涵化还是宽容？莫卧儿时期北印度的信仰间关系

〔美〕穆扎法尔·阿拉姆

〔美〕桑杰·苏布拉曼亚姆 著

袁先欣 译^[1]

摘要：本文试图处理的是莫卧儿时期北部印度“宽容”和“涵化”主题的相对重要性问题。相较从处理该问题的规范性、神学论的材料入手，本文选取了另一种策略，即利用莫卧儿统治下的波斯文游记叙述史料。本论文选取了17世纪晚期到18世纪的三个游记文本，这些文本特别清晰地展示出的是，莫卧儿世界是由不同因素和立场、文学传统和宗教遗产相当复杂地混合而成的。在作者们看来，他们并不简单地感觉到自己所身处的是一个完全宽容的环境，彻底对立完全强迫性的环境；更大程度上，他们发现自己身处在涵化的潮流当中，他们无法对之加以拒绝（同时他们一般也不愿拒绝）；真正对他们开放的选择，是抓住各种可能性，并利用它们实现自己的现实目的。

关键词：宽容 涵化 莫卧儿印度 游记叙述 信仰间关系

Abstract：In this essay，our attempt will be to address the issue of the relative importance of themes of “tolerance” and “acculuration” in Mughal North India. Rather than dealing with normative or theological materials on the question，our approach will take a different tack，drawing upon the body of travel narratives in Persian from the Mughal domains. This paper picks up three travel texts from late 17th century to 18th century. What is particularly evident in these texts is that the world of the Mughals was seen through them as comprising highly complex mixture of elements and attitudes，literary traditions and religious inheritances. The authors did not simply feel that they were in a tolerant milieu as opposed to a coercive one. Rather，they found themselves caught up in a tide of acculturation that they could not （and often did not wish to） resist；the real option open to them was to seize hold of the possibilities and use them to their own pragmatic ends.

Keywords：Tolerance Acculturation Mughal India Travel Narrative Inter-faith Relation