车都装有安全带。

②联合;结交

【同】connection, combination, partnership

③联想

【习惯用语】①in association with与……联合[结交, 有关联] ②association book因与名人有关而受珍视的书 ③association football英式足球

【长难例句】Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.

译文:一些机构终于松了一口气,但是其他一些机构,包括教堂、倡导生命之权的团体和澳大利亚医学协会,尖锐地抨击这个法案,指责法案的通过过于匆忙。但是大局已定,不可逆转。

【考题精解】They are building the dam in_____with another firm.

A. association

B. correspondence

C. touch

D. step

【答案】A。in association with与……合作。be in correspondence with与……保持着书信来往。in touch with和……有联系。in step with与……步调一致。

assume [ə'sjuːm] vt. ①假定;假设

【同】suppose, imagine, fancy, pretend, put on

I assume you always get up at the same time.

我想你总是在同一时间起床。

②采用;承担(~power)

【同】undertake, take on

to assume new duties承担新的职务

【派】assumptive, assumed

③呈现(~a bad cook脸色很差)

【考题精解】Scientists_____that there is no animal life on Mars.

A. assume

B. resume

C. consume

D. presume

【答案】A。assume vt. 假定,设想,假想;承担;呈现(句型:assume sth.;assume sth. to be;assume that…; assume a look of surprise/the appearance of; assume office/command/ power/duties)(注:assume作“认为,假定”解时后面只能接带to be的复合结构,不能跟带不定式的复合结构,如可以说assume sb./sth. to be sth.,不能说assume sb. to+动词原形;但用被动态时后面可以跟不定式,如:A witness is assumed to know the facts in a murder case.)。resume v. (中断后)重新开始,继续,恢复(后面不跟从句)。consume vt. 消耗,花费(后面不跟从句)。presume

v. 推测,假定(区分:assume主要表示没有根据地凭空想象,这样的想象可能符合实际,也可能完全不符合实际;presume主要表示根据经验所作出的假定、假设,这种设想可能符合实际,也可能不符合实际。

【真题链接】President Clinton_____power when the US economy was slow.(2004年西南财经大学考博试题)

A. presumed

B. consumed

C. resumed

D. assumed

【答案】D。本题的意思是“克林顿在美国经济发展缓慢时当选了美国总统。”D项的“assumed开始从事,承担,担任”符合题意,如:assume the reins of government(执政,开始掌权)。其他三项“presumed假设,假定;consumed消耗,消费;resumed继续,重新开始”都不正确。

assumption [ə'sʌmpʃn] n. 假定,设想

【同】supposition, accepting

【考题精解】We will order tea for twelve people on the_____that all twelve will come.

A. condition

B. resumption

C. assumption

D. consumption

【答案】C。assumption n.假定,臆断;担任,承担(如:They rented the old house on the assumption that the landlord would paint it. His assumption of power was not liked by many.)。condition n.(先决)条件(on condition that…如果,条件是)。resumption n. 重新开始。consumption (of) n. 消耗,消费;消耗量,消费量。

assurance [ə'ʃuərəns] n. ①确信,信心,把握

【同】belief, certainty, confidence, conviction

②担保,保险

【同】guarantee, promise, pledge, insurance

【真题链接】He gave me his_____that the job will be finished on time.(2006年中国矿业大学考博试题)

A. acceptance

B. diffidence

C. assurance

D. insurance

【答案】C。四个选项中,A项acceptance的意思是“接受,领受”,B项diffidence的意思是“缺乏自信,懦怯,羞怯”,C项assurance的意思是“保证”,D项insurance的意思是“保险,保险契约”。根据题意,C项为正确答案。

assure [ə'ʃuə(r)] vt. ①保证

He assured me that he had finished.

他向我保证他已经完成了。

②确信;使放心

【同】convince, make certain

【反】upset

③保险;人寿保险

【同】guarantee, promise, pledge

【派】assured(ly), assuring(ly)

【长难例句】Craig assured his boss that he would call forth all his energies in doing this new job.

译文:克雷格向老板保证,他将竭尽全力做这项新的工作。

【词义辨析】assure, ensure, insure和secure

assure:以十分肯定的语气向别人保证某事一定会发生,强调从头脑中去掉怀疑、犹豫或担心。ensure:使某种行为或某件事的结果得到保证,也可表示确保安全、避免伤害。insure:指对意外事件造成的损失进行赔偿,做出保险。secure:指要采取有目的的行动来获得安全或求得保护,以防不测。

【考题精解】The patient has been_____of the safety of the operation.

A. assured

B. guaranteed

C. entrusted

D. confirmed

【答案】A。assure (sb. of/that) vt. 使确信,使放心;向……保证(如:I can assure you of my full support for your plan/that I will fully support your plan. This will assure you comfort.)。guarantee vt. 保证,担保(句型:guarantee sth./to+动词原形/that)。entrust vt. 托付(句型:entrust sth. to sb.;entrust sb. with sth.)。confirm vt. 证实,肯定;进一步确定;批准,确认(句型:confirm sth. / that…/ sb. in his belief /suspicion)。

astonish [ə'stɔniʃ] vt. 使吃惊,使惊讶

【同】amaze, shock, surprise

【习惯用语】be astonished at sth. 对某事感到惊讶

【派】astonishing(ly), astonishment

astronaut ['æstrənɔːt] n. 宇航员

【派】astronomy

astronomy [ə'strɔnəmi] n. 天文学

【派】astronomer, astronomic(as)

asylum [ə'sailəm] n. 避难所,庇护所,避难

【同】refuge, shelter

at [ət, æt] prep. ①在;于

at home在家

at 120 miles在120英里处

at 85 于85岁时

A red bus is stopping at the bus stop.

一辆红色的公共汽车停在了汽车站。

②向;对准

Look at me. 看着我。

Aim straight at the mark. 对目标瞄准。

③对;因

I laughed at his silliness. 我笑他的愚蠢。

【真题链接】Go and see what your mother is_____now.(2013年厦门大学考博试题)

A. for

B. at

C. about

D. busy

【答案】C。四个选项的意思分别是for为了,至于;at对(准)…,向…;about从事…,忙于;busy繁忙,后面不能直接接宾语。句意是,去看看你母亲现在在忙什么。所以正确答案是C选项。

athlete ['æθliːt] n. 运动员

【同】sportsman

【考题精解】Ball-players, runners, boxers,swimmers, etc are_____.

A. gymnasts

B. athletes

C. fencers

D. competitors

【答案】B。athlete n.(泛指)运动员。gymnast n. 体操运动员。fencer n. 击剑手。competitor n. 竞赛者,比赛者。

Atlantic [ət'læntik] a. 大西洋的

atmosphere ['ætməsfiə(r)] n. ①大气

【同】air, sky, heavens

②空气

③气氛

【同】environment, mood

the exciting atmosphere of a football match

一场足球比赛的激动人心的气氛

【派】atmospheric, atmospherically

【长难例句】Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.

译文:正如土壤是地球的一部分一样,空气也是。

【考题精解】The talk between the countries has been conducted in a friendly, cordial_____.

A. means

B. form

C. climate

D. atmosphere

【答案】D。atmosphere n.(本义)大气,大气层;空气;(引申)气氛(如:the Earth's atmosphere地球大气层;carry out a nuclear test in the atmosphere;the cheerful atmosphere of Christmas;He grew up in an atmosphere of love and trust.)。means n.方法,手段。form n. 形式,形状;表格。climate n. 气候。

atom ['ætəm] n. ①原子 ②微粒

【习惯用语】①blow sth. to atoms(用爆炸)彻底毁坏某物 ②break [smash] …to atoms把……砸[炸]得粉碎 ③not an atom of一点也没有,丝毫没有

【派】atomic

atomic [ə'tɔmik] a. ①原子的

②原子能的

attach [ə'tætʃ] vt. ①加上;连上;附上

【同】fasten, stick on

【反】detach

attach label to parcel给包裹贴标签

②依恋;喜欢

Mary was attached to her brother.

玛丽很喜爱她的弟弟。

【习惯用语】①attach oneself to依附;参加(党派等);热爱,依恋 ②attach to认为有(重要性、意义等);归因于,适用于 ③attached please find [书信用语]附上……请查收

【考题精解】Your failure in the final examination is due to the fact that you didn't _____enough importance to your English.

A. put

B. attach

C. render

D. place

【答案】B。attach importance/significance to重视(如:He did not attach any importance to the question. You attach too much significance to the Prime Minister’ words.)(注:importance一般不与其他三个动词搭配;可以与importance搭配的是emphasize the importance of)。

【真题链接】Since Japan_____importance to education and technological innovation, its economy has developed at a high speed.(2002年上海交通大学考博试题)

A. relates

B. applies

C. attaches

D. connects

【答案】C。本题前半句是说,自从日本重视教育和科技改革以来。attach importance to的意思是“重视”,符合题意。因此C项为正确答案。

attachment [ə'tætʃmənt] n. ①附属物,附件

【同】parts

【反】detachment

②依恋

【同】love, affection

【反】dislike

③依附

【同】connection, dependence

attack [ə'tæk] vt./n. ①进攻;攻击

【同】aggress, assault, raid, seize, contract, aggression, seizure, breakdown

The enemy attacked on the left flank.

敌人向左翼进攻。

②抨击;批评

③侵袭;伤害

The disease attacked his bones.

病患已侵袭了他的骨骼。

【词义辨析】attack和offensive

attack:指一次突然的、猛烈的行动,既指战争中出其不意的攻击,也可指从事某项工作。offensive:指大规模的军事攻势,可能是持续性的攻击,也指对别人的冒犯,与attack有时可以互用。

attain [ə'tein] vt. ①达到

【同】get to, reach, achieve

【反】fall short (of), miss

②取得,实现

【同】gain, accomplish, acquire, procure

【反】give up, lose

vi.(+to)达到

【派】attainment

【考题精解】In a typhoon, winds_____a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour.

A. assume

B. accomplish

C. accelerate

D. attain

【答案】D。attain vt. 达到(目的),获得(成就)(如:You will attain your object. He attained maturity/his ambition/success/a height of…;He attained to fame/greatness.)(有时后面加to表示“达到理想的状态”)。assume vt. 假定,设想;承担;呈现。accomplish vt. 完成,实现。accelerate v. (使)加快,(使)增速。

attempt [ə'tempt] n./v. 企图,试图;努力

【同】endeavo(u)r, try

【习惯用语】attempt on sb.'s life企图杀害某人

【词义辨析】attempt, endeavor和strive attempt:指实际开始或冒险从事某件事情,但往往含有可能失败或受挫之意。只用作及物动词,可接名词、代词、动名词及不定式。endeavor:正式用词,反映为达到某个目标或获得某种结果而付出极大努力,并克服巨大障碍。后多接不定式,或与介词after、for等连用,译作“争取……,努力追求”等。strive:不仅需做出巨大的努力克服极大困难,而且含有要战胜对方的意思,或与指为了使某个事物趋于完美而“不懈努力,不懈奋斗”,后可接不定式。

【考题精解】Shelly had prepared carefully for her biology examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first_____.

A. intention

B. purpose

C. attempt

D. desire

【答案】C。attempt n. 企图,试图(注:名词attempt后面多接at或不定式作定语,如:make an attempt to solve/at solving the problem;如果说“在做第几次尝试时,一般用介词on,如:on his first/second…attempt)。intention n. 意图,目的(没有on one's first intention的说法)。purpose n.意图,目的(可以说do sth. on purpose故意做某事;没有on one's first purpose的说法)。desire n. 欲望,愿望(可以说have a desire to+动词原形/for sth.;不能说on…desire)。

attend [ə'tend] vi. 注意;留意

【同】be attentive, serve, follow

vt. 出席;到场;照看;照料

【同】go to, be present at, tend, look after, care for, take care of

attend school上学

【习惯用语】①attend on [upon] 服侍,照料;陪,随从 ②attend to倾听,注意,留心,关心,照顾,护理;办理

【派】attentive, attendant

attendance [ə'tendəns] n. ①照看;照料

【同】care

She is in attendance on the sick man.

她在照顾病人。

②出席;到场

【同】presence, appearance

attendance at school上学,到校

③出席人数

a high attendance出席的人很多

【习惯用语】①dance attendance on [upon] sb.奉承[讨好]某人;追随某人;侍候某人 ②in attendance负责;值班 ③take attendance点名

attendant [ə'tendənt] n. ①随从,随员

②出席人,参加人

③服务员

a. ①出席的,在场的

②伴随的,随行的

③护理的

attention [ə'tenʃn] n. ①注意;专心

【同】awareness, observation

【反】inattention, disregard

to pay attention to me注意我

②关注

Please give it your attention. 请对此多加关注。

③立正

to stand at attention立正站着

【习惯用语】①attract [draw] attention引起注意 ②be all attention十分注意,全神贯注③bring sth. to sb.'s attention使某人注意某事

【长难例句】A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so called digital divide—the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor.

译文:现在越来越多的人开始关注所谓信息差异——世界被划分为信息富裕阶层和信息贫困阶层。

attitude ['ætitjuːd] n. ①姿势

②态度

【同】perspective, viewpoint, angle, approach

People's attitude towards the skyscrapers varies widely. 人们对这些摩天大楼的态度很不相同。

③看法;意见

What is the Municipal Authority's attitude to the proposal of a tunnel across the river? 市府当局对这条过江隧道的提案有什么看法?

【长难例句】The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her hostile attitude toward customers.

译文:因为女售货员对顾客的不友好态度,经理向她投以责备的目光。

attract [ə'trækt] vt. ①吸引

【同】magnetism, fascination

【反】repel

She was attracted by the novel advertisement.

她被这新颖的广告吸引住了。

②招引

Flowers attract many bees. 鲜花招引来许多蜜蜂。

③有吸力

【词义辨析】attract, charm和fascinate

attract:反映由于某物的性质或质量而造成对另一事物的吸引,也指由于某人或某物美好动人而引起他人的注意或钟爱。charm:原指用符咒或魔法迷惑并彻底控制人或物,引申为能唤起或引起人的愉悦、喜爱之情,甚至迷住人的感官或心灵。fascinate:指极具诱惑力,使受吸引者难以抵抗或者无力自拔。

【考题精解】Never before had he felt himself so powerfully_____to the scientific ideal.

A. interested

B. absorbed

C. attracted

D. devoted

【答案】C。attract vt. 吸引;引起……的注意(如:The scenery attracts many tourists. be attracted by/to sb./sth.)。be interested in对……感兴趣。be absorbed in全神贯注于。be devoted to专心致志于,献身于,忠于;热爱,喜欢。

attraction [ə'trækʃn] n. ①吸引,吸引力The idea of working for state-owned enterprises has little attraction to young people nowadays. 现时去国有企业就职的想法对年轻人没有多大吸引力。

②吸引人的东西

③引力

The tides are caused by the attraction of the moon for the earth. 潮汐是由月亮对地球的引力引起的。

【真题链接】The Great Wall is a great tourist_____, drawing millions of visitors from all parts of the world every year.(2002年上海交通大学考博试题)

A. attention

B. appointment

C. attraction

D. interest

【答案】C。本题的前半句是说,长城是极好的旅游胜地。C项的“attraction吸引,吸引人的事物”符合题意。其他三项“attention注意;appointment约会,指定;interest兴趣”都不正确。

attractive [ə'træktiv] a. ①有吸引力的

【同】charming, magnetic, appealing

②漂亮的

【同】good-looking, handsome, beautiful

attribute [ə'tribjuːt] vt. 把…扫向于(~+to)归属,归回

['ætribjuːt] n. 属性,性质

【派】n. attribution

audience ['ɔːdiəns] n. ①听众;观众

【同】spectators, listeners, attendance

Three thousand audience crowded the concert hall. 3000名听众挤满了音乐大厅。

②接见;拜见

【习惯用语】①be received [admitted] in audience by被……召见,赐见②captive audience (不管愿不愿意都得听的)被强迫的听众 ③give audience(to)听取,倾听;正式接见

【长难例句】Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.

译文:经常是表达方式使听众发笑,因此要讲得慢一点,而且记住抬眉毛或做出一个不相信的表情都能有助于显示你是在轻松地演讲。

audio ['ɔːdiəu] n./a. ①音频(的),音响(的)②声音(的),听觉(的)

【同】sound, auditory

audit ['ɔːdit] vt. 审计,查账

【同】investigate, inspect, check

【派】auditor, auditorium

auditorium ['ɔːdi'tɔːriəm] n. ①礼堂(hall)

【同】hall

②听众(观众)席

augment [ɔːɡ'ment] vt. 扩大,增加,提高

August ['ɔːɡəst] n. 八月 a. 威严的;令人敬畏的

aunt [ɑːnt] n.①伯母;婶母;舅母 ②阿姨;大婶

Aunt Lena has just left for America.

丽娜姨母刚去美国。

aural ['ɔːrəl] a. 听觉的;听力的

Australia [ɔ'streiliə] n. 澳大利亚,澳洲

Australian [ɔ'streiliən] a. 澳大利亚的,澳洲的n. 澳大利亚人

authentic [ɔː'θentik] a. ①真的,真正的

【同】genuine, actual, real, true

【反】artificial, fake, forged, imaginary

②可靠的,可信的

【同】credible

【派】authenticity

【长难例句】But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music.

译文:但是对“做自己的事”这种真正的和个人的狂热崇拜导致了正式演讲、写作、诗歌和音乐的死亡。

author ['ɔːθə(r)] n. 作者,创作者;创始者

【同】writer, composer

【习惯用语】①Like author, like book. [谚]什么样的作家写什么样的作品;文如其人。②the author of evil魔王,恶魔

【词义辨析】author和writer

author:意为“作家,著作者”,泛指以自己的名字(或笔名)出版过作品的人,不强调他是否以写作为职业。writer:意为“作家”,含义很广泛,一般指以写作为职业的人,这些人包括小说作家、散文作家、诗人、剧作家、编辑、记者等。

authority [ɔː'θɔrəti] n. ①权威;威信

【同】power, might, prestige

②权威人士

【同】government

③权力;职权

You don't have any authority for entering this house. It's private. 你们没有任何权力进入这所房子,这是私宅。

【习惯用语】①approving [reviewing] authority [律]核准当局(特指有权批准军事法庭判决的司令官)②by the authority of得到……许可;根据……所授的权力;经……许可 ③carry authority有分量;有影响;有势力;有权威

【长难例句1】The integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authorities over technical economic tasks.

译文:最初建立一个有权管理技术经济工作的中央组织,这样就能最好地实现各独立国家之间的结合。

【长难例句2】After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.

译文:经过了6个月的争论以及最后16个小时激烈的议会辩论,澳大利亚北领地成了世界上第一个允许医生终止希望死去的绝症病人生命的权力当局。

【考题精解】The’ Oxford English Dictionary’ is the best_____on English words.

A. power

B. expert

C. edition

D. authority

【答案】D。authority (on) n.(某个领域的)权威(人士或东西)(如:In course of time he became an authority on art and literature. He is a great authority on the subject of international law.)。power n. 权力,势力;政权;能力。expert n. 专家,里手(an agricultural expert; an expert in mathematics/on foreign affairs/at fancy skating) (注意后面跟的三个介词的不同含义:in强调学科领域;on强调对外交事务的研究;at偏重强调技巧)。edition n. 版,版本。

【真题链接】Among the lowest of the judicial ranks, justices of the peace nevertheless frequently exercise jurisdiction over a variety of misdemeanors. (2002年中国社会科学院考博试题)

A. guidance

B. sovereignty

C. authority

D. suzerainty

【答案】C。本题中,jurisdiction的意思是“权限”。C项的“authority职权”符合题意,如:Deputies were given authority to make arrests.(代表们被授予拘捕权。)其他三项“guidance指导;sovereignty主权;suzerainty宗主权”都不正确。

authorize ['ɔːθəraiz] vt. ①授权,委托

【同】empower, entitle

②许可,批准

【同】approve, permit, license

【派】authorization

【真题链接】I was_____by the court to repossess this property.(2004年湖北省考博试题)

A. approved

B. rectified

C. authorized

D. endowed

【答案】C。本题意为“法院授权,让我重新占有这份财产”。authorize的意思是“授权”;approve的意思是“批准、赞成”;rectify的意思是“纠正、整顿”;endow的意思是“赋予”。四个选项中只有C项符合题意。

auto ['ɔːtəu](=automobile)n.汽车

auto parts汽车零件

automatic ['ɔːtə'mætik] a. ①自动的

【同】involuntary, spontaneous

【反】manual

The heating system in the hotel has an automatic temperature control. 旅馆里的取暖系统具有自动调温装置。

②习惯性的;不经思考的

【同】mechanical, instinctive

③必然发生的

【派】automation

automation ['ɔːtə'meiʃn] n. ①自动,自动化②汽车

autonomy [ɔː'tɔnəmi] n. ①自治,自治权

【同】independence, self-rule, liberty

②自主权

【同】sovereignty

【派】autonomic, autonomous

【真题链接】Superficial differences between the special problems and techniques of the physical sciences and those of the biological sciences are sometimes cited as evidence for the_____of biology and for the claim that the methods of physics are therefore not adequate to biological inquiry.(2014年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

A. autonomy

B. vitality

C. purposefulness

D. obsolescence

【答案】A。本题考查名词辨析和长难句理解。A自治,自治权;B活力,生气,生命力,生动性;C目的性,意志坚强;D退化,荒废。句意为:在自然科学和生物科学的特殊问题跟技术问题之间存在着表面上的差异,有时会被人引用为证据,来证明生物学的自成体系,并声称物理学方法因此就不能满足生物学研究的要求。因此,分析各个选项只有A选项符合题意。

automobile ['ɔːtəməbiːl] (=auto) n. 汽车death from automobile车祸死亡

autumn ['ɔːtəm] n. ①秋,秋季(美国普通称fall)

【同】fall

②成熟期;渐衰期;晚年

③秋色

in autumn在秋天

【习惯用语】①come to one's autumn过了中年,到了衰老之年;到了受报应的时候;自食其果②autumn of (one’s) life中年之后,垂老之年

auxiliary [ɔːɡ'ziliəri] a. 辅助的,补助的

【同】aiding, assisting, secondary

【反】chief, main

n. 辅助人员

available [ə'veiləbl] a. ①可得到的;可利用的

【同】usable, convenient, obtainable, accessible, handy, valid

Chinese commodities available for export are varied. 中国可供出口的商品种类繁多。

②可接受探访的;可见客人的

Is the manager available? 经理在不在?

【习惯用语】make sth. available to[for]使……可以享受某物;使……买得起某物

【派】availability

【考题精解】None of the servants were_____when Mr. Smith wanted to send a message.

A. available

B. approachable

C. attainable

D. applicable

【答案】A。available a. 可利用的;可得到的;有空的,清闲的(如:The teacher is not available now.)。approachable a.(场所)可进入的,可接近的,(人)易亲近的,可亲近的。attainable a. 可达到的,可达成的。applicable a. 可应用的;适用的,合适的。

【真题链接】Free medical service is_____to nearly all the college students in China. (2011年南京师范大学考博试题)

A. favorite

B. available

C. convenient

D. average

【答案】B。句子的大意为:在中国,几乎所有的大学生都享有免费医疗服务。A项favorite“最喜欢的”;B项available“可用”;C项convenient“方便”;D项average“平均”。B最合理,所以B项符合题意。

avenue ['ævənjuː] n. ①林荫道 ②大街

【同】street

That is Madison Avenue. 那就是麦迪逊大道。

③方法;途径

explore every avenue寻找任何途径

【习惯用语】explore every avenue (=leave no avenue unexplored) 探索各种途径;想尽一切办法

avert [ə'vəːt] vt. ①防止,避免

②转移(目光、注意力等)

【真题链接】It is the first of several agreements that United States hopes to reach as it attempts to reduce, labor costs by$5.8 billion and_____bankruptcy.(2003年厦门大学考博试题)

A. dispel

B. revert

C. transfer

D. avert

【答案】D。本题空格处是说“避免了破产”。D项“avert避免”符合题意,如:Accidents can be averted by careful driving.(谨慎驾驶可避免发生事故。)其他三项“dispel驱逐,驱散;revert恢复;transfer转移”都不正确。

aviation ['eivi'eiʃn] n. ①飞行;航空②航空工业

【派】aviator, aviatress, aviatic

avoid [ə'vɔid] vt. ①避开;避免

【同】withdraw, escape

【反】confront, encounter

I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me. 我横穿马路以便避开他,但他看到了我并朝我跑过来。

②逃避

Are you trying to avoid me? 你是不是想躲开我?

【派】avoidable, avoidance

①避免;回避

②[律]撤销;废止,使无效

【长难例句】Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided.

译文:如果要避免粮食短缺,就必须加大力度来增加农业产量。

【词义辨析】avoid, escape和shun

avoid:指设法避开不愿见的人或事,也指躲避危险。escape:强调摆脱限制和束缚,暗示能安然逃避,保持不受邪恶有害的东西的损伤或影响。shun:指对极其反感或讨厌的人或事避而远之,语气较重并较为积极。

await [ə'weit] vt. ①等待

【同】wait for, expect, anticipate

②准备

awake [ə'weik] a. 醒着的

【同】wake, arouse, awaken, rouse

【反】slumberous, sleeping

v. 唤醒;(使)觉醒,醒悟到

【同】wake up, realize, alert, conscious, watchful

【反】asleep, sleeping

【习惯用语】wide awake完全醒着的;不受欺骗的

【词义辨析】awake, awaken, wake和waken

awake:强调完全清醒过来或恢复知觉,多用于借喻,指“醒悟、觉悟、领会”,与介词to连用。awaken:语体更为正式,多指及物动词,在引申意义中常用于短语awaken sb. to /towards sth.,意为“唤起,使觉悟到”等。wake:多作不及物动词,指自己醒来或补唤醒,引申意义为“激发,激励,使奋起”,常与介词up连用。waken:多作用物动词,较为正式。引申意义又指唤起来激发出某些心理、精神或智慧方面的力量,使之变为行动。

award [ə'wɔːd] vt. ①颁奖,授奖;授予

【同】grant, accord, confer, honor, prize

The school awarded Merry a prize(for her good work). 学校(因为她工作好而)奖励了梅丽。

②裁定;判决;裁决;裁决书

Mrs. Jones was awarded$1000.00 monthly alimony by the court when she was divorced from her husband.

琼斯太太跟丈夫离婚后,根据法院判决她每月可得到1000美元的赡养费。

【考题精解】The best students are_____special scholarships.

A. awarded

B. rewarded

C. presented

D. provided

【答案】A。award vt. 授予,给予(如:They awarded John the first prize.)。reward vt. 酬劳,奖赏;报答。present vt. 赠(送);呈献(present sb. with sth./sth. to sb.)。provide vt. 供给,提供(provide sb. with sth.;provide sth. for sb.)。

aware [ə'wɛə(r)] a. 知道的;明白的

【同】conscious

【反】unaware, unconscious

I was not aware of the fire. 我没有意识到火。

【习惯用语】①be aware of知道,意识到

②become aware of发觉,注意到

【派】awareness

【词义辨析】aware和conscious

aware:侧重指通过对看到、听到、感觉到的东西的观察和理解而意识到的。用作表语,后接of或名词从句。conscious:表示感觉和直觉,或事态在头脑中留下印象,只是“知道”而没有进一步的或强烈的反应。作表语,后接of或名词从句。

away [ə'wei] ad. ①离开

【同】apart

Go away! 走开!

②结束;完

The water boiled away. 水烧干了。

③一直;继续

to work away一直在工作

【习惯用语】keep away from保持距离

【考题精解】His face gave him_____when he told a lie.

A. off

B. up

C. away

D. out

【答案】C。give away(有意或无意地)泄露,暴露(秘密);分发,赠送。give off释放,放出。give up辞去;放弃;停止。give out分发。

awe [ɔː] n. 敬畏,惊惧

vt. 使惊畏,使惊惧

【真题链接】The travelers were_____into silence by the Sight of a distant mountain.(2008年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

A. enlivened

B. awed

C. forced

D. frightened

【答案】B。awe into有“使由于敬畏而……”的意思,故正确答案为B。

awful ['ɔːfl] a. ①可怕的

【同】dreadful, terrible, frightful, horrible

an awful accident一次可怕的事故

②非常坏的

【同】bad

awful weather恶劣的天气

③使人敬畏的

【派】awfully

【词义辨析】awful, dreadful和fearful

awful:由于环境森严、问题严重或过分崇敬等原因而令人畏惧。dreadful:意为强烈的、持续的恐惧,多指怕鬼、怕死。fearful:指因多虑、危险、不幸或想象而造成的恐惧。

awkward ['ɔːkwəd] a. 笨拙的;尴尬的;棘手的

【同】embarrassing, clumsy, unskillful, unhandy, difficult to deal with

【反】skillful, handy

【考题精解】The shy girl felt_____and uncomfortable when she could not answer her teacher's questions.

A. awkward

B. amazed

C. curious

D. amused

【答案】A。awkward a. 尴尬的;棘手的;(人)笨手笨脚的,笨拙的;(工具)使用不方便的。amazed a. 感到惊奇的,惊愕的。curious a. 好奇的。(curious about sth./to know/to hear)。amused a.高兴的,开心的,感到有趣的。

ax (e) [æks] n. 斧子

axis ['æksis] n. 轴,中心线

【派】axle, coaxial, uniaxial