A
a [ei, ə], an [æn, ən] indef. art.
1. one 一（个）：
I caught a big fish yesterday.
昨天我捕到一条大鱼。
2. each; every; per 每一（个）：
Tom is paid ten dollars an hour.
汤姆每小时的工资是十美金。
3. the thing called; any; every 同类事物中的任何一个：
a square has four sides.
正方形有四条边。
4. 某一（个）：
a beautiful girl phoned me just now.
刚才一个漂亮女孩打电话给我。
5. 置于 many 之后，many a/an 许多：
Many a student wants to have more time to sleep.
很多学生都想有更多睡觉的时间。
Many a man would be glad of the opportunity.
许多人都会对这机会感到高兴。
6. 置于前有 as, so, too, how 的形容词之后：
She is not so big a fool as she looks.
她并不像她看起来那么傻。
It’s too difficult a book for me.
这本书对于我太难了。
7. a certain; one like or having the qualities of; a kind of; a work by 一个叫……的人，一个像……的人，……的作品/制品：
He thinks he is a Napoleon.
他认为他是一个拿破仑式的人物。
a Mr. brown wants you on the phone.
有位叫布朗的先生给你打电话。
I’ll buy a Ford.
我要买一辆福特汽车。
a Picasso 一幅毕加索的画
8. the same 相同的，同一的：
They are all of a size.
它们都是同样大小。
birds of a feather flock together.
物以类聚。
abandon** [ə’bændən] vt.
（ab-相反+ andon 拥有：与“拥有”相反）
1. to leave completely and forever; desert 抛弃，遗弃：
The cruel man abandoned his wife and children.
这个残忍的家伙遗弃了妻儿。
2. to give up or bring an end to sth.,esp. without finishing it or gaining the intended result 放弃，中止：
The bad weather forced them to abandon their search.
恶劣的天气迫使他们中止了搜寻工作。
3. abandon oneself to: to allow oneself to be controlled by (a feeling, desire, etc.)纵情于……，沉湎于……：
He abandoned himself to grief.
他悲不自胜。
abandon oneself to despair 陷于绝望/自暴自弃
【同】quit
【派】abandonment n. [U]放弃，自暴自弃
【辨】abandon表示“放弃想法”时与give up, quit同义；表示“放弃计划”时与cancel同义；表示“抛弃、离开”时，与desert, leave 同义。
ability [ə’biliti] n. [U][c]
the fact of having the skill, power, or other qualities that are needed in order to do sth.能力，技能：
She has the ability to speak English fluently.
她能够流利地说英语。
He is a man of ability/many abilities.
他是一个有才能/才华横溢的人。
She has great ability in teaching English.
她很有教英文的才干。
【辨】ability, capability:
① ability常指“天生的能力”和“后天获得的技能”：My brother obtained the position by virtue of his ability. 我哥哥凭才能得到了这个职务。
children’s ability to learn 孩子们的学习能力。
② capability指体力上、智力上、法律上有能力或某一特殊功能：She proved her capability for the job. 她证明她可以胜任这项工作。
able [‘eibl] adj.
having the skill, power, knowledge, time, or other qualities that are needed in order to do sth.有能力的，有才干的，能干的，出色的：
She was regarded as one of the most able students in this school.
她被认为是这所学校最有能力的学生之一。
an able assistant 能干的助理
【反】unable
【派】ably adv. 能干地，干练地，出色地
【辨】able, capable:
① able A. 表示行得通或做得到，后接动词不定式：Most children are able to walk before they are able to talk.多数孩子在会说话之前先会走路。Generally, blind men are able to remember things better. 一般来说，盲人的记忆力要好些。B. 指“有才能的”，比capable语气更强：He alone is able to swim across the channel.只有他能游过那个海峡。
② capable A. 指出乎意料的潜能，对一般的要求能应付自如的才能，后接of doing sth. 或of +名词：She is my most capable student.她是我最有才华的学生。 Show your teacher what you are capable of. 向你的老师表现出你的才能。B. 指经过训练后而具备某项工作能力：capable lawyers should be well-schooled in the company law.能干的律师应是在公司法方面受过良好训练的。
▲be able to 能，会：
Fortunately, I was able to catch the last train.
幸运的是，我赶上了末班火车。
abnormal** [æb’nɔ:məl] adj.
（ab-不，非+ norm 规则，常规+ -al 形容词后缀）
very different from usual in a way that seems strange, worrying, wrong or dangerous 反常的，不正常的，变态的：
abnormal behavior 反常行为
【反】normal
aboard** [ə’bɔ:d]
Ⅰ prep.
on or onto a ship, plane, or train 在船（飞机、车）上，上船（飞机、车）：
It’s time to go aboard.
该上船（飞机、车）了。
Ⅱ adv.
on or onto a ship, plane, or train 在（船、飞机、车）上，上（船、飞机、车）：
The plane crashed killing all 200 people aboard.
飞机失事，机上200人全部遇难。
about [ə’baut]
Ⅰ adv.
1. more or less a particular number or amount; approximately 大约，差不多：
The terrible traffic accident happened about ten years ago.
那次恶性交通事故发生在大约十年前。
I’ve had just about enough.
我已经差不多够了。
It’s about time he came.
是他该来的时候了。
She is about your age.
她大约和你同岁。
2. near to you or in the same place as you 在周围，在附近：
Don’t drop cigarette ashes about.
不要乱弹烟灰。
3. in many different directions within a place or in different parts of a place 到处：
The old man walked about aimlessly, looking rather sad.
那位老人漫无目的地到处走，显得极为难过。
4. in the opposite direction that you were facing before 向相反方向，轮转：
He quickly turned about.
他很快转身。
5. 传开：
The news is going about.
消息正在传开。
Ⅱ prep.
1. on the subject of 关于，对于：
I have talked with him about the matter.
关于那件事我已和他谈过了。
2. surrounding 在……周围，在……附近：
Everything about me is so beautiful.
我周围的景色美极了。
3. in all parts of 到处，在……各处：
The children ran about the garden.
孩子们在花园里到处跑。
4. busy with sth.; doing sth. 忙于，从事于：
Everywhere people were going about their daily business.
无论哪里人们都在忙着干日常工作。
5. in a particular place; in the character of 在身上；性格上：
I happened to have no money about me.
我碰巧身上没带钱。
There’s something mysterious about her.
她有些神秘。
▲How about ...? = What about ...? ……如何?/……怎么样?：
How about listening to classical music?
听古典音乐如何?
Ⅲ adj.
1. to be just ready to; be going to (if someone is about to do sth., or if sth. is about to happen, they will do it or it will happen very soon)即将，正要：
I was about to go to bed when he called me up.
我正要上床睡觉，这时他打电话来了。
2. popular 在传播的，在流行的：
Skateboards won’t be about long, I believe.
我相信滑板运动不会长久流行。
【辨】be about to do, be going to do:
①与be going to do 相比，be about to do表示更近的将来，后面一般不跟表示将来的时间状语：We were just about to leave when Jerry arrived. 我们正要离开，杰瑞到了。
②be going to do 一是表示“打算做某事”，二是表示“将要做某事”，后面可以接表示将来的副词（或短语）。I’m going to tell Dad what you said. 我要告诉爸爸你说了什么。
We are going to plant some trees next week.
下周我们将要去植树。
above [ə’bʌv]
Ⅰ prep.
1. higher than; over 高于，在……之上：
The sun rose above the horizon.
太阳从地平线升起。
I saw the moon above the roof.
我看到月亮在屋顶上方。
2. a greater degree than 大于，超过：
The temperature is above average this winter.
今年冬天的气温超过平均温度。
There is nothing in this shop above fifty cents.
这家店里没有一样东西价钱超过五十分。
3. higher in rank or power than （地位，能力）胜过，高过……之上：
She is above any of her classmates in speaking English.
她英语说得比班上任何同学都好。
4. too good or too honest to do 不屑于做：
If you want to learn, you must not be above asking questions.
如果你想学习，便不可耻于发问。
Ⅱ adv.
more; higher 在上面，在头上，在楼上，在上游，（数量等的）超过：
people of 50 and above 年龄五十或五十以上的人
Ⅲ adj.
mentioned on an earlier page or higher on the same page 上面的，上述的：
as stated in the above sentence 如前句所述
▲above all 首先，尤其：
a clock must be above all correct.
时钟最重要的是必须准确。
above all, you should learn to make good use of time.
首先，你们应该学会好好利用时间。
abroad [ə’brɔ:d] adv.
1. to or in another country or countries 到国外，在国外：
He lived abroad for much of his life.
他的一生大半是在国外度过的。
I’ll go abroad for further study.
我要去国外深造。
2. over a wide area; everywhere 到处，广泛：
The news quickly spread abroad.
消息很快传开。
absence** [‘æbsəns] n.[U]
（ab-从…离开+sence 在场）
1. the state or a period of being away 不在，缺席：
Take care of yourself during my absence.
我不在时你要照顾好自己。
Did the teacher notice his absence from school?
老师察觉到他缺课了吗?
2. non-existence; lack 缺少，缺乏：
absence of rain caused the plants to die.
缺少雨水导致植物枯死。
【反】presence
absent [‘æbsənt]
（ab-从……离开+sent 在场的）
Ⅰ adj.
1. not present 不在场的，缺席的：
I was absent from work with a cold.
我因感冒而没去上班。
【反】present
2. showing lack of attention 漫不经心的，茫然的：
in an absent sort of way 有些心不在焉地
3. not existing; lacking 缺少的
Ⅱ [æb’sənt] vt.
to keep (oneself) away 缺席，不到：
He absented himself from the meeting.
他没有参加那次会议。
Why did you absent yourself (from school) yesterday?
昨天你为什么没来（上学）?
★absolute [‘æbsəlu:t] adj.
（ab-加强意义+ solute 完全松开：完全放开不管的）
1. not measured by comparison with other things 绝对的，绝对性的：
absolute power/standard 绝对权力/标准
absolute value 绝对值
【反】relative
2. complete; perfect 完全的，纯粹的：
a child usually has absolute trust in its mother.
小孩通常完全信其母亲。
I was astonished at his absolute ignorance.
我对他的全然无知感到惊讶。
【派】absolutely adv. 绝对地；absoluteness n.
absorb** [əb’sɔ:b] vt.
（ab-去掉+ sorb 吸：吸掉）
1. to take or suck (esp. liquids) in, esp. gradually 吸收，吸取：
black cloth absorbs light.
黑色布料吸收光线。
【派】absorption n.[U] ①吸收；②专注，专心；absorbent adj.能吸收的，有吸收力的；absorbing adj.极为有趣的，令人神往的
2. to completely fill the attention of 吸引，使专心：
The task absorbed all his energies.
他把全部精力投入在这项工作上。
▲be absorbed in 全神贯注于：
The boy was absorbed in the interesting novel.
那男孩全神贯注于那本有趣的小说上。
abstract** [‘æbstrækt]
（abs- = from 从+ tract = draw 拽出：从……中抽出来）
Ⅰ adj.
existing as a quality or concept rather than as sth. real or solid 抽象的：
The idea of happiness is extremely abstract.
幸福是一个非常抽象的概念。
Ⅱ n. [c]
1. a shortened form of a statement, speech,etc. 精粹，梗概：
I made an abstract of the speech.
我把演讲的要点摘录下来了。
【同】 brief, summary
2. an abstract painting, drawing, or other work of art 抽象的美术作品
Ⅲ vt. [æb’strækt]
1. to remove sth. from somewhere 提取，抽取：
abstract metal from ore 从矿物中提取金属
【同】remove
2. to make a shortened form of （a statement,speech, etc.) by separating out what is important 摘录……的要点，不转移（注意等）：
Nothing can abstract his mind while he works.
他工作时，什么也不能分散他的心思。
abuse** [ə’bju:z]
（ab-离开，偏离+ use 用：脱离原来的用途）
Ⅰ vt.
1. to put to wrong use; use badly, esp. for one’s own advantage 滥用，虐待：
Don’t abuse your power.
不要滥用你的权力。
2. to say unkind, cruel, or rude words 辱骂，诋毁
【同】scold
【反】respect, honour
Ⅱ n. [ə’bju:s]
1. [U][c] wrong use 滥用，妄用：
government officials’ abuse of power 政府官员对权力的滥用
2. [U] bad or cruel treatment 虐待：
In the past, many children suffer racial abuse at school in the States.
过去，在美国许多孩子遭受校园种族歧视。
3. [U] unkind, cruel or rude words 咒骂，恶言：
The other driver started shouting abuse at me.
另一个司机开始对我恶言相向。
academic** [9ækə’demik]
Ⅰ adj.
being or based on subjects that are taught to develop the mind rather than to provide practical skills 学术的；理论的；学院的：
He says all the players can receive the same academic help.
他说所有的运动员都能获得同等的学业帮助。
Ⅱ n.
a college or university teacher; someone who looks at things in an academic way 大学生，大学教师；学者：
as an academic, he never compromised his analysis for the sake of political expediency.
作为一名专业学者，他从未为政治利益而妥协自己的分析结果。
【派】academician n. [c] 院士；学会会员
★academy [ə’kædəmi] n.[c]
1. a school for training in a special art or skill （高等）院校，研究院：
an academy of music 音乐学院
2. a society of people interested in the advancement of art, science, or literature,to which members are usu. elected as an honor 学会，协会：
the chinese academy of Science 中国科学院
3. a secondary school in Scotland or a private school in the US [美] 私立高级中学
【派】academic adj.
accent** [‘æksənt]
（ac-朝，向+ cent 唱歌：声调向某一方向发展）
Ⅰ n.
1. [c] a particular way of speaking, usu. connected with a country or social class 口音，腔调：
He spoke in a Shanghai accent.
他说话带有上海口音。
2. [c] importance given to a word or part of a word by saying it with more force or on a different musical note 重音，重读：
In the word “accent” the accent is on thefirst syllable.
“accent”这个词的重音在第一个音节上。
3. [U] particular importance or interest 强调，着重：
In all our products the accent is on quality.
我们的全部产品都是强调质量。
Ⅱ vt. [æk’sent]
to emphasize the part of sth.; to direct attention to 重读，强调，加重音符号，引人注意：
Use make-up to accent your cheekbones and eyes.
使用化妆来突出你的颧骨和眼睛。
accept [ək’sept] vt.＆ vi.
1. to take or receive (sth. offered or given),esp. willingly 接受，答应：
He did not accept my invitation.
他没接受我的邀请。
I asked her to marry me and she accepted.
我向她求婚，她答应了。
I can’t accept you as my assistant.
我不能应允你做我的助理。
It is an accepted truth.
这是为大家所接受的真理。
2. to take or receive as satisfactory or reasonable,often unwillingly 同意，承认，认可：
Do you accept what he said?
你同意他所说的吗?
I cannot accept an excuse like that.
我无法相信那样的辩解。
3. to make someone feel welcome and part of a group 接纳，迎进，迎入：
The class accepted the new teacher.
全班接纳了这位新老师。
【反】reject
【派】acceptable adj. 可接受的，受欢迎的；acceptability n.[U]可受性，可容许性
【辨】accept, receive:
①accept语气较强，指思想上的“接受”：He accepted the job.
他接受了这份工作。
②receive只表示受取，指行为上“接受物件”：betty received a nice birthday present and she accepted it happily.
贝蒂收到一份精美的生日礼物，她欣然接受了。
★acceptance [ək’septəns] n.[U][c]
1. the act of accepting a gift, an invitation, an offer, etc. 接受：
He wrote a letter of thanks with the acceptance of a present.
他收受礼物后写了一封答谢函。
the acceptance of the terms of a contract 接受合同的条款
2. the act of agreeing with sth. and accepting it （想法等的）赞同，接受，认同：
gain wide acceptance 获得广泛赞同
【同】acknowledgement
access** [‘ækses] n.
(ac-向，到+ cess 走：走到……)
1. [U] means or right of using, reaching, or obtaining 接近，进入：
It is difficult to gain access to him.
要接近他很难。
Only high officials had access to the Emperor.
只有高级官员才可以接近皇帝。
Students must have access to good books.
学生必须有机会读到好书。
2. [c] [U] means of entering; way in;entrance 通路，入口，通入之路：
The only access to the farmhouse is across the fields.
到农舍的唯一通路是经过田间。
▲have/gain access to 可以获得：
He gained access to the political information by posing as a commercial traveller.
他装扮成一个商业旅行者获取了政治情报。
★accessible [ək’sesəbl] adj.
1. easy to reach, enter, or obtain（地方）易找到的；易到达的；易得到的；易使用的：
Their goal was to make adult education more accessible.
他们的目标是让成年人教育面向更多的人。
The city is easily accessible by road, rail, or air.
通过公路、铁路或航空都可以方便地到达该城市。
2. easy and friendly to speak to （人）易于接近的，随和的
3. in a form that is easy to understand（艺术、音乐、文学等）易懂的
accident* [‘æksidənt] n.[c]
1. sth., especially sth. unpleasant or damaging,that happens unexpectedly 事故，灾难：
He was killed in a traffic accident.
他死于交通事故。
2. sth. that happens by chance 意外的事，偶然的事：
My meeting him yesterday was a pure accident.
我昨天遇到他完全是偶然。
【派】accidental adj. 意料之外的，偶然的
★accidental [9æksi’dentl] adj.
happening by chance, not by plan or intention 意外的，偶然的：
Our meeting is quite accidental.
我们的相遇完全是偶然的。
【派】accidentally adv.
★accommodate [ə’kɔmədeit] vt.
1. to have enough space for 容纳，接纳：
The university auditorium can accommodate four thousand people.
这座大学礼堂能容纳四千人。
The hotel can accommodate 500 guests.
这家旅馆可供五百客人住宿。
【同】contain, hold, seat
2. to provide with a place in which to live or stay 为……提供住宿，给予……方便：
The Greens accommodated us for the night.
格林夫妇留我们过夜。
He accommodated me when I asked him for change.
我请求他兑换零钱，他满口答应了。
3. to change (especially oneself) to fit new conditions 使适应，调节：
accommodate oneself to new conditions 适应新的情况
accommodation** [ə9kɔmə’deiʃən] n.
1. [c] [U] a place to live or work in; house,flat, hotel room, etc.住宿设备，膳宿供应（常用复数）：
can we find accommodations at a hotel for tonight?
我们今晚能找到旅馆住宿吗?
The hospital has accommodation(s) for 1,000 patients.
这所医院有一千张病床。
2. [U] the setting of a disagreement 和解：
efforts to reach an accommodation with the US over imports
为在进口货物方面同美国达成和解所做的努力
accompany** [ə’kʌmpəni] vt.
（ac-到+ company 同伴）
1. to go with, esp. on a journey 伴随，陪同：
She accompanied her friend to the concert.
她陪同朋友去听演奏会。
2. to play a musical accompaniment for 为……伴奏：
She accompanied the singer on the piano.
她为那位歌手钢琴伴奏。
according to [ə’kɔ:diŋ tu:] prep.
1. as stated or shown by 根据：
according to the law, Shylock may have a pound of flesh to be cut off by him nearest to antonio’s heart.
根据法律，夏洛克得亲手把离安东尼奥心脏最近的一磅肉割下来。
2. in a way that agrees with 随着……而作（相应的）变更：
according to the change of the circumstances 随着情况的变化
cut your coat according to your cloth.
量体裁衣；量入为出。
account* [ə’kaunt]
（ac-加强意义+ count 计数）
Ⅰ n.
1. [c] a record or statement of money received and paid out, e.g. by a bank or business 账单，账目，计算：
They send their account at the end of the month.
他们在月底时送出账单。
Put it on my account.
将它记在我的账上。
【同】bill
2. [c] a sum of money kept in a bank,which may be added to and taken from（银行等的）户头，交易关系：
My account is empty.
我的账户里没有钱了。
I want to open an account with a bank.
我想在一家银行开一个户头。
3. [c] an explanation or a description of an idea, a theory or a process 说明，解释：
He gave me a full account of his plan.
他针对他的计划给我作了完整的说明。
4. [c] a written or spoken report; description 报告，叙述：
Don’t always believe newspaper accounts.
不要永远相信报纸的报道。
【同】description
5. [U] because of 理由，根据：
I won’t be able to come on this account.
因为这个缘故，我不能来。
She came late on account of the heavy rain.
因为大雨，她来晚了。
Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.
1. to give or be a satisfactory explanation for 说明，解释：
can you account for your absence from school?
你能说明缺课的原因吗?
2. to consider, to have the opinion that someone or sth. is a particular thing 认为：
We all account him a good student.
我们都认为他是一个好学生。
【派】accountable adj. 对……负责的，有解释义务的
▲on account of 由于，因为：
The train was delayed on account of the snow.
火车因下雪而耽误了。
▲take sth. into account 对……加以考虑：
We will take your suggestion into account.
我们将考虑你的建议。
★accuracy [‘ækjurəsi] n.[U]
the quality of being accurate; exactness or correctness 准确性，精密度：
I began to doubt the accuracy of his statement.
我开始怀疑他的声明的正确性。
【反】inaccuracy
accurate** [‘ækjurit] adj.
（ac-加强语气+ cura 仔细+ -ate 形容词后缀：仔细再仔细，小心再小心）
exactly correct 精确的，无误的，周密的：
quick and accurate at figures 计算迅速而精确
【反】inaccurate
【派】accurately adv.
【辨】accurate, correct, right, precise:
①accurate强调精确无误：an accurate calculation 精确的计算
②correct指按一定标准，没有差错：a correct answer 正确答案
③right很多情况下可与correct互换，但常有道德上认可的意思：the right course of action 正确的行动方针
④precise指用数字上非常准确的单位测量的：the precise speed of the satellite 卫星的精确速度
accuse** [ə’kju:z] vt.
（ac-向+ cuse 诉讼）
to charge (someone) with doing wrong or breaking the law 控告，谴责：
She accused him of taking bribes.
她指控他受贿。
【同】charge
【派】accuser n.[c]原告，控告者
ache* [eik]
Ⅰ vi.
1. to have or suffer a continuous, but not violent, pain （持续性的）疼痛：
My tooth aches.
我牙疼。
My heart aches for you.
我为你心痛。
2. to have an extremely strong desire 想念，渴望：
She ached for home.
她非常想家。
He ached to be free.
他渴望自由。
Ⅱ n. [U][c]
a continuous, but not violent, pain（持续的）疼，痛，隐隐作痛：
I have an ache in my stomach.
我胃痛。
The old man has aches and pains all over.
那位老人浑身疼痛。
Mother is suffering from a bad headache.
妈妈头疼得厉害。
【辨】ache, pain:
①ache指连续的，局部的，固定的疼痛：stomachache 胃痛 earache 耳朵痛
②pain既可指局部的或总体的疼痛，又可指思想的痛：the pain of parting 离别的痛苦 He has pains/pain/a pain in the arm.
他手臂疼。
achieve [ə’tʃi:v] vt.
（a-加强语气+ chieve 终，结尾）
1. to finish successfully; succeed in doing or reaching 完成，达成，成就：
No one can achieve anything without effort.
没有人能够不努力而有所成就。
I have achieved only half of what I hoped to do.
我仅完成了我所希望完成的一半。
2. to get as a result of action or effort; gain （通过努力而）获得，达成：
He achieved his goal.
他达到了他的目的。
achieve great success 获得巨大成功
【派】achievable adj. 可完成的，可达成的；achievement n.
achievement* [ə’tʃi:vmənt] n.
1. [c] the successful finishing or gaining of sth.成就；成绩：
her many achievements 她的许多成就
2. [U] sth. successfully finished or gained,esp. through skill and hard work 完成；实现；达到：
They are holding a party to celebrate the achievement of their first year’s goals.
他们正举办聚会以庆祝第一年目标的实现。
acid** [‘æsid]
Ⅰ adj.
1. having an unpleasantly sour or bitter taste like that of vinegar or unripe fruit 酸的，有酸味的：
It has an acid taste.
这东西有酸味。
2. that contains acid or has the essential characteristics of an acid; that has a PH of less than seven（化学）酸性的
3. bitter or unkind words; bad-tempered 尖酸刻薄的，讥讽的：
an acid comment 刻薄的批评
Ⅱ n. [U][c]
a substance that forms a chemical salt when combined with an alkali. It may destroy things it touches （化学）酸：
Some acids burn holes in cloth and wood.
有些酸类物质能在布帛和木料上烧出洞。
acknowledge** [ək’nɔlidʒ] vt.
(ac-加强意义+ know 知道+ ledge)
1. to accept or admit (as); recognize the fact or existence (of) 承认，供认：
He acknowledged his fault.
他承认了他的过失。
She acknowledged that she was defeated.
她认输了。
I acknowledge him as my superior.
我承认他比我强。
Jack acknowledged having been frightened.
杰克承认受到了惊吓。
2. to show that one is grateful for 表示谢意，函谢：
She acknowledged his help in her book.
她在书中对他的帮助表示谢意。
3. to show that one recognizes (someone) by smiling, waving, etc. 向某人打招呼：
He acknowledged me by lifting his hat.
他举帽向我致意。
【派】acknowledgement n.[U]1.承认 2.致谢
【辨】acknowledge, admit:
①acknowledge指被迫做出的承认。
②admit指对本想否认或推托之事大胆地承认：He acknowledged that he had stolen my bike. 他承认他偷了我的自行车。
acquire* [ə’kwaiə] vt.
（ac-到+ quire 寻找）
1. to gain sth. by your own efforts, ability,or behaviour 学得（知识、技术），养成（习惯、行为）：
The young man acquired a good knowledge of Japanese.
那位年轻人熟谙日语。
The woman has acquired a habit of smoking.
这位妇女养成了抽烟的习惯。
2. to obtain sth. by buying or being given it 获得，得到
【辨】acquire, earn, gain, get:
①acquire指依靠自己的努力得到某种内在的能力：It is not easy to acquire a knowledge of painting.
学画画不是件容易的事。
②earn指获得在教育机构中由于完成所规定的东西而达到一定的标准：earn a high score 得高分
③gain常指强有力的夺取，也可指渐渐获得某物的过程：gain respect/experience/honours 获得尊敬/经验/荣誉
④get一般用语，口语用词，用途很广：He has got what he wanted.
他得到了他想要的东西。
across [ə’krɔs]
Ⅰ prep.
1. from one side to the other side (of) 横越，穿过：
The old woman walked across the bridge carefully.
那老太太小心地过桥。
Please draw a line across the sheet of paper.
请在这张纸上画一条横线。
2. to or on the opposite side (of) 在……的对面：
He lives across the street from us.
他住在我们的街对面。
Ⅱ adv.
1. in a particular direction towards or at someone/sth. 从……的一边向……：
When my name was called he looked across at me.
当叫到我名字的时候，他从那边朝我看来。
2. from one side to the other side 宽，从一边到另一边：
The river is 30 metres across.
这条河宽三十米。
【辨】across, through:
①across指从这边到那边：row sb. across a river 划船送某人过河。
②through是“在……之中，透过”的意思，常与go, walk等动词连用，表示“穿越，横穿”等意思，主要表示从物体内部穿过，如穿过森林、隧洞等。The two friends were walking through the forest.
这两个朋友正在森林中穿行。
act [ækt]
Ⅰ n. [c]
1. sth. that someone has done 行为，举动：
It is an act of kindness to help a blind man across the street.
帮助盲人过街是善举。
This is really a brave act.
这真是勇敢的行为。
2. while actually doing; at the moment of doing (esp. sth. bad) 行动，行动之际：
The thief was caught in the act of breaking into the house.
这个小偷正破门而入时被抓住了。
3. one of a number of short events in a theatre or circus performance （戏剧的）一幕：
a play of five acts 一部五幕的戏
4. a law made by a parliament or similar body 法令，条例
5. an example of insincere behavior used to influence people’s feelings （表面的）演戏，演技，装腔作势：
Her crying is just an act. Don’t take it seriously.
她哭泣只是演戏，别太当真。
Ⅱ vi. ＆ vt.
1. to do sth.; take action 行动，做事：
It’s time to act.
是采取行动的时候了。
You have acted generously.
你表现得很慷慨。
2. to produce an effect; work 起作用：
acid acts on metal.
酸在金属上会起反应。
3. to represent (a part in a play or film);
perform, esp. on the stage 表演，扮演：
Who will act Snow White?
白雪公主将由谁扮演?
She acts well.
她演技很好。
4. to behave so as to seem 举动像……，装出：
Don’t act the child any more.
别再孩子气了。
She’s not really crying；she’s only acting to get your sympathy.
她并非真哭；她不过是装哭让你同情。
5. to fulfill the purpose of（与as 连用）担任……职务：
He acted as an interpreter.
他担任翻译。
action [‘ækʃən] n.
1. [c] the fact or process of doing things,with the intention of gaining a desired result 行动，活动，实行：
He is a man of action.
他是个实干的人。
2. [c] sth. done; a deed 行为，（实际的）行动：
actions speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
3. [U] effect 作用，影响：
chemical action 化学作用
【辨】action, act:
①action指动作的方式和过程：the action ofheat 热的作用；
②act指单纯的和个人的动作：the act of stealing 偷东西的行为。
active [‘æktiv] adj.
1. doing things or always ready to do things; able or ready to take action 主动的，积极的：
He is an active member of the club.
他是俱乐部里积极的会员。
I take an active part in all kinds of activities.
我积极参加各种各样的活动。
【反】passive
2. always busy doing things, esp. physical activities; lively and full of ideas 活跃的，活泼的：
He is not as active as he was.
他不像以往那样活跃了。
【反】inactive
activity [æk’tiviti] n.
1. [U] movement or action 活动性，活力：
When one is over seventy, his time of full activity is usually past.
人活到七十后，充满活力的时期往往就过去了。
3. [c] sth. that is done or is being done,esp. for interest or pleasure 活动（常用复数）：
club activities 社团活动
actor [‘æktə] n.[c]
a man who acts in a play or film or on television 男演员
actress [‘æktris] n.[c]
a woman who acts in a play or film or on television 女演员：
a film actress 一位女电影演员
actual [‘æktʃuəl] adj.
existing as a real fact 实际的，现实的，事实上的：
The actual price was lower than I had thought.
实际价钱比我想得便宜。
can you give me the actual figures?
你能给我确实的数字吗?
the actual conditions 实际情况
He looks honest, but in actual fact he is a bad egg.
他看似诚实，但实际上是个坏蛋。
【派】actually adv. 事实上，实际上
【辨】actual, true:
①actual指“真实的”，跟“虚伪的”反义：the actual life 实际生活；
②true指“真的”，跟“假定的、谣传的”反意：a true story 一个真实的故事。
ad** [9ei’di:]
（拉丁文 anno domini 的缩写）
since the birth of christ 公元：
From 30 bc to ad 20 is 50 years.
公元前三十年到公元二十年之间有五十年。
adapt* [ə’dæpt] vt.（ad-使+ apt 适合）
1. to make or become suitable for new needs, different conditions, etc. 使适应，使适合：
When you go to a new country, you must adapt yourself to new manners and customs.
当你到一个新国家时，你必须适应新的风俗习惯。
He could not adapt his way of life to the company.
他的生活方式无法适应公司的要求。
2. to change a book or play so that it can be made into a play, film, television programme, etc.改造，改编：
This book is adapted for beginners.
本书经改编适于初学者。
I adapted the garage for use as a workshop.
我将车库改为工作室使用。
Novels are often adapted for the stage.
小说常被改编为舞台剧本。
【派】adapter 或 adaptor n.[c]改造者，改编者；adaptable adj. ①能适应的，适应性强的 ②可改造的，可改编的
adaptation** [9ədæp’teiʃən] n.
1. [c] a film, book or play that is based on a particular piece of work but that has been changed for a new situation 改编（版）本：
The television adaptation of the stage play was very successful.
由这个舞台剧改编成的电视剧很成功。
2. [U] the act or an example of adapting 适应；改编：
They specialize in the adaptation of industrial buildings for housing.
他们专门从事将工业建筑改建成住房的工作。
3. [U] the process of changing sth., for example your behaviour, to suit a new situation 适应性；适应力：
alcohol and drug use often appear as a result of poor adaptation to one’s surroundings.
酗酒和吸毒常常是人对周围环境适应力差的表现。
add [æd] vt. ＆ vi.
1. to join numbers, amounts, etc. so as to find the total 加，加起来：
If you add three to two, you get five.
三加二等于五。
Please add the figures up (together).
请将这些数字加起来。
2. to put together with sth. else so as to increase the number, size, importance,etc. 增加：
If the tea is too strong, add some more hot water.
如果茶太浓，再加点开水。
Please add my name to the list.
请在名单上加上我的名字。
The house has been added to from time to time.
这座房子在不断地扩建。
3. to say also 补充说，又说：
“I will miss you,” she added.
她补充说：“我会想念你的。”
He added that he would come again.
他接着又说他会来的。
▲add up to 合计，总计：
My books add up to 200.
我的书总共有两百本。
addict* [‘ædikt] n.[c]
a person who is unable to free himself/herself from a harmful habit, esp. of taking drugs 入迷的人，上瘾的人
★addicted [ə’diktid] adj.
1. dependent on sth., esp. a drug; unable to stop having, taking, etc. （吸毒）成瘾的；上瘾的：
She says she’s unable to give up smoking;she’s completely addicted.
她说她无法戒烟，已经完全上瘾了。
He admitted he was addicted to cocaine.
他承认他吸食可卡因上瘾了。
2. spending all your free time doing sth. because you are so interested in it 入迷的：
I don’t want the kids getting addicted to stupid TV programmes.
我不想让孩子们沉迷于无聊的电视节目中。
addition* [ə'diʃən] n.
1. [U] the act of adding, esp. of adding number together 增加，加法：
the addition of milk to the coffee 咖啡加牛奶
The boy is not good at addition.
这男孩加法不好。
2. [c] sth. added 附加物，增加物：
They’ve just had an addition to the family.
他们家刚刚添了一口。
▲in addition 另外：
There was a terrible earthquake and, in addition, there were tidal waves.
除了大地震之外，还有海啸。
▲in addition to 除……之外：
He can speak French in addition to English and Japanese.
除了英语和日语之外，他还会说法语。
★additional [ə'diʃənl] adj.
beyond what is usual; added 另外的，附加的，额外的：
an additional tax 附加税
It will take an additional two weeks to finish the work.
完成这项工作还需要两周。
address [’adres]
Ⅰ n.
1. [c] the number of the building, name of the street and town, etc., where a person lives or works, esp. when written on a letter or parcel 地址，住址：
Don’t forget to write your name and address.
不要忘记写下你的姓名和地址。
2. a formal speech that is made in front of an audience 致辞，演说：
Our headmaster gave a congratulating address.
校长致了祝辞。
Ⅱ vt. [Y'dres]
1. to write a name and address on (an envelope, parcel, etc.)致函写姓名地址：
The letter was wrongly addressed.
这封信地址写错了。
Please address the parcel for me.
请给我在包裹上写上姓名地址。
2. to direct speech or writing to (a person or group) 向……讲话：
Mr. Li will now address the meeting.
现在由李先生做大会演说。
He will address you on the subject of war and peace.
他将向你们阐述战争与和平的问题。
【辨】address, speech: address指正式的演讲，讲话；speech指普通的讲话：
He made a speech at the group meeting.
他在小组会上发了言。
adjust** [ə’dʒʌst] vt.
（ad-近+ just = right, exact 精确，正确）
1. to change slightly, esp. in order to make right or make suitable for a particular purpose or situation 调整，调节：
The body adjusts itself to changes of temperature.
身体能自行调节以适应气温变化。
You can have the brakes of your bike adjusted.
你可以请人调整自行车车闸。
2. to get used to a new situation by changing the way you behave and/or think 适应，顺应：
Rose soon adjusted herself to Tom’s way of life.
露丝很快适应了汤姆的生活方式。
【派】adjuster 或 adjustor n.[c]调整者，调节器；adjustment n.[U][c] 调整，调节校正
administration** [ədˌminis'treiʃən] n.
1. [U] the activities that are done in order to plan, organize and run a business, school or other institution 管理，经营，监督：
We are under the administration of the government.
我们归政府管辖。
2. [c] the government of a country, esp. the US 行政机关，执行机关，管理部门：
the administration of Trump 特朗普政府
These expenses are paid out directly by the administration.
这些开支由管理部门直接负责。
【派】administrative adj.行政的，管理的；administrator n.[c]行政官员，管理者
★admiration [9ædmə’reiʃən] n.[U]
1. a feeling of pleasure and respect 钦佩，赞美：
He speaks English so well that his friends are filled with admiration.
他英语说得好极了，朋友都赞美不已。
We expressed our admiration for his bravery.
我们对他的勇敢表示钦佩。
She looked at the picture with/in admiration.
她带着赞叹的神情赏画。
2. a person or thing that causes good feelings(admiration)令人赞赏的人或物：
She is so beautiful and clever that she is the admiration of all the young men in the school.
她是如此的聪明美丽，因此成为学校所有男青年赞美的对象。
★admirable [‘ædmərəbl] adj.
having qualities that you admire and respect 令人赞赏的；令人钦佩的：
an admirable objective 令人钦佩的目标
【派】admirably adv.
admire* [əd’maiə] vt.
（ad-加强意义+ mire 好奇：对……感到好奇/敬仰）
to think of or look at with pleasure and respect 钦佩，赞美，羡慕：
Visitors to England usually admire our policemen.
来英国的游客通常赞美我们的警察。
How I admire his new car!
我真羡慕他的新车！
What do you admire her for?
你钦佩她什么?
Don’t forget to admire his wife.
别忘了赞美他的妻子。
【同】appreciate, respect, value
【派】admirer n.[c]赞美者，崇拜者，爱慕者；admiring adj.佩服的，羡慕的，赞美的
★admission [əd'miʃən] n.
1. [U] permission given to someone to enter or become a member of a school, club,building etc. 允许进入，接纳：
He has gained admission to/into the club.
他获准加入俱乐部。
2. [U] the cost of entrance to a concert,sports event, etc. 入场费，入学费：
admission free.
免费入场。
admission to that college is 10,000 yuan.
那所大学的入学费是一万元。
3. [c] a statement in which you admit that sth. is true or that you have done sth.wrong（犯罪等的）自白，承认：
In fact, your silence is an admission of guilt.
事实上，你的沉默就表示你认罪了。
She made an admission that she had done wrong.
她承认自己做错了。
【辨】admission, entrance:
①admission有比喻意义，指入场的权利：admission to the lecture 允许听课
②entrance是具体动作，指入场的行为：the entrance to university 入学
admit* [əd’mit] vt.
1. to allow someone or sth. to enter a public place to watch a game,performance etc.; to allow someone to join an organization, club etc. 让……进入，接纳：
She opened the door and admitted the foreign guests into the house.
她打开门让外宾进入室内。
children are not admitted to the film.
儿童不得入场看这部影片。
about 2,000 students were admitted to our school this year.
今年我校招收了大约两千名学生。
2. to accept and agree unwillingly that sth. is true or that someone else is right 承认：
The boy admitted having stolen the money.
那男孩承认他偷了钱。
Will you admit that you have done wrong?
你承不承认你做得不对?
We all admit him to be foolish.
我们都认为他是个傻瓜。
3. 可容纳：
This hall admits 1,500 people.
这礼堂可容纳一千五百人。
【派】admittance n.[U] 入场，允许进入；admitted adj. 公认的，自认的
adopt** [ə'dɔpt] vt.
（ad-加强意义+ opt 选择）
1. to formally approve a proposal, especially by voting 采用，采纳：
This is a good idea. We should adopt it.
这是一条好建议，我们应采纳。
【同】accept
2. to legally make another person’s child part of your family so that he or she becomes one of your own children 收养：
He adopted an orphan.
他收养了一个孤儿。
【派】adoptable 可采用的，可收养的；adoption n.[U][c] 采用，采纳，收养
adorable** [ə’dɔ:rəbl] adj.
someone or sth. that is adorable is so attractive that it fills you with feelings of love 可爱的，迷人的
adult* [‘ædʌlt]
Ⅰ n. [c]
someone who is old enough to be considered legally responsible, and can for example vote in elections and get married without their parents’ permission 成年人（尤指法定上的成年人）：
education for adults 成人教育
adults and teenagers 大人与孩子
Ⅱ adj.
typical of an adult’s behavior or of the things adults do 成年的，已成熟的：
adult education 成人教育
advance* [əd’vɑ:ns]（ad-向+ vance 前）
Ⅰ vi. ＆ vt.
1. to move forward, esp. in a slow and determined way 前进，进展：
The troops were finally given the order to advance.
部队终于得到前进的命令。
2. if sth. such as technical or scientific knowledge advances, it develops and improves 推进，促进：
His work advanced the science of microbiology.
他的工作促进了微生物科学的发展。
3. to suggest a plan etc. so that other people can consider it 提出：
May I advance my opinion on the matter?
我可以就这件事提建议吗？
4. to change the time when an event should happen to an earlier time or date 提前：
We advanced the date of the trip.
我们将旅行的日期提前了。
【派】advancement n.[U]
Ⅱ n. [c][U]
1.前进，进步：
make great advances 进步很大
stop the enemy’s advance 阻止敌军前进
2.（时间）经过：
with the advance of age 随着年龄的增长
3. 预付：
can I have an advance on my salary?
我可以预支薪水吗?
▲in advance before the time that is expected;before sth. happens 在……前；事先（时间上）
It’s cheaper if you book the tickets in advance.
预订票要便宜一些。
★advanced [əd’vɑ:nst] adj.
using the most modern ideas, equipment,and methods 高级的，先进的，进步的，年高的：
an advanced English grammar 一本高级英语语法
advanced ideas 进步思想
a man advanced in years 老年人
advantage [əd'vɑ:ntidʒ] n.
（ad-加强语气+ vant 在前边+ -age 名词后缀：排在前边/优先）
1. [c] [U] sth. that helps you to be better or more successful than others有利条件/因素；优势：
In the first half, we had the advantage over the opposing team.
前半场，我们比对方队占优势。
2. [U] a good or useful quality or condition that sth. has 优点：
【同】benefit
【反】disadvantage
▲gain/have an advantage over 胜过，优于：I have an advantage over him.
我胜过他。
▲take advantage of 利用，趁……之机：He took advantage of my honesty.
他利用我的诚实。
adventure* [əd'ventʃə] n.
（ad-向+ venture 来：到出现新东西的地方）
1. [c] [U] an exciting experience in which dangerous or unusual things happen 冒险：
The adventures of Robinson crusoe
《鲁宾逊漂流记》
2. [c] 奇遇，奇异的事件：
have a lot of adventures in the forest 在森林中的许多奇遇
【派】adventurous adj.喜欢冒险的，有冒险精神的； adventurer n.[c]冒险家，投机者
advertise** [‘ædvətaiz] vt. ＆ vi.
to tell people publicly about a product or service in order to persuade them to buy it 做广告，宣传：
I advertised my car in newspapers for sale.
我在报上登了卖车广告。
【派】advertiser n.[c]刊登广告者
advertisement(ad)** [9æd’və:tismənt] n.[c][U]
a picture, set of word, a film etc. that is used to advertise a product or service 广告，宣传
advice [əd’vais] n. [U]
an opinion you give someone about what they should do 劝告，忠告，建议：
If you take my advice, you will recover soon.
如果你听我的劝告，你很快就会康复的。
He will go to ask his teacher for advice whenever he meets with difficulty.
他一有困难就去征求老师的建议。
Let me give you a piece of advice.
我给你个忠告吧。
He wouldn’t take/follow/accept my advice.
他不肯听从我的劝告。
advise [əd’vaiz] vt. ＆ vi.
1. to tell someone what you think they should do, esp. when you know more than they do about sth.劝告，建议：
The doctor advised a complete rest.
医生建议要做到彻底休息。
2. to inform someone about sth.通知：
I advised her to wait.
我劝她等待。
We are to advise you that the matter is under consideration.
此事已在讨论中，特此通知。
He advised us of his arrival.
他通知我们他已到达。
【派】adviser n.[c] 劝告者，顾问 advocate** [‘ædvəkeit]
Ⅰ n. [c]
1. someone who publicly supports a particular way of doing things 倡导者，鼓吹者：
She is an advocate of truth and ready to die for truth at any time.
她是一个倡导真理并时刻准备为真理而献身的人。
2. a lawyer who speaks in a court of law 辩护者，律师
Ⅱ vt.
to publicly supports a particular way of doing things 提倡，鼓吹，拥护：
They advocate free trade.
他们提倡自由贸易。
affair* [ə'fɛə] n.[c]
1. public or political events and activities 公共事务；政治事务:
international affairs 国际事务
2. an event that people are talking about or describing in a particular way 事，事件，事情：
Running a household is a complex affair.
料理家务是件复杂的事。
You are old enough to take care of your own affair.
你年龄足够大了，可以处理自己的事情了。
That’s my affair, not yours.
那是我的事，与你无关。
3. matters connected with a person’s private business and financial situation 私人业务（常用复数）：
I looked after my father’s financial affairs.
我打理父亲的财务。
【辨】affair, matter:
①affair指已发生或必须去做的事，重大的事情：political affairs 政治事件。
②matter指我们平时所遇到或说到的事：the matter under discussion 讨论中的问题∥That’s another matter. 那是另一回事。
affect** [ə’fekt] vt.
（af-向，到+ fect 作用，行动：作用于）
1. to do sth. that produces an effect or change in someone or sth.影响，传染：
The disease is beginning to affect her eyesight.
疾病正逐渐侵袭她的视力。
2. to make someone feel strong emotions 感动：
I was too much affected to answer.
我感动得答不出来。
【同】influence
【辨】affect, influence:
①affect指对某人身体上或感情上的影响；
②influence指导致行为、思想、性格的变化。
★affection [ə'fekʃən] n. [U][c]
a gentle feeling of love and caring 爱，慈爱，感情：
a mother’s affection 母爱
【辨】affection, love:
①affection指亲人间的爱。
②love指一般的爱：love for music 爱好音乐
afford [ə'fɔ:d] vt.
（af-加强意义+ ford 执行：能执行）
1. to have enough money to buy or pay for sth.; to have enough time to do sth.负担得起，买得起，花得起时间（常与can,could, be able to 连用）：
We cannot afford the waste of a single minute.
我们连一分钟也浪费不起。
can you afford a new car now?
你现在买得起新车吗?
We can’t afford a holiday/can’t afford to go away for a holiday this summer.
今年夏天我们没时间去度假。
I couldn’t afford to buy such a beautiful house then.
那时我买不起这么漂亮的房子。
2. to provide sth. or allow sth. to happen 供给，给予：
Music affords us pleasure.
音乐给我们快乐。
These efforts afford us useful experience.
这些努力使我们得到非常宝贵的经验。
【辨】afford, give:
①afford指为了一定目的，尤其指在经济上能够满足他人的需要：These activities afforded him great pleasure in his old age. 这些活动给他的晚年带来了很大的乐趣。
②give是最普通的用语，接受者不欢迎也可用此语，它指给予金钱、衣服、通知等：I gave each of the boys a story-book. 我给了每个男孩一本故事书。
afraid [ə’freid] adj.
1. very frightned or worried about sth.害怕的，畏惧的：
There’s nothing to be afraid of.
没有什么可害怕的。
He was afraid of losing face/that he would lose face.
他担心丢面子。
She was afraid to wake up her husband.
她担心吵醒丈夫。
2. used to politely tell someone sth.
that may annoy them, upset them or disappoint them 恐怕，担心：
I’m afraid I’ll be late.
恐怕我要迟到了。
africa [‘æfrikə]
Ⅰ n. [c]
非洲
Ⅱ adj.
非洲的，非洲人的，非洲黑人的
african [‘æfrikən]
Ⅰ n. [c]
someone from africa 非洲人
Ⅱ adj. from or connected with africa
1.（人）来自非洲的
2. 非洲的；非洲语的；非洲文化的
after [‘a:ftə]
Ⅰ prep.
1. when a particular time or event has happened or is happened 在……之后：
after class, they went out of the classroom to have a break.
下课后，他们到教室外休息。
She got married after her graduation from college.
她大学毕业后就结婚了。
Shut the door after you.
随手关门。
2. following someone or sth. else in a list,series, piece of writing, line of people,etc. 接在……后面，跟在……后面，次于，亚于：
Wednesday comes after Tuesday.
星期二过后是星期三。
3. to want to have sth.追求，追赶：
He is only after money.
他只追求金钱。
4. because of sth. or as a result of sth.鉴于，由于：
I shall never speak to him again after what has happened.
由于所发生之事，我将永远不和他说话。
5. given the same name as someone else,esp. an older member of your family 仿照，模仿，以……的名字：
She was named Elizabeth after her grandmother.
依从祖母的名字人们给她取名为伊丽莎白。
6. in spite of sth. 虽然，尽管：
after all my care, it was broken.
虽然我尽力小心，这东西还是破了。
7. about someone or sth. （表关心、担心）关于……，有关……：
He often asks after my father.
他常问候我的父亲。
8. used to show that sth. happens many times or continuously 接连不断（用于“名词+ after +名词”短语中）：
day after day 日复一日
Ⅱ conj.
when a particular time or event has happened or is finished 在……后，……以后：
after the work was done, they sat down to sum up experience.
工作做完后，他们坐下来总结经验。
I played video games after I (had) finished my homework.
做完作业后，我去玩电子游戏了。
Ⅲ adv.
after sth. that has already been mentioned; afterwards 以后，后来：
He arrived shortly/soon after.
他不久便到达了。
Look before and after.
瞻前顾后。
The woman fell ill on Monday and died five days after.
那位妇女于星期一生病，五天后就死了。
【反】before
afternoon [9a:ftə’nu:n] n.[c][U]
the period of time between midday and sunset or at the end of the day’s work 下午，午后：
in the late afternoon/late in the afternoon 将近傍晚
afterward(s)** [‘a:ftəwəd(z)] adv.
after an event or time that has already been mentioned 后来，以后：
He was very well this morning, but felt sick afterward(s).
今天早上他还很好，但后来就觉得不舒服了。
I didn’t remember his name until afterward(s).
我直到事后才想起他的名字。
again [ə’ɡen, ə’ɡein] adv.
if sth. happens again, or someone does sth. again, it happens or they do it one more time 再，又，重新：
Let’s read once again.
咱们再读一次。
against [ə’ɡenst, ə’ɡeinst] prep.
1. as a protection or defence from the bad effects of 对着，逆：
You must advance against difficulties.
你们必须迎难而上。
2. opposed to or disagreeing with an idea,belief, proposal, etc.反对：
She was married against her will.
她违反本意而结婚。
3. next to and touching an upright surface,esp. for support 靠近，倚在：
He was leaning against the door.
他倚门站着。
4. seen or shown with sth. else behind or as a background 以……为背景，以……对比：
The red flag looks brighter against the blue sky.
红旗在蓝天的衬托下看上去更加鲜艳。
age [eidʒ]
Ⅰ n. [c][U]
the number of years someone has lived or sth. has existed 年龄，年纪：
She looks younger than her age.
她看起来比实际年龄小。
Ⅱ vi.
to start looking older or make someone look older, esp. because they have suffered a lot 变老，老化：
after his retirement, he aged so quickly.
退休后他衰老得很快。
【派】aged adj.①[eidʒd]……岁的：a boy age ten 一个十岁男孩 ②[‘eidʒid]年老的，陈旧的：the aged 老年人∥aged wined 陈酒
agency** [‘eidʒənsi] n.
1. [c] a business that provides information about other businesses and their products,or that provides a particular service 代理（处），代办处：
The company has agencies in all parts of africa.
该公司在非洲各地均有代理机构。
an advertising agency 广告公司
the central Intelligence agency （美国）中央情报局
agenda** [ə’dʒendə] n. [c]
1. a list of the subjects to be discussed at a meeting 日常工作事项：
We need to put efficiency high on the agenda.
我们需要把效率摆在日常工作的重要位置。
Getting fit is at the top of my agenda.
锻炼身体是我的首要考虑。
cutting the number of workers is not on the agenda.
裁员不在日程中。
2. if sth. is on the agenda, you are planning to do sth. about it 议事日程；（会议）待议事项：
Let’s move to the last item on the agenda.
我们来讨论一下议程中的最后一项。
ago [ə’ɡəu] adv.
used to show how far back in the past sth. happened 以前，在……以前：
It was not long ago that we met each other.
我们不久前才见面的。
agree [ə’ɡri:] vi. ＆ vt.
（a-加强意义+ gree 使高兴：为取悦而同意）
1. to have the same opinion about sth. as someone else 同意，赞成，允诺：
I quite agree with you and let’s work together.
我非常同意你的意见，咱们一起干吧!
I asked him to help me and he agreed.
我请他帮忙，他答应了。
Her father has agreed to her marrying John.
她的父亲同意她嫁给约翰了。
We all agreed to start/that we (should) start at once.
我们都同意立刻出发。
2. if two pieces of information agree with each other, they are the same 一致，适合：
His story agrees with the facts.
他的陈述和事实相符。
Milk doesn’t agree with me.
牛奶不适合我的体质。
【反】differ
agreement [ə’ɡri:mənt] n.
1. [U] a situation in which people have the same opinion as each other 同意，一致：
We are in agreement on that point.
关于那一点我们的意见一致。
2. [c] an arrangement or promise to do sth., made by two or more companies,governments,organizations etc. 协定，协议：
break an agreement 违背协议
teach an agreement 达成一致
agriculture* [‘æɡrikʌltʃə] n.[U]
the practice or science of farming 农业：
My father is engaged in agriculture.
我父亲从事农业。
【派】agriculturist n.[c]农学家
ahead* [ə’hed] adj.
（a-在+ head 头）
in front of someone or sth.; if someone or sth. moves, looks ahead etc. they move or look towards a place in front of them; arriving, waiting, finishing etc. before other people 在前，向前，提前：
There’s danger ahead. Why not turn to another road?
前方危险，何不改道而行呢？
They finished the work three days ahead of time.
他们提前三天完成了那份工作。
The monitor is ahead of me in physics.
班长的物理比我好。
【同】before, forward
【反】behind
▲ahead of 在……前面，先于：
He is ahead of times in his ideas.
他有超前意识。
aid* [eid]
Ⅰ vt.
to help someone or sth. by making their situation or what they are doing easier 援助，救护，帮助：
Sleep aids recovery.
睡眠有助于恢复健康。
I aided her with money.
我在金钱方面帮助她。
The kind lady aided the poor child to continue his study/in continuing his study.
这位好心的太太资助那位穷孩子继续读书。
【同】assist, lend a hand, support
Ⅱ n.
1. [U] help, such as money or food, given by an organization to a country or to people who are in a difficult situation 帮助，援助，救护：
He came to my aid.
他来帮助我。
2. [c] sth. such as a machine or tool that helps someone to do sth.助手，辅助物，辅助设备：
teaching aids 教具
hearing aid 助听器
Dictionaries are a great aid in learning languages.
字典对于学习语言有很大的帮助。
【辨】aid, help:
① aid 可用于紧急或危险的场合，也可指物质或金钱上的帮助，并常用于搭配使用：ladies’ aid 妇女用品
first aid 急救
foreign aid 外援
visual aids 直观教具
The stricken ship sent SOS for immediate aid.
遇难船只发出失事信号，请求立即援助。
② help是最普通用词，多指一般需要的帮助：There was nobody in the dark street to whom I could turn for help.在这漆黑的街上，我无人求助。
aim* [eim]
Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi.
1. to try or intend to achieve sth.目的在于，旨在：
What are you aiming at?
你的意向如何?
The girl is beautiful, but doesn’t aim high.
这姑娘长得漂亮，但没有远大的志向。
2. to choose the place, person etc. that you want to hit and carefully point your gun,object etc. towards them 瞄准，针对
3. to say or do sth. that is intended to influence or affect a particular person or group 对准，瞄准，（以言语等）针对：
His remarks aimed at you.
他的话是针对你的。
Ⅱ n.
1. [U] to point a gun or weapon at someone or sth. you want to shoot 瞄准：
He took careful aim at the target.
他小心地瞄准目标。
2. [c] what you are hoping to achieve by a plan, action, or activity 目标，目的
【辨】aim, goal:
①aim指心中存在的目标：My daughter has a high aim to become a scientist.
我的女儿有远大抱负，想成为科学家。
②goal指最后的目的：His goal is to set up his own business. 他的目标是建立自己的公司。
air [ɛə]
Ⅰ n.
1. [U] the mixture of gases that we breathe and that surrounds the Earth 空气，大气：
The air has been polluted by car exhaust.
空气已遭汽车废气污染。
2. [U] the space above the ground or around things 天空，空中：
a balloon floating high up in the air
在高空飘着的气球
3. if sth. or someone has an air of confidence, mytery etc., they seem confident,mysterious etc. 样子，神态，外表：
He has an air of importance.
他一副很了不起的样子。
There was a comfortable air about her room.
她的房间有种令人舒服的气氛。
4. [U] [c] a way of behaving in which someone tries to make themselves seem more important than they are 神气，架子：
Leader as he is, he never puts on airs.
尽管他是领导，但他从来不摆架子。
Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.
to let fresh air into a room, esp. that has been closed for a long time 使通风，（房间的）通风换气：
We air the room by opening the windows every morning, as soon as we get up.
每天早晨一起床，我们打开窗子给屋子通风。
▲in the air
1. 在空中：castle in the air 空中楼阁
2. （计划、问题等）悬而未定：The plan is still in the air. 这个计划还没定下来。
3. （谣言等）在流传中：There are rumours in the air that he has robbed sb.
谣言四起，说他抢劫了一个人。
airline** [‘ɛəlain] n.[c]
1. 航线：
the airline between Shanghai and Tianjin 上海至天津的航线
2. a business that runs a regular service to take passengers and goods to different places by plane 航空公司：
His sister works in an international airline.
他的姐姐在一家国际航空公司工作。
airport [‘ɛəpɔ:t] n.[c]
a place where aircraft can land and take off,which is regularly used by paying passengers and has several buildings (for waiting passengers, customs, etc.) 机场，航空站：
Let’s go to the airport to see them off.
我们去机场为他们送行吧。
I met her at Kennedy airport.
我在肯尼迪机场遇见了她。
【同】airfield
alarm* [ə’lɑ:m]
Ⅰ n.
1. [c] any apparatus, such as a bell, noise,or flag, by which a warning is given; a such as a warning of danger, e.g. by ringing a bell or shouting 警报，报警器：
If you find your things stolen, you should give an immediate alarm.
如果你发现东西被盗，应该立即报警。
sound an alarm 拉响警报
2. [c] 闹钟（亦称为 alarm clock)
3. [U] sudden fear and anxiety, esp. when caused by the possibility of danger 惊恐，惊慌：
He jumped up in alarm.
他惊慌地跳了起来。
I didn’t think he took/felt alarm at the news.
我想他听到这个消息时没有惊慌。
【同】panic
Ⅱ vt.
1. to be filled with fear, anxiety, and worry about the future 使惊恐，惊动，惊吓：
Everybody was alarmed at the news that war might break out.
听到战事可能爆发的消息，人人都感到恐慌。
2. 向……报警：
He alarmed the police as soon as he saw it.
他一发现这件事，就立刻向警察报警。
alcohol** [‘ælkə9hɔl] n.[U]
the pure colorless liquid present in drinks that can make one drunk, such as wine,beer, and spirits 酒精，乙醇：
an alcohol lamp 酒精灯
alive [ə’laiv] adj.
1. having life; not dead; living 活着的（作表语或后置定语）：
He is more dead than alive after the crash.
那次撞车事件后，他变得奄奄一息。
He is the greatest artist alive today.
他是当今最伟大的艺术家。
2. full of life; active 活跃的，热闹的：
My grandfather is still very much alive, more alive than many young people.
我祖父还很有活力，比许多年轻人还要活跃。
The whole square was alive with singing and rejoicing.
整个广场歌声嘹亮，喜气洋洋。
be alive with hope 满怀希望
3. covered with or full of living things 兴旺的，充满的：
Our room was alive with laughter.
我们的房间洋溢着欢笑声。
【反】dead
【辨】alive, living:
①alive指生活的各个阶段，有时暗含“虽有死的可能性，但仍活着”之意：all men alive 所有活着的人∥The fish is still alive.
这条鱼还活着。
②living 仅指非死亡状态：Is your grandfather still living? 你爷爷还健在吗?
all [ɔ:l]
Ⅰ adj.
the complete amount or quantity of; the whole of 所有的，全部的：
I have spent all the money.
我花光了所有的钱。
Ⅱ pron.
everyone or everything; the whole number,quantity, or amount 一切，全部：
all of the students wanted to go.
所有的学生都想去。
We are all ready for the examination.
我们都为考试做好了准备。
all you have to do is to hand this to her.
你只要把这个交给她就可以了。
Ⅲ adv.
altogether; completely; wholly 完全，都，十分：
They were all dressed in black.
他们都穿着一身黑（衣服）。
He was all wrong.
他完全错了。
Ⅳ n.
everything one possesses or considers valuable （与物主代词连用）所拥有的一切，全部财产：
He has lost his all.
他一无所有了。
▲above all 首先，首要，尤其：
I enjoy all the subjects, but English above all.
我喜欢所有的学科，特别是英语。
▲after all 终于，毕竟：
You should forgive him. after all, he is just a boy of fourteen.
你应该原谅他，毕竟，他只是一个十四岁的孩子。
▲at all 完全，根本：
I wasn’t tired at all.
我一点也不累。
▲all out 全力以赴，竭尽全力：
We went all out to help him.
我们竭尽全力帮助他。
▲all over 遍及，到处：
all over china 遍及全中国
▲all right 行，可以，顺利，良好：
Everything is all right.
一切顺利。
▲in all 总共，共计：
I have 500 yuan in all.
我总共有五百元钱。
▲not at all 一点也不：
He wasn’t at all foolish.
他一点也不傻。
allow [ə’lau] vt.
1. to let (someone) do sth. without opposing them or trying to prevent them; let (sth.) be done; permit 允许，准许：
Please allow me to introduce myself to all of you.
请允许我做自我介绍。
Smoking is not allowed here.
此处禁止吸烟。
2. to officially accept as correct, proper, etc. 承认；接受：
“Objection!” “I’ll allow it!”
“反对！”“反对成立。”
We must allow him to be (that he is) a genius.
我们必须承认他是一个天才。
3. to provide or give (esp. money or time),especially for a special purpose 让……得到：
I was allowed forty days for the task.
给了我四十天的时间去完成这项任务。
How much money does your wife allow you for clothes?
你妻子给你多少钱买衣服?
▲allow for 考虑到：
It takes about an hour to get there, allowing for possible traffic delays.
把路上可能的耽搁算进去，大约一个小时可到那里。
We must allow for his inexperience.
我们必须考虑到他缺乏经验。
almost [‘ɔ:lməust] adv.
very nearly but not quite 几乎，差不多，差一点就：
That is a mistake he almost always makes.
那是一个他几乎永远都在犯的错误。
I get up at six almost every day.
我几乎每天六点钟起床。
almost no one took any rest.
几乎没有一个人歇过一下。
It’s almost time to start.
差不多该开始了。
alone [ə’ləun]
Ⅰ adj.
without any other people 单独的，独自的，独一无二的：
after his wife’s death, he is all alone himself living on a lonely island.
妻子死后，他独自一人住在一个荒凉的岛上。
Ⅱ adv.
1. without or separated from others 独自地，单独地：
My mother wouldn’t allow me to go out alone in the deep night.
我妈妈不许我深夜单独外出。
The boy likes playing alone in the house.
这男孩喜欢躲在房间里自己玩。
2. only 只有，唯独，仅仅：
He alone dares to do so.
只有他敢这样做。
Smith alone knows what has happened.
只有史密斯知道发生了什么事。
You alone can help me at the very moment.
此时此刻只有你能帮我。
▲leave alone 听其自然：
Leave the mad dog alone.
别惹那条疯狗。
You’d better leave me alone.
你最好别烦我。
▲let alone 听其自然；更不用说：
Let it alone.
别管它。
We have no TV set, let alone a computer.
我们连电视都没有，更不用说电脑了。
along [ə'lɔŋ]
Ⅰ prep.
from one end of to the other; in a line in the direction of the length of 沿着：
He was seen running along the corridor and was scolded.
他被人看到在走廊上奔跑，因而受到责骂。
Go along this street, and you will get there.
沿着这条街走，你就会到达那儿。
Ⅱ adv.
forward; on 向前：
I was just walking along singing to myself.
我独自唱着歌向前走去。
▲along with 与……一起：
I sent my father some money along with a letter before the Spring Festival.
春节前，在信中我附寄了一些钱给父亲。
alongside** [ə'lɔŋ'said]
Ⅰ prep.
1. close to and in line with the edge of (sth.); along the side (of) 在……旁边，沿着……的边：
The car drew up alongside ours.
那辆车停在了我们的车旁。
2. together with or at the same time as sth./sb.和……在一起：
We’ll fight alongside you.
我们将和你并肩战斗。
3. 并排：
They stood at attention alongside of each other.
他们并排立正站着。
Ⅱ adv.
并排地，并肩地，横靠地，傍着地
aloud [ə’laud] adv.
in a loud voice; so as to be heard at a distance 出声地，大声地：
Please read the text aloud.
请大声朗读课文。
He laughed aloud.
他放声大笑。
already [ɔ:l'redi] adv.
by or before now or a particular time 已，已经，业已：
When I reached the airport, the plane had already taken off.
我到达机场的时候，飞机已经起飞了。
They continued working, though it was already near midnight.
虽然时间已近半夜，但他们仍继续工作。
also [‘ɔ:lsəu] adv.
1. as well; besides; too 也，同样：
I have also been to New York.
我也去过纽约。
He likes music, and he also likes painting.
他喜欢音乐，也喜欢绘画。
2. in addition; too 而且，还：
She is pretty, also smart.
她秀外慧中。
▲not only...but also 不但……而且：
Not only he but also his children like playing basketball.
不仅仅他而且他的孩子们都喜欢打篮球。
alternative** [ɔ:l’tə:nətiv]
Ⅰ adj.
(of two or more things) that may be used,had, done, etc., instead of another; other 两者挑一的，非此即彼的：
“Either”and“or” are alternative conjunctions.
“Either”和“or”都是选择性的连词。
There is no alternative course.
没有选修课。
Ⅱ n. [c]
sth., esp. a course or action, that may be taken or chosen instead of one or more others 供选择的事物，替换物，抉择对象：
We took the alternative of riding bikes.
我们选择骑车。
although [ɔ:l'ðəu] conj.
in spite of the fact that; though 虽然，尽管，即使：
although he is old, he works very hard.
他虽然年纪大了，但是仍努力工作。
altogether** [9ɔ:ltə’ɡeðə] adv.
1. used to give a total number or amount 全部，合计：
There were 300 passengers altogether.
总共有三百个乘客。
2. completely; in every way 完全，全部地：
It’s altogether out of the question.
那是完全不可能的。
3. considering all things; on the whole 总而言之，总之：
altogether, our achievements are very great.
总的说来，我们的成绩是很大的。
It was raining, but altogether we enjoyed our trip.
尽管下雨，但总的来说我们的旅行还是愉快的。
always [‘ɔ:lweiz] adv.
1. forever 永远，始终：
The sun always rises in the east and sets in the west.
太阳永远都从东方升起，西方落下。
He said he would love her always.
他说他会永远爱她。
2. at all times; at each time 总是，一直：
He is not always at home in the evening.
晚上他并不总是在家。
Why are you always complaining?
你为何老是抱怨?
You should always be kind to others.
你应时时亲切待人。
【辨】always, ever:
①always指无论何时：Failure is not always the mother of success.
失败未必总是成功之母。
②ever指永远如此，常用于诗歌，或与其他词连用：He will live in our hearts for ever.他将永远活在我们心中。
am [强æm, 弱əm] link v．
the first person singular of the present tense of bE be 的第一人称单数形式，用于/后面
a.m./am/a.M./aM [‘ei’em] n.
before midday 上午：
at 10: 00 a.m. 上午十点
amateur** [‘æmətə(r)]
Ⅰ n. [c]
a person who takes part in a sport or other activity for enjoyment, not as a job 业余爱好者; 外行，生手
Ⅱ adj.
doing sth. for enjoyment or interest, not as a job 外行的； 业余的，非职业的
★amaze [ə’meiz] vt.
（a-加强意义+ maze 使迷惑）
to fill with a feeling of great surprise or disbelief; cause wonder in; astonish 使惊奇，使惊愕，使惊叹：
We were all amazed at the news.
我们对这消息都感到非常惊讶。
I was amazed that you had made such rapid progress in English.
你的英语进步如此之快令我大为惊讶。
【同】astonish, surprise
【辨】amaze, astonish, surprise:
①amaze指造成心理上的混乱或困惑：The boy was too amazed to answer.
这男孩如此困惑以至于回答不上来。
②astonish指因为不可解释的事而吃惊：We were astonished that he appeared at the party.
他出现在宴会上使我们感到惊讶。
③surprise指由于突然或出于意外而吃惊：He was surprised to see his mother on the way to school.
在上学的路上，他看到妈妈时很惊喜。
amazing* [ə’meiziŋ] adj.
1. causing great surprise or wonder, esp. because of quantity or quality 令人吃惊的；令人惊愕的；惊人的：
She told me an amazing story.
她告诉我一个令人惊奇的故事。
Their last cD sold an amazing two million copies.
他们上一张 cD 卖了惊人的两百万张。
2. very surprising, especially in a way that makes you feel pleasure or admiration 令人高兴的；使人快乐的：
We had an amazing time in Thailand.
我们在泰国玩得非常开心。
【派】 amazingly adv.
ambition** [æm'biʃən] n.
（ambi-周围，四处+ tion 名词后缀：想四处去找好地方）
1. [U] [c] a strong desire, especially over a long period of time, for success, power,wealth, etc.雄心，野心，志气，抱负：
He is a man full of ambition.
他是一个充满野心的人。
2. [c] sth. that is desired in a way 志向，企望得到的东西：
a big house in the country is my ambition.
我一直渴望在乡间有一所大房子。
ambitious** [æm'biʃəs] adj.
1. having a strong desire for success, power,wealth, etc.有雄心的，有抱负的：
Generally speaking, ambitious students get the best grades.
一般来说，有抱负的学生成绩最好。
2. needing a lot of effort, money or time to succeed 费力的；耗资的；耗时的：
the government’s ambitious plans for social reform 政府耗资巨大的社会改革计划
ambulance** [‘æmbjuləns] n.[c]
a motor vehicle used for carrying sick or wounded people, especially to a hospital 救护车：
The patient was sent to hospital by ambulance.
病人被救护车送往医院。
america [ə'merikə] n.
1. 美国：
america is the short form of the United States of america.
“美国”是“美利坚合众国”的简称。
2. 美洲：
South america 南美洲
central america 中美洲
american [ə'merikən]
Ⅰ adj.
美国（人）的，美洲（人）的，美利坚合众国的：
american citizens 美国公民
american countries 美洲国家
Ⅱ n. [c]
美国人：
The chinese girl is married to an american.
这位中国姑娘嫁给了一个美国人。
among [ə'mʌŋ] prep.
1. in the middle of; surrounded by 在……之中，在……中间：
They hid themselves among the trees.
他们躲在树丛中。
He was chosen from among so many children.
他是从许多孩子中选出来的。
2. in the group of; being one of ……中之一：
I’m sure you are among the best students in your school.
我相信你是你们学校最好的学生之一。
3. （when things are shared by more than two people) to each one of （表分配、合作等）在……中间，由……分配：
He divided his property among his children.
他把财产分给了孩子们。
You should settle the matter among yourselves.
你们应该彼此自行解决这件事情。
amount* [ə’maunt]
Ⅰ n. [c]
1. a collection or mass considered as a unit in terms of its size, number, etc. 总数，总额：
What is the total amount of capital for investment?
总投资是多少?
He owed me 5,000 yuan but could pay only half that amount.
他欠我五千元，但只能偿还总数的一半。
2. a quantity of sth.数量：
a large amount of money is spent on tobacco every year.
每年在烟草上花费大量的钱。
Ⅱ vi.
to add up to sth.; to make sth. as total 合计，总共达，等于：
His debts amount to 6,000 pound.
他的债务共达六千英镑。
【辨】amount, sum:
①amount指累计的结果
②sum指简单加算的结果
amuse** [ə’mju:z] vt.
（a-加强意义+ muse 思考：想怎样取乐子）
to excite the sense of humour of; cause to laugh or smile 逗……笑，给……以娱乐/消遣：
The teacher’s jokes amused the students greatly.
老师的笑话逗得同学们哈哈大笑。
The little boy amused himself with a toy gun.
那小男孩玩玩具枪玩得很高兴。
【反】bore
★amusement [ˌə’mju:zmənt] n.
1. [U] the state of being amused; enjoyment 娱乐，消遣：
She looked at me in amusement.
她很感兴趣地看着我。
2. [c] sth. that makes one’s time pass pleasantly 娱乐活动，乐事：
children in the city have more amusements than children in the country.
城市孩子的娱乐活动比农村孩子的多。
analyse/analyze** [‘ænəlaiz] vt.
1. to examine (sth.) by dividing it into separate parts, in order to learn about its qualities, meaning, etc.分析：
Scientists analysed samples of leaves taken from the area.
科学家们分析了从该地区带回来的树叶标本。
2. to psychoanalyse 对……进行心理分析；对……进行精神分析：
I always feel like he’s trying to analyse me.
我总觉得他好像在对我进行心理分析。
ancestor** [‘ænsestə] n.[c]
（an-前+ ces 去+ -tor 人：在我们之前过世了的人）
a person from whom one is descended, esp. one who lived a long time ago 祖宗，祖先：
His ancestors came from France.
他的祖先来自法国。
He is sprung from noble ancestors.
他出身名门。
ancient [‘einʃənt]
Ⅰ adj.
1. in or of times long ago 古代的，古老的：
They are studying ancient history.
他们在研究古代史。
ancient civilization 古代文明
in ancient times 在远古时代
We should read ancient authors.
我们应读古代作家的作品。
【反】modern
2. having existed for a very long time 旧式的，很旧的：
an ancient-looking hat
一顶样式很旧的帽子
Ⅱ n. [c]
the people who lived in ancient times 古人：
They were among the ancients.
他们都是古人。
【派】anciently adv.
【辨】ancient, old:
①ancient 特指西罗马帝国灭亡以前而言，与modern 反义，且表示今已不存的时代：a course in ancient history 古代史课程
②old指古老的、年代久的：an old british tradition 古老的英国传统
and [ænd, ənd, ən] conj.
1. as well as; also 和，与，及，而且：
English and chinese are quite different language.
英语和汉语是完全不同的语言。
2. used to express a result or explanation 那么：
Study hard, and you are sure to succeed.
努力学习你就一定会成功。
Speak the truth, and you need have no fear.
说了实话，你就不必害怕。
3. to show that sth. continues to happen 表示加强反复或连续不断之意：
for miles and miles 许多英里
better and better 越来越好
I waited and waited, but he didn’t turn up.
我等啊等啊，但他还是没有露面。
4. then; afterwards （表时间性顺序）然后，接着：
She washed her face, brushed her teeth and went to bed.
她洗了脸，刷了牙，然后上床睡觉了。
5. to add force （强调）而且：
He hold her hand, and softly.
他握着她的手，而且是温柔地握着。
6. 尽管如此（常与yet 连用）：
They are very rich, and yet they live a simple life.
他们很富有，但仍生活简朴。
7. added to （连接数词）加：
Three and four make seven.
三加四等于七。
angel [‘eindʒəl] n.[c]
1. a messenger and servant of God, usu. represented as a person with wings and dressed in white 天使：
recording angels （传说里）天国中记录人间功罪的天使
2. a person who is very kind, beautiful, etc. 像天使般的人：
She is a perfect angel.
她简直就是一个天使。
be an angel and bring me a newspaper.
请做做好事把报纸拿给我。
anger** [‘æŋɡə]
Ⅰ n. [U]
a strong and sometimes violent feeling of displeasure, usu. leading to a desire to hurt or stop the person or thing causing it; extreme annoyance 愤怒，怒气：
My anger grew gradually.
我的怒气逐渐被激起。
Ⅱ vt.
to make someone angry 使发怒，激怒：
His words angered his teacher.
他的话激怒了老师。
She is easily angered.
她很容易被激怒。
angle** [‘æŋɡl]
Ⅰ n. [c]
1. the space between two lines or surfaces that join, measured in degrees 角，角度：
acute angle 锐角
alternate angle 错角
right angle 直角
It is a figure with six angles.
这是一个六角形的图。
2. a particular way of presenting or thinking about a situation, problem, etc.角度，方面，观点：
Look at problems at different angles.
从不同的角度看问题。
Ⅱ vt.
to represent (sth.) from a particular point of view 改变……的角度，歪曲
angry [‘æŋɡri] adj.
1. feeling or showing anger 愤怒的，生气的：
He is angry with himself for having made such a foolish mistake.
他气恼自己犯下如此愚蠢的错误。
2. stormy （风雨等）狂暴的：
angry winds and rain 狂风暴雨
【反】glad, happy
【派】angrily adv.
animal [‘æniməl]
Ⅰ n. [c]
a living creature, not a plant, that has senses and is able to move itself when it wants to 动物，牲畜：
There are many wild animals in the forests.
森林里有许多野生动物。
Ⅱ adj.
of, concerning, or made from animals 动物的，野兽的：
animal life 动物的生态
animal food 肉食
【辨】animal, beast, creature:
①animal指区别于植物的动物。
②beast指有别于爬行动物和昆虫等的较大的四足兽。
③creature指一切动物。
ankle** [’aKkl] n.[c]
the joint between your foot and your leg 足踝：
I slipped on the stairs and twisted my ankle.
我在楼梯上滑倒，扭伤了足踝。
announce* [ə’nauns] vt.（an-向+ nounce 报告）
1. to make known publicly 宣布，发表，通告：
Mr. Green announced to his friends his engagement to Miss White.
格林先生向朋友们宣布他与怀特小姐订婚了。
The government announced the danger to be past.
政府宣布危险已过去。
2. 报告……的到来：
We regret to announce the death of Mr. Lu.
我们沉痛地宣布鲁先生的离世。
【同】report, state, tell
【派】announcement n.[c][U]宣布，宣告，通知； announcer n.[c]播音员，报幕员，宣告者
【辨】announce, declare, publish:
①announce指预告性的宣布：announce one’s marriage 宣布结婚
②declare指当众发表，使人明白：declare war 宣战
③publish指公布已打印好的内容：publish the report 公布报告
annoy** [ə’nɔi] vt.
（an-使+ noy 恨）
to make (someone) a little angry or impatient, esp. by repeated troublesome actions or attacks; irritate 使烦恼，使打搅：
He was annoyed to learn that his son didn’t study hard enough.
听说儿子学习不够努力，他很生气。
I was annoyed with the boy for being so stupid.
我为这男孩如此愚笨而烦恼。
Don’t annoy your neighbours by singing loudly at night.
夜晚不要大声唱歌，以免打扰邻居。
annual* [‘ænjuəl]
（ann-年+ ual 形容词后缀）
Ⅰ adj.
(happening, appearing, etc.) every year or once a year 每年的，年度的：
the annual output 年产量
Ⅱ n.
a book produced once each year having the same title but containing different stories,pictures, information, etc.年鉴，年报，年刊
another [ə'nʌðə]
Ⅰ adj.
1. 另一，再一：
To say is one thing; to do is quite another.
说是一回事，做又是另一回事。
2. different 别的，不同的：
This pair of shoes is too big, please show me another one.
这双鞋太大了，请另外给我拿一双。
If you are busy, I’ll ask another student to help me.
如果你忙，我就找别的同学帮忙。
Ⅱ pron.
one more of the same kind 另一个，类似的一个：
bring me another.
把另一个带给我。
▲one after another 一个接一个：
They left the room one after another.
他们相继离开了房间。
▲one another 互相：
We should help one another.
我们应该互相帮助。
answer [‘ɑ:nsə]
Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi.
1. to give an answer; reply 回答，答复，响应：
I have to answer a letter.
我得回封信。
He couldn’t answer my questions.
他回答不出我的问题。
The maid answered the door.
保姆应声打开门。
2. to accept responsibility for 负责，保证：
You will have to answer for your carelessness.
你将对你的疏忽负责。
3. to be as described in; fit; correspond to 符合，适合：
This doesn’t answer to the description given.
这与所给的说明不相符。
Ⅱ n. [c]
1. what is said, written, or done as a result of someone asking a question, sending a letter etc.; reply 回答，答复：
He made no answer at first.
起初他没有回答。
I gave a quick answer to his question.
我很快地答复了他的问题。
2. sth. which is discovered as a result esp. of thinking, calculating, etc.; solution 答案，解答：
The answer to 2×5 is 10.
二乘以五的答案是十。
【辨】answer, reply:
①answer指对某问题的回答，包括口头的，书面的和动作的回答：a nod was her answer to my question.
她点头回答我的问题。
②reply指对他人的主张的答辩：For a moment he did not know how to reply. 他一时不知如何对答。
ant [ænt] n.[c]
a small insect living on the ground in large social groups and famous for hard work 蚂蚁
★antarctic [æn'tɑ:ktik]
Ⅰ n.
the very cold and most southern part of the world 南极区，南极圈
Ⅱ adj.
南极的，南极区的：
the antarctic circle 南极圈
the antarctic continent 南极洲
They started on an antarctic expedition.
他们动身去南极探险。
anticipate** [æn’tisipeit] vt.
（anti-先，前+ cip 取+ -ate 动词后缀：提前取出/脑中事先想出）
1. to think likely to happen; expect 预期，预料，预感，期望：
He is anticipating her call on him.
他期待她会来拜访自己。
I anticipate seeing you soon.
我期望再次见到你。
We anticipate that we shall hear from her.
我们期待收到她的信。
2. to guess or imagine in advance and take the necessary action in order to be ready 预先准备，预先做：
He tries to anticipate all my needs.
他设法将我所需要的一切预备好。
【同】look forward to, suppose, think
antique** [æn’ti:k]
Ⅰ n. [c]
a piece of furniture, decorative object, jewellery etc. that was made in an earlier period and that is rare or valuable 古物；古玩；古董：
The desk is an antique.
这张桌子是件古董。
Ⅱ adj.
made in an earlier period and usu. valuable 古旧而珍贵的：
antique furniture 古董家具
anxiety** [æn’zaiəti] n.
1. [U] an uncomfortable feeling in one’s mind usu. caused by the fear or expectation that sth. bad will happen 担心，忧虑，挂念：
His conduct caused great anxiety to his parents.
他的行为使父母十分担忧。
We waited with anxiety for news of his safe arrival.
我们焦急地等待他安全到达的消息。
2. [U] a feeling of worried eagerness 渴望：
his obvious anxiety to please the boss
他那显然是渴望讨好老板的急切心情
【反】security
【辨】anxiety, care:
①anxiety指对未来的事或不定的事而产生的忧虑：anxiety about the future 为将来担忧
②care指理智上而非感情上所发生的担心，例如对家事或国事的关心：caremade him look much older.
忧虑使他显得老多了。
anxious* [‘æŋkʃəs] adj.
1. feeling anxiety; worried and frightened 忧虑的：
We are anxious about/for his safety.
我们为他的安全而忧虑。
【同】fearful, troubled
【派】anxiously adv.
2. having a strong wish mixed with a feeling of anxiety; eager 渴望的：
I am very anxious to see you.
我非常渴望见到你。
【同】 eager
any [‘eni]
Ⅰ adj.
1. one or another taken at random 任何的，任一的：
come any day you like.
你随便哪天来都行。
2. used to indicate an undermined number or amount 什么，一些：
are there any cookies left?
还有饼干剩余吗?
Ⅱ pron.
1. no matter which 无论哪个，无论哪些：
I don’t know any of the visitors.
这些参观的人中我一个也不认识。
2. some; even a small number or amount 一个，一些：
Give me some if there is any.
如果有的话，给我一点儿。
Ⅲ adv.
in the least; at all 稍微，丝毫：
Is she any better today?
今天她好些了吗?
anybody [‘eni9bɔdi] pron.
1. any person or any people; anyone 任何人，无论谁：
anybody who saw the accident is asked to communicate with the police.
任何该事故的目击者都被要求与警方取得联络。
2. an important person 重要人物：
If he goes on like this, he’ll never be anybody.
照这样发展下去，他永远不会成器。
anyhow** [‘enihau] adv.
1. in spite of that; anyway 无论如何，不管怎样：
anyhow I must finish the work today.
无论如何，我今天必须完成这项工作。
I’ve tried, but I can’t open the door anyhow.
我试过了，但无论如何也打不开门。
2. carelessly; without regular order 随随便便，杂乱无章：
You are always doing the work anyhow.
你老是工作马马虎虎。
anyone [‘eniwʌn] pron.
any person, no matter who; all people 任何人，无论谁：
Don’t depend on anyone for anything.
什么事也别依靠别人。
anything [‘eniθiŋ] pron.
1. any object, act, event, etc., no matter what 无论什么事，一切：
Was there anything about it in the newspaper?
报纸上有关于这事的报道吗?
Take anything you like.
喜欢什么你尽管拿。
2. any one thing; sth.什么事（物）、任何事（物）：
I am not interested in anything now.
我现在对什么都不感兴趣。
▲anything but 除……以外的任何事（物），根本就不：
It is anything but cheap.
它并不便宜。
He was anything but a hero.
他根本就不是英雄。
anyway [‘eniwei] adv.
in spite of everything; in any case; anyhow 不管怎样，无论如何：
I am going anyway, no matter what you say.
不管你怎么说，无论如何我都要去。
anywhere [‘enihwɛə] adv.
any place; some place 任何地方，无论哪里：
I will meet you anywhere you like.
我愿在你喜欢的任何地方与你相会。
Did you go anywhere last Sunday?
上星期天你去哪儿了?
apart** [ə’pɑ:t] adv.
1. without considering; aside 除去，撇开：
apart from a few faults, he is a trustworthy teacher.
除了几个缺点外，他是一个值得信赖的老师。
2. separated by a distance 分开，分离：
The railway station stands apart from the town.
火车站在镇外。
He was standing with his feet wide apart.
他两脚分开站着。
3. to be able to see the difference between 区别，分别：
I can’t get these two things apart.
我区分不开这两样东西。
4. in or into two or more separate parts 拆散地，弄乱地：
take a machine apart 把机器拆开
apartment* [ə’pɑ:tmənt] n.[c]
（a-分开+ part 部分+ -ment 名词后缀：一栋房子分成的一个个部分）
1. [英] a room, esp. a large or splendid one 房间，套房：
He has a furnished apartment to rent.
他有一个家具齐全的房间出租。
2. [美] a set of rooms for living in, usu. on one floor of a building 公寓：
The Smiths live in the apartment below ours.
史密斯一家住在我家楼下。
【同】flat
apologize(-ise)* [ ə’pɔlədʒaiz] vi.
to say one is sorry, e.g. for having done sth. wrong, or for causing pain or trouble 道歉，认错：
I must apologize(-ise) for not answering your text message in time.
没有及时给你回信息，我向你道歉。
He apologize(-ise)d to me for his rudeness.
他因态度粗暴向我道歉。
★apology [ə'pɔlədʒi] n.[c]
a statement expressing that one is sorry for having done sth. wrong, for causing pain or trouble, etc.道歉，歉意，认错：
He made an apology to me/offered me an apology for stepping on my foot.
他为踩到我的脚而向我道歉。
There is no apology needed.
无须道歉。
【辨】apology, excuse:
①apology指为已做的事或应做而未做的事而道歉：She made an apology for coming late.她因迟到而道歉。
②excuse指因有意去做或有意不做的事而道歉。
★app* [æp] n.
a program designed to do a particular job;a piece of software 计算机应用程序
★apparent [ə’pærənt] adj.
（ap-加强意义+ par 可看到+ -ent 形容词后缀）
1. easily seen or understood; evident 明显的，显而易见的：
His grief is apparent to me.
他的悲伤我看得出来。
This is apparent to all.
这是大家都明了的。
2. seeming to be real but not necessarily so 表面的，貌似的：
She acted with apparent indifference.
她表面上装作漠不关心。
【同】clear
【辨】apparent, clear:
①apparent指容易被看得见或认识的东西：a very apparent and hearty gratitude on his face 他脸上带着明显的感激之情
②clear指能在人们心中引起清晰的感觉：a clear explanation 清楚的说明
apparently** [ə’pærəntli] adv.
used to say that you have heard that sth. is true, although you are not completely sure about it 明显地，显而易见
appeal** [ə’pi:l]
（ap-向+ peal 推：推向别人/请求别人帮忙）
Ⅰ vi.
1. to make a strong request for help,support, mercy, etc.呼吁，要求：
He appealed to us for help.
他向我们求援。
2. to please, attract, or interest 对……有吸引力：
Do these paintings appeal to you?
你对这些画感兴趣吗?
【同】attract
3. to formally ask a higher law court to change the decision of a lower court 申诉，上诉：
He appealed from the judgement to another court.
他不服判决而向另一法院上诉。
appear [ə’piə] vi.
1. to become able to be seen; came into sight or become noticeable 出现，显露：
a car suddenly appeared out of the fog.
一辆汽车突然从雾中出现。
When we reached the top of the hill, the town appeared below us.
当我们到达山顶时，小镇呈现在我们的脚下。
2. to perform publicly, e.g. in a play or film 出场，登台：
as soon as the famous singer appeared on the stage, the audience cried with excitement.
这位著名的歌唱家一登上舞台，观众立刻兴奋地叫了起来。
3. to arrive at a place 来到：
He didn’t appear until the meeting was over.
直到会议结束他才来。
4. to seem to give to other people a particular idea or feeling 好像是，仿佛：
He appeared to be astonished at the news.
他好像对这消息很吃惊。
She appears to have many friends.
她似乎有很多朋友。
【反】disappear, vanish
【派】appearance n.[U][c]出现；外表
【辨】appear, seem:
①appear指从外表看上去似乎如何：You appear tired.
你似乎累了。
②seem指根据表面现象判断，也可指人们心中的“似乎”：The sun seems to be moving.
太阳好像在移动。
★appearance [ə'piərəns] n.
1. [c] [U] the outside qualities of a person or thing, which can be seen by other people; the way a person or thing looks to other people 外表；外貌；外观：
The twins are almost identical in appearance.
这对双胞胎外表看来几乎一模一样。
He has always given the appearance of agreeing with her ideas.
他看上去似乎总是赞同她的观点。
2. [U] the act of appearing 出现；显露：
The disease is contagious only before the appearance of the initial symptoms.
这种病只在初始症状出现前会传染。
3. [c] an act of appearing in public, esp. as a performer（在电视、喜剧、电影、音乐会上等）露面，出现：
a public appearance 公开露面
4. [c] the act of being present in court in order to give evidence or answer a charge 出庭；到场：
He has had five other court appearances.
他另外还曾五次出庭。
appetite** [‘æpitait] n.[U][c]
（ap-加强意义+ pet 寻找+ -ite 名词后缀：寻找/渴求/渴望）
1. a desire or wish to have sth., esp. food 食欲，胃口：
I have a poor appetite these days.
近来我胃口不佳。
2. a strong desire for sth.欲望，爱好，要求：
He has a great appetite for knowledge.
他的求知欲很强。
applaud** [ə'plɔ:d] vt.＆ vi.
（ap-加强意义+ plaud 拍手）
to show approval for or enjoyment of (a play, actor, performer, etc.) esp. by striking one’s hands together; clap 喝彩，欢呼，鼓掌，称赞：
The audience applauded for five minutes.
观众拍手喝彩达五分钟。
I applaud your decision.
我赞成你的决定。
apple [‘æpl] n.[c]
a hard round fruit with white juicy flesh and a red, green, or yellow skin 苹果：
an apple a day keeps the doctor away.
一日一苹果，医生远离我。
applicant** [‘æplikənt] n.[c]
a person who makes a request, esp. officially and in writing, for a job, for entrance to a school or university, for theatre tickets, etc.申请人：
Successful applicants will be notified by telephone.
申请成功的人将会接到电话通知。
▲job applicants 求职者
application* [9æpli’keiʃən] n.
1. [U] the act of putting sth. to use 应用，适用：
the application of new technology 新工艺的应用
2. [U] a request, especially officially and in writing 请求，申请； [c] 申请书，申请表：
Please fill out the application.
请填写这张申请表。
3. [U] the putting of one thing onto another,e.g. of medicine onto the skin or paint onto a surface 施用，敷用：
The doctor ordered application of ice to the forehead.
医生吩咐将冰敷于额上。
apply* [ə’plai] vt. ＆ vi.
（ap-到+ ply 折：使之改变能为自己所用）
1. to request sth., esp. officially and in writing 申请，请求：
Have you applied for a scholarship?
你申请奖学金了吗?
He has applied to the bank for a loan.
他已向银行申请了贷款。
【同】ask, request, require
2. to being or put into use or operation 适用，应用，运用：
The term is rarely applied to animals.
该术语很少用于动物。
The nurse applied a bandage to the wound.
护士将伤口包上绷带。
【同】employ, make use of, use
★appoint [ə'pɔint] vt.
（ap-到+ point指：指出让别人到……去）
1. to choose for a position or job 任命，委任：
They appointed White to be manager.
他们任命怀特当经理。
The teacher appointed me to call the roll.
老师指派我点名。
2. to arrange or decide, esp. a time or place when sth. will happen 约定，指定：
She appointed me to come at six o’clock.
她约我在六点钟来。
We sang at the appointed time.
我们在指定的时间唱歌。
appointment** [ə'pɔintmənt] n.[c]
1. the agreement of a time and place for meeting 约会，预约：
I had an appointment with him tonight.
我今晚和他有约。
2. the choosing of someone for a position or job 任命，选派：
His appointment to the professorship made his family happy.
他被任命为大学教授，全家都很高兴。
appreciate** [ə'pri:ʃieit] vt.
（ap-加强意义+ preci 价值+ -ate 动词后缀）
1. to understand fully; recognize 重视，赏识，察知：
I appreciate your talents.
我很赏识你的才能。
It was not until after his death that his works were appreciated.
直到他死后，他的作品才受到重视。
2. to be thankful or grateful for 感激，感谢：
We greatly appreciate your kind help.
对你的热情帮助，我们不胜感激。
3. to recognize and enjoy the good qualities or worth of 鉴赏，玩味，正确评价：
can you appreciate music?
你有音乐鉴赏力吗?
I am sorry that I fail to appreciate your meaning.
很抱歉我不懂你的意思。
【派】appreciator n.[c]欣赏者，鉴赏者
★appreciation [ə9pri:ʃi:'eiʃən] n.[U]
（ap-加强意义+ preci 价值+ -ation 名词后缀）
1. a judgement of the worth or facts of sth. 评价，鉴赏：
I have great appreciation of Shakespeare.
我很欣赏莎士比亚的作品。
2. the feeling of being grateful for sth.感谢，感激：
Let me take this opportunity of expressing my sincere appreciation for your timely help.
让我借此机会对你们的及时帮助表示衷心的感谢。
approach* [ə'prəutʃ]（ap-向+ proach 近）
Ⅰ vt.＆ vi.
to move towards or near to someone or sth. 接近，靠近，临近，逼近：
He has already approached his destination.
他已接近目的地。
She is easy to approach.
她平易近人。
as winter approached, the weather became colder.
冬天渐近，天气变冷。
Few writers can even approach Shakespeare in greatness.
很少有作家能比莎士比亚更伟大。
His work is approaching perfection.
他的作品近乎完美。
【同】near, reach
Ⅱ n.
1. [U] the movement towards or near to sth. 接近，逼近：
The wounded man was near the approach of death.
这位伤员已奄奄一息。
2. [c] a method of doing sth. or dealing with a problem 方法，路径，通路，入口：
communicative approach 交际法
His method presents a new approach to foreign languages.
他提出学习外语的新方法。
There are several approaches to the park.
通往公园的路有好几条。
This book provides a good approach to the computer.
这是一本很好的电脑入门书。
appropriate** [ə’prəupriət] adj.
（ap-向+ propri 自己的+ -ate 动词后缀）
correct or suitable for a particular time,situation, or purpose 适当的，恰如其分的：
His speech was not appropriate to the occasion.
他的演讲不合时宜。
【派】appropriately adv.; appropriateness n.
【辨】appropriate, suitable:
① appropriate指适合特别的场合：a remark appropriate to the occasion 适合时宜的话
② suitable指适合于人的年龄、性格、职业、地位等：a suitable job 一份合适的工作
★approval [ə’pru:vəl] n.[U]
1. the fact of believing that someone or sth. is good or is doing the right things 赞成，同意：
She gave a nod of approval.
她点头表示同意。
2. the act of officially accepting a plan,decision, or person 认可，批准：
The governor gave his approval to the project.
州长批准了那个计划。
【反】disapproval
approve** [ə’pru:v] vt.＆ vi.
（ap-加强意义+ prove 证明：进一步被证明的/证明是正确的）
1. to think that somone or sth. is good,right, or suitable 同意，赞同，满意：
Mother doesn’t approve of my marrying late.
妈妈不赞成我晚婚。
2. to officially accept a plan, proposal etc. 批准，审定，通过：
The session approved the report.
会议批准了这个报告。
The congress approved the budget.
国会通过预算案。
【反】disapprove
【派】approver n.[c]批准者，赞成者
april [‘eiprəl] n.
the fourth month of the year, between March and May 四月
arch** [ɑ:tʃ]
Ⅰ n. [c]
1. a curved structure above a door, window or gate 拱，拱门，拱形结构：
an arch bridge 拱桥
2. sth. with a curved top and straight sides 拱状物，脚掌心：
the arch of the heavens 天穹
The water sprayed from the fountain in an arch.
从喷泉喷出的水成一道弧状。
Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.
to form or make sth. form a curved shape 拱起，（使）变成弓形：
The cat arched her back.
这只猫拱起了背。
The rainbow arched over the meadow.
一道彩虹出现在草地上方。
Ⅲ adj.
amused because you think you understand sth. better than other people 顽皮的，调皮的，狡猾的：
She gave me an arch smile.
她冲我调皮地一笑。
architect** [‘ɑ:kitekt] n.[c]
（arch-主要的+ tect 建筑者）
1. someone whose job is to design buildings 建筑师，设计师：
a famous architect made plans for my house.
一位著名的建筑师为我设计了房子。
2. the person who originally thought of an important and successful idea 缔造，创造者
【同】constructor
【派】architective adj.关于建筑的，关于建设的
★architecture [‘ɑ:kitektʃə] n.[U]
1. the style and design of a building or buildings 建筑（式样，风格）：
modern architecture 现代建筑
2. the art and practice of planning and designing buildings 建筑学：
The study of architecture includes both engineering and aesthetics.
建筑学包括工程学和美学。
★arctic [‘ɑ:ktik]
Ⅰ adj.
1. connected with or from the most northern part of the world 北极（区）的：
arctic expedition 北极探险
2. extremely cold 极冷的，严寒的：
arctic weather 严寒的气候
Ⅱ n.
the large area of land surrounding the North Pole 北极，北极圈，北极区
★are [强ɑ:,弱ə] link v．
the present tense and plural of “be” be 的第二人称形式或复数形式，用于 you, we,they 后面。
area [‘ɛəriə] n.[c]
1. the amount of space that a flat surface or shape covers 面积：
Our bedroom has an area of fifteen square metres.
我们卧室的面积是十五平方米。
2. a particular part of a country, town etc. 地区，区域：
This is an industrial area.
这是一个工业区。
3. a particular subject, range of activities, or group of related subjects 范围，领域：
the area of scientific investigation 科学研究领域
【同】belt, region, zone
【派】areal adj.地区的
argue* [‘ɑ:ɡju:] vi.＆ vt.
1. to disagree with someone in words,often in an angry way 争论，争辩：
I argued with him all day without being able to convince him.
我终日和他辩论却没能说服他。
He argued with the taxi driver about the fare.
他就车费与出租车司机理论。
【同】debate, quarrel
2. to state, giving clear reasons, that sth. is true,should be done etc.主张，论证：
He was arguing that poverty was a blessing.
他主张贫穷是福。
She argued that our attempt would be a waste of time.
她认为我们的努力将徒然浪费时间。
3. to persuade someone to do or not to do sth.说服，劝说：
I argued him into giving up smoking.
我说服他戒烟。
【派】arguer n.[c]争论者，争辩者
★argument [‘ɑ:ɡju:mənt] n.
1. [U] [c] a situation in which two or more people disagree, often angrily 争论，辩论，议论：
They spent hours on argument about how to spend the money.
他们用了好几个小时争论如何使用这笔钱。
I was defeated in the heated argument.
激烈辩论后我宣告失败。
2. [c] a set of reasons that show that sth. is true or untrue, right or wrong etc. 论据，论点：
Have you grasped his argument?
你领会他的论点了吗?
arise** [ə’raiz] vi.
(arose [ə'rəʊz], arisen [ə’rizn])
1. if a problem or difficult situation arises,it begins to happen; if sth. arises from or out of a situation or event, it is cause or started by that situation 出现，发生，由……引起：
How did the quarrel arise?
争端是怎样引起的?
accidents can arise from carelessness.
事故可能因疏忽而发生。
2. （烟等）升起：
Smoke arose from the chimney.
烟从烟囱升起。
arm [ɑ:m]
Ⅰ n. [c]
1. either of the two upper limbs of a human being or other animal that stands on two legs 手臂：
The mother carried her baby in her arms, looking very happy.
这位妈妈怀抱婴儿，看上去非常幸福。
He was carrying a book under his arm.
他腋下挟着一本书。
The policeman took the thief by the arm.
警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。
2. sth. that is shaped like or moves like an arm 臂状物，扶手，衣袖：
The arms of this coat are too long.
这件外套袖子太长。
Don’t sit on the arm of the sofa.
不要坐在沙发扶手上。
3. weapons and equipment used to kill and injure people 武器，武装（常用复数）：
The angry people are up in arms.
愤怒的人民奋起反抗。
Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.
to supply (oneself or others) with weapons or armour 武装，装备：
They armed themselves with machine guns.
他们以机关枪为武装。
army [‘ɑ:mi] n.[c]
1. a large organized group of soldiers who are trained to fight on land 军队，陆军：
He joined the army soon after his graduation from high school.
他高中毕业不久就入伍了。
the navy, the army and the air force 海陆空三军
2. any large group, esp. one that is brought together for some purpose 大群：
There appeared an army of locusts.
出现了一大群蝗虫。
around [ə’raund]
Ⅰ prep.
1. on all sides of; all around; surrounding 环绕，围绕：
The Earth and the other planets move around the Sun.
地球与其他行星绕着太阳运行。
2. in some place near (to); in the area of 在……周围，在……附近，在……各地：
They sat around the fire.
他们围坐在火炉周围。
Ⅱ adv.
1. on all sides; surrounding a centre 周围，在附近：
The hungry fox looked around for food.
那只饥饿的狐狸四处找食物。
2. from one place to another; to various places; about 到处，各处：
He travelled around.
他各处游历。
3. approximately 大约：
It was around midnight when the accident happened.
事故发生时大约是半夜。
arouse [ə’rauz] vt.
（a-加强意义+ rouse 唤醒，激起）
to cause to wake; to cause to become active; excite 唤醒，激起：
The teacher aroused the student from sleep.
老师把学生叫醒。
The book aroused my interest in politics.
这本书引起我对政治的兴趣。
Her sufferings aroused our sympathy.
她的痛苦引起我们的同情。
This aroused attention.
这件事引起了人们的注意。
【同】stir, wake
★arrange [ə'reindʒ] vt.＆ vi.
（ar-加强意义+ range 分类，分级）
1. to put into a correct, pleasing, or desired order 整理，布置，排列：
arrange troops for battle 部署作战部队
I am good at arranging flowers.
我擅长插花。
2. to make preparations (for); plan or settle in advance 筹备，安排，协商：
Everything has been arranged.
一切都准备好了。
My friend has arranged a car for us.
我的朋友为我们安排了一辆车。
When did you arrange to meet your girl friend?
你约定何时会女朋友?
They arranged that the sports meeting (should) be put off till next Friday.
他们商定将运动会延到下周五。
arrangement* [ə’reindʒmənt] n.
1. [c] a plan made in preparation for sth.（常用复数）安排；解决办法：
It’s just a temporary arrangement.
这只是一个暂时的安排。
Her husband is away, so she’ll have to make other childcare arrangements.
她丈夫不在家，所以她只得另找人照看孩子。
2. [c] [U] sth. that has been settled or agreed on; agreement 约定；协议：
They have an arrangement with Pepsi-cola to share distribution facilities.
他们与百事可乐公司有个公用配送设施的协议。
We’re trying to come to an arrangement about who should pay the legal fees.
我们试图达成一个关于谁应支付法律费用的协议。
3. [c] [U] a group of things that are organized or placed in a particular order or position 排列好的东西
4. [c] (an example of) the setting out of a piece of music in a certain way, e.g. for different instruments 改编曲：
He will play his own arrangement of Hamlet.
他将演奏自己改编的哈姆雷特背景音乐。
▲by arrangement 通过预约
arrest** [ə’rest]
（ar-加强意义+ rest 停留）
Ⅰ vt.
1. to seize by the power of law 逮捕，拘留：
He was arrested for setting fire to his neighbour’s house.
他因放火烧邻居家的房子而被捕。
2. to bring to an end; stop 停止，阻止：
The new medicine arrested the spread of the disease.
这种新药阻止了疾病的蔓延。
3. to catch and fix, especially someone’s attention engage 吸引，吸住：
arrest sb.’s attention 引起某人注意
Ⅱ n. [U][c]
1. the act or an example of arresting 逮捕，拘留：
The judge was put under arrest.
这位法官被拘留了。
2. an act of sth. stopping or being interrupted 阻止，停止
★arrival [ə’raivəl] n.
1. [U] the act of arriving 到来，到达：
On my arrival I will give you an interview.
我一到便将采访你。
2. [c] a person or thing that has arrived 到达的人或物：
His name was among the arrivals.
签到者中有他的名字。
a new arrival 一个新生儿
arrive [ə’raiv] vi.
to reach a place at the end of a journey 到达，抵达：
The day we look forward to arrived at last.
我们盼望的一天终于到了。
I’ve just arrived here from England.
我刚刚从英国来到这里。
When did you arrive at the village?
你们什么时候到达那个村庄的?
【辨】arrive, reach:
①arrive 强调目标实际上已经到达：He arrived at his destination.
他已到达目的地。
②reach指某个过程的终止或终点：They hoped to reach Milan by nightfall and Venice the next day.
他们希望黄昏时到达米兰，第二天到达威尼斯。
▲arrive at 达成，得出：
at last they arrived at an agreement.
他们最终达成了协议。
arrow** [‘ærəu] n.[c]
1. a thin straight stick with a point at one end and feathers at the other, which is shot from a bow in fighting 箭，箭状物：
There came a shower of arrows.
箭如雨下。He was shot in the shoulder with an arrow.
他被箭射中了肩膀。
2. a sign shaped like an arrow used to show direction or the position of sth.箭头符号：
a traffic arrow 交通箭头标志
art [ɑ:t] n.
1. [U] [c] the making or expression of what is beautiful, e.g. in music, literature, or esp. painting 艺术，美术：
His daughter is now studying art at school.
他的女儿现在正在学校学习美术。
art is long; life is short.
人生短暂，艺术久长。
【同】drawing, painting
2. [c] skill in making or doing of anything 技巧，技艺：
the art of writing 写作技巧
the art of printing 印刷术
Grammar is a science but speaking a language is an art.
语法是科学，但是讲一门语言是艺术。
He is good at the art of making friends.
他善于交友。
【同】skill, technique
3. [c] the subjects you can study at school or university which are not scientific,such as languages,history or literature 文科，人文学科：
History and literature are among the arts.
历史和文学属于人文学科。
article [‘ɑ:tikl] n.[c]
1. a separate piece of writing on a particular subject in a newspaper, magazine, etc.,that is not fiction 文章，论文：
This is a valuable article.
这是一篇有价值的论文。
【同】composition, essay, paper
2. a particular or separate thing or object,esp. one of a group 物品，商品：
an article of clothing 一件衣服
3. a complete and separate part in a legal agreement, constitution, etc. 项目，条款：
The negotiators agreed to all the articles of the settlement.
谈判双方一致同意协议的所有条款。
4. a word used with a noun to show whether the noun refers to a particular example of sth. or to a general or not already mentioned example of sth.冠词：
“The” is the definite article.
“The”是定冠词。
artificial** [9ɑ:ti’fiʃəl] adj.
1. made by humans, esp. as a copy of sth. natural 人工的，人造的：
artificial hair 假发
artificial ice 人造冰
【同】man-made
2. lacking true feeling; insincere 人为的，矫揉造作的：
She welcomed me with an artificial smile.
她不自然地笑着欢迎我。
【同】false, pretended, unreal
【派】artificially adv.
artist [‘ɑ:tist] n.[c]
a person who produces works of art, esp. paintings or drawings 艺术家，美术家：
He wants to become a great artist when he grows up.
长大后他想成为一个伟大的艺术家。
as [æzˌ əz]
Ⅰ adv.
equally, like 一样，同样，如同：
He is as strong as a horse.
他力大如牛。
Ⅱ conj.
1. in the same way 像……一样：
She studies as hard as me.
她学习像我一样努力。
2. because 由于：
as it was getting dark, we decided to go home.
由于天快黑了，我们决定回家。
3. while; when 一……就……，正当：
He sang as he was running.
他边跑边唱。
4. though 虽然，尽管：
Old as he is, he still works outside.
虽然年龄大了，但他仍工作。
5. in a way or manner that 依照，如……：
Leave it as it is.
维持原状好了。
Ⅲ prep.
in the condition of; when considered as being 作为，如同：
He works as a secretary.
他担任秘书工作。
Ⅳ pron.
一类的人，这一事实，那一情况：
Don’t read such books as are of no use to your study.
不要读对你学习无用的书。
He is late, as is often the case.
他迟到了，经常是这样。
▲as …… as 像……一样：
It is as easy as abc.
这非常简单。
▲as for 至于，就……方面说：
as for that, I don’t understand it at all.
至于那个，我一点儿不懂。
▲as if 宛如，好像：
I felt as if I were going to die.
我觉得好像要死了。
▲as well as（除……之外）也，既……又：
She is beautiful as well as clever.
她既聪明又漂亮。
▲not as/so……as 不如……那样：
I don’t study as/so well as you.
我没有你学习好。
ashamed** [ə'ʃeimd] adj.
1. feeling shame or guilt because of sth. done 感到羞耻的，感到惭愧的：
I feel ashamed of myself.
我深感惭愧。
2. feeling foolish or uncomfortable because of sth.耻于……，因难为情而不愿……：
I am ashamed to tell anyone that I haven’t done my homework at all.
我羞于告诉任何人我一点作业也没做。
【反】proud
asia [‘eiʃə] n. 亚洲：
Southeast asia 东南亚
asian [‘eiʃən]
(a person) of or from asia
Ⅰ adj.
亚洲的，亚洲人的：
china is an asian country.
中国是一个亚洲国家。
Ⅱ n. [c]
亚洲人：
We are proud of being asians.
作为亚洲人，我们感到自豪。
aside** [ə’said] adv.
1. to the side 在旁边，到旁边：
He laid the book aside.
他把书丢在一边。
We stepped aside to let the car pass.
我们闪到一旁，让车通过。
2. to save (esp. money), for later use or a special purpose 存放备用：
He has put a great deal of money aside.
他存了很多钱。
▲aside from 除……以外：
Everything was quiet, aside from the occasional sound of a car in the distance.
除了远处偶尔有汽车的声响外，四周一片寂静。
ask [ɑ:sk] vt. ＆ vi.
1. to request (information) from (someone);put a question to (someone), or call for an answer to (a question)问，询问，打听：
children like to ask questions.
孩子喜欢提问题。
2. to make a request for (sth.) or to(someone) 请求，要求：
She asked me for advice.
她向我求教。
He asked me to excuse him.
他请求我原谅。
3. to invite 邀请，约请，招待：
I’d like to ask you to my house to dinner.
我想请你来我家赴宴。
We asked our neighbours to come to tea.
我们邀请邻居来喝茶。
【辨】ask, beg, demand, request, require:
①ask 请求，最普通用语，可用于不同级别、年龄等：The teacher asked his studentsfor help.老师让学生帮忙。
②beg 恳求，用于位卑者请求位尊者：He begged his boss for a day off.
他请求老板给他一天假。
③ demand 要求，含有“强权地”“断然地”之意：He demanded ten dollars of me.
他向我索要十美元。
④request 请求，表示客气、热烈地要求：I requested him to stay.我请求他留下。
⑤require 要求，含有“请求履行”的意思：Our headteacher required me to appear.
我们的班主任要求我出面。
▲ask for 请求，要求：
He asked for an immediate answer.
他要求立即答复。
asleep [ə’sli:p] adj.
1. sleeping 睡着的：
The children are fast asleep.
孩子们睡得很熟。
She fell asleep as soon as she went to bed.
她一上床就睡着了。
2. (of an arm or a leg that has been in one position too long) unable to feel; numb（手脚等）麻木的：
after sitting still for so long, my left leg was asleep.
静静地坐了这么长时间后，我的左腿麻了。
【辨】asleep, sleeping:
①asleep“睡着的”，只作表语：He is asleep.
他睡着了。
②sleeping“睡着的”，一般只作定语：a sleeping baby 一个睡着的婴儿
aspect* [‘æspekt] n.[c]
（a-向+ spect 看：外观）
1. appearance 样子，外表，面貌：
He is a man with a serious aspect.
他是一个外表严肃的人。
【同】appearance, face
2. a particular side of a many-sided situation,idea, plan, etc. （问题等的）方面：
We should consider the matter in all its aspects.
我们应该从各个方面看问题。
3. the direction in which a window, room,front of a building, etc., faces （建筑物的）方向，方位，正面：
This house has a bad aspect.
这座房子朝向不好。
a house with a southern aspect
面朝南的房子
assess** [ə’ses] vt.
1. to calculate or decide the value or amount of 评估，评价，评定，核定：
Damages were assessed at 2,000 yuan.
估计损失数额为两千元。
assess a speech at its true worth
评定演说之真正价值
2. to judge the quality, importance, or worth of; evaluate 征（税金、罚金等）：
assess a tax on a person’s property
对某人的财产征税金
【派】assessment n.估计，评估，税额
assign** [ə’sain] vt.
(as-到+ sign 标号：把……标在……下/派遣……在……下)
1. to give as a share or duty 分配，委派：
I assigned him a task.
我指派他做那项工作。
Our teacher assigned us a lot of homework.
老师给我们布置了很多家庭作业。
2. to fix or set aside for a purpose; decide on; name指定（时间、场所），决定：
They assigned a date for the next meeting.
他们确定下次会议的日期。
I have been assigned to take notes.
我被指定做记录。
★assignment [ə’sainmənt] n.
1. [c] a duty or piece of work that is given to a particular person （被分配的）任务，工作，[美] 作业，功课：
What are today’s assignments?
今天的任务是什么?
a physics assignment 物理作业
2. [U] the act of assigning 分配，任命，（时间、场所等的）指定：
The foreman is responsible for the assignment of jobs.
工头负责分配工作。
★assist [ə’sist] vt.＆ vi.
（as- = beside 旁+ sist 站，坐：站在别人旁边/助威）
to help or support 帮助，援助，协助：
He assisted me in painting/to paint the wall.
她帮助我粉刷墙壁。
They offered to assist their teacher with the experiment.
他们主动帮助老师做实验。
【同】aid, help
【派】assistor n.[c]帮助者，助力（推）器; assistance n.[U]帮助
assistant** [ə’sistənt]
Ⅰ n.
a person who helps another in a job or piece of work, and is under that person’s direction 助手，助理，副手，店员：
She is an assistant to a judge.
她是审判官助理。
My sister works as a shop assistant.
我姐姐当售货员。
Ⅱ adj.
having a rank below a senior person and helping them in their work 辅助的，助理的：
assistant professor 助教
association** [ə9səuʃi'eiʃən] n.
1. [c] an organization of people joined together for a shared purpose 协会，团体，工会
2. [U] the act of associating or fact of being associated 联合，联系，交往：
His English benefited through his long association with british children.
由于长期和英国儿童接触，他的英语得以长进。
3. [U] [c] (a) connection made in the mind between different things, ideas, etc.联想，被联想之物：
association by contrast/similarity 对比/类比联想
The town is full of associations with the artist’s life.
这个城镇处处令人联想起那位艺术家的一生。
【派】associational adj.社团的，协会的
assume* [ə’sju:m] vt.
（as-加强意义+ sume 拿：拿到自己这边来）
1. to believe (sth.) to be true without actually having proof that it is; suppose 假定，设想，认为：
How can you assume me to be responsible for it?
你怎么能臆断我应对这事负责呢?
assuming that his story is true, what should we do?
假定他的话是真的，我们应该怎么办?
2. to take or claim for oneself (sometimes without the right to do so); begin to have or use 担任，承担：
assume office 就职
assume responsibility 承担责任
【同】bear, carry
3. to pretend to have 假装，装作：
He assumed modesty.
他装作谦恭。
assumption** [ə'sʌmpʃən] n.[U][c]
1. sth. that is taken as a fact or believed to be true without proof 假定，假想：
Your assumption proved to be wrong.
你的设想被证明是错误的。
2. the act of assuming 担任，承担：
His assumption of his friend’s debts was admirable.
他承担起朋友的债务，令人钦佩。
astonish** [əs'tɔniʃ] vt.
（as-加强语气+ ton 声音+ -ish 动词后缀：发出大的尖叫声）
to feel with great surprise and perhaps disbelief 使惊讶，使吃惊：
His words astonished all of us.
他的话使我们感到惊讶。
You look astonished at the news.
你似乎对这消息感到惊讶。
I was astonished to see his coming.
他的到来使我吃惊。
It was astonishing to me that he should be absent.
他竟会缺席，使我感到惊愕。
【同】surprise
astronaut** [‘æstrənɔ:t] n.[c]
a person who travels in a spacecraft 宇航员：
He used to be an astronaut.
他曾做过宇航员。
astronomer** [ə’strɔnəmə] n.[c]
someone who studies astronomy 天文学家
★astronomy [əs'trɔnəmi] n.[U]
the scientific study of the Sun, Moon, stars, ect.天文学
at [æt, ət] prep.
1. to show a point in space指地点或方向：
The woman stood at the door, reading.
那妇女站在门口读书。
2. to show a point in time指时间及顺序：
I usually go to bed at eleven.
我通常十一点睡觉。
Now let’s begin at Lesson 12.
我们从第十二课开始吧!
3. to show a state or continual activity指活动，情况，状态，方式：
He was still at work in his office.
他仍在办公室办公。
The children are at play.
孩子们在玩耍。
The roses blossom at their best.
玫瑰花正在盛开。
4. to show a price, rate, level, age, speed,etc.指速率或程度，价值，价钱：
The train was going at its full speed.
火车正全速行驶。
I bought the shoes at (the price of) sixty dollars.
我以六十美元（的价格）买下了这双鞋。
5. to show the cause of an action or feeling 表示原因：
The family are annoyed at his behavior.
全家人都因他的行为而感到气恼。
6. to show the subject or activity in which a judgement about someone’s ability is made 表示对象：
She is good at science subjects.
她擅长理科。
athlete* [9æθli:t] n.[c]
a person who practices athletics 运动员；体育家；（尤指）田径运动员
atlantic [ət’læntik] adj.
大西洋的，大西洋岸的：
The atlantic Ocean 大西洋
atmosphere** [‘ætməsfiə] n.[c][U]
（atmo-气+ sphere 球：球周围的气）
1. the mixture of gasses that surrounds the Earth, a star, etc.大气（层）：
the Earth’s atmosphere 地球的大气层
2. the air, esp. in a room 空气：
a moist atmosphere 潮湿的空气
【同】air
3. the general character or feeling of a place 气氛，环境：
【同】environment
attach* [ə'tætʃ] vt.＆ vi.
（at-到+ tach 接触：接触到上面去）
1. to fasten in position; fix or connect 系上，拴上，缚上，贴上：
He attached an eighty-fen stamp to the envelope and mailed it.
他在信封上贴了一张八角的邮票，然后寄了出去。
2. to cause to belong to (a group or organization), esp. for a limited period 使依附，使隶属，使依恋：
He attached a condition to the promise.
他在公约上附了一个条件。
▲be attached to sth. 附属于，隶属于：
He was attached to the foreign affairs department of a newspaper.
他隶属于一家报社的外事部门。
▲be attached to sb./sth. 喜欢上：
It’s easy to become attached to the children you work with.
你很容易喜欢上和你在一起工作的孩子们。
attack* [ə’tæk]
Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi.
1. to use violence (against), esp. with weapons 攻击，进攻：
We attacked the enemy at dawn.
我们在黎明时分袭击敌人。
2. to speak or write strongly against, esp. with the intention of showing sth. to be bad or worthless 责难，攻击，抨击：
They attacked the Prime Minister’s proposals.
他们抨击了首相的提议。
3. to have a harmful or damaging effect on,esp. by a continuing action （疾病）侵袭，侵害：
She was attacked by a serious disease.
她患上了重病。
4. to begin to deal with sth. with eagerness and determination 开始，着手：
She attacked the problem at once.
她立即着手处理这个问题。
Ⅱ n. [c]
1. (an act of) violence intended to harm 攻击，进攻，抨击，诋毁：
attack is the best form of defense.
攻击是最佳的防御。
2. a sudden and usu. severe period of illness,esp. one which tends to return 发病：
heart attack 心脏病发作
3. writing, words, or action directed forcefully against a person, plan, etc.,intended to hurt or damage 辱骂，抨击；非难，攻击：
The police are launching a major attack on drug dealers.
警方对毒品贩子发起了大规模的打击。
【派】attacker n.[c]攻击者
attain** [ə’tein] vt.
（at-向+ tain 抓住）
to gain or arrive at, esp. after long effort; reach 达到，获得，到达：
He attained his objective at last.
他最终达到了目的。
【派】attainable adj.可达到的，可达成的
attempt* [ə’tempt]
（at- = ad-加强意义+ tempt 试）
Ⅰ vt.
to make an effort at; try (to do sth.), esp. without succeeding 尝试，试图：
Don’t attempt impossibilities.
不要尝试不可能的事情。
【同】try
Ⅱ n. [c]
an effort made to do sth.企图，努力：
He made an attempt to learn to skate.
他尝试着学滑冰。
【派】attemptable adj.尝试的
attend [ə’tend] vt.＆ vi.
（at-向+ tend 伸：伸向……）
1. to be present at; go to 出席，参加：
The lectures were well attended.
参加演讲的人很多。
attend a wedding/funeral 参加婚礼/葬礼
【同】visit
2. to give one’s attention 注意，用心：
Please attend to your study.
请用心学习。
3. to go with or be with, esp. to give protection, help, or care 侍候，看护，照料：
She has two nurses attending (on) her.
有两位护士看护着她。
【同】care for
★attendance [ə’tendəns] n.
1. [U] the act of going with or being with someone 照料，护理：
Now that the patient is out of danger, the doctor is no longer in attendance.
既然病人已脱离险境，医生就不再对他进行护理了。
2. [U] [c] the act or fact of attending, esp.
regularly 出席，参加：
make/miss two attendances 出/缺席两次
take attendance 点名
The attendance has fallen off.
上课人数已减少。
attention [ə'tenʃən] n.[U]
1. the act of fixing one’s mind on sth., esp.by watching or listening; full thought and consideration 注意（力），留心：
No attention was paid to my advice.
没人注意我的劝告。
We listened with attention to what she said.
我们倾听她所说的话。
2. particular care or consideration given to sth., esp. with the aim of taking action 照料，治疗：
The patient needed immediate attention.
病人需要立即治疗。
3. a military position in which a soldier stands straight and still 立正：
He stood at attention.
他立正站着。
【反】inattention
▲pay attention to 注意，留心：
Pay attention to your handwriting.
注意你的书写。
attitude* [‘ætitju:d] n.[c]
1. a way of feeling or thinking about someone or sth.态度，看法：
What’s your attitude towards the problem?
你对这个问题的态度是什么?
【同】opinion, position
2. a position of the body; posture 姿势，姿态：
He sat in an easy attitude.
他舒适地坐着。
attract* [ə’trækt] vt.
（at-向+ tract 引）
to excite the admiration, interest, or feelings of 吸引，引诱，引起（注意等）：
Like attracts like.
物以类聚。
Her beauty attracts him.
她的美丽吸引了他。
The concert attracted many people.
音乐会吸引了许多人。
a magnet attracts steel.
磁石吸引铁。
【派】attractor n.[c]引人注意的人，吸引人;attractive adj.有魅力的，吸引人的，（物理）有引力的
★attraction [ə‘trækʃən] n．
1. [c] sth. which attracts有吸引人的地方；有吸引人的事物：
The plane is the main attraction at this weekend’s air show.
这架飞机是本周末空中表演的主要亮点之一。
2. [c] [U] the action or power of attracting 吸引力；诱惑力：
One of the car’s main attraction is its low price.
这种轿车的一个主要卖点便是它价格低廉。
audience* [‚ɔ:djəns] n.[c]
（audi-听+ ence 名词后缀）
the people listening to or watching a performance, speech, television show, etc. 听众，观众，读者：
a good lecture knows how to attract an audience.
一个优秀的演讲者知道如何吸引听众。
The audience was/were fascinated by her beautiful dance.
观众被她优美的舞姿迷住了。
august [‘ɔ:ɡəst] n.
the eighth month of the year, between July and september 八月：
august 1st is army Day.
八月一日是建军节。
aunt [ɑ:nt] n.[c]
1. the sister of one’s father or mother, or the wife of one’s uncle 姑母，姨母，舅母，婶母，伯母：
I have three aunts in Shanghai.
我在上海有三个姨妈。
2. a woman who is a friend or neighbor of a small child or its parents 阿姨：
aunt Mary 玛丽阿姨
australia [ɔ:'streiljə] n.
澳大利亚，澳洲大陆
australian [ɔ:'streiljən]
(a person) of australia
Ⅰ adj.
澳大利亚的，澳大利亚人的
Ⅱ n. [c]
澳大利亚人
author* [‘ɔ:θə] n.[c]
1. the writer of a book, newspaper article,play, poem, etc.作者，作家，（某作者的）作品：
Dickens is one of my favourite authors.
狄更斯是我最喜欢的作家之一。
2. the person who creates or begins sth., esp.an idea or plan 创始人，肇事者：
the author of the universe 造物主
authority* [ɔ:’θɔriti] n.
（author 作者+ -ity 名词后缀）
1. [U] ( a position that gives someone) the ability, power, or right to control and command 权威，威信，权力：
Who is in authority here?
谁是这里的主管?
The king has absolute authority.
国王有绝对权威。
2. [c] a person or group with power or right,esp. in public affairs 权威者，当局：
the city authorities 市政府当局
3. [U] power or influence 权限，职权：
Whose authority do you have for doing so?
谁授权让你这样做的?
The police have the authority to arrest criminals.
警察有权逮捕犯人。
4. [c] [U] a person, book, etc., whose knowledge or information is dependable, good, and respected 具有特殊知识之人，特殊知识，权威著作：
He is an acknowledged authority of pure English.
他是一位纯正英语的大家。
a great authority on grammar 语法方面的权威
★auto [‘ɔ:təu] n.[c][美]
a car 汽车：
the auto industry 汽车工业
automatic** [9ɔ:tə’mætik]
（auto-自己的，独自的+ mat 行动+ -ic 形容词后缀）
Ⅰ adj.
1. (esp. of a machine) able to work or move by itself without operation by a person 自动的：
They use automatic dishwashers in that hotel.
他们在那家旅馆使用自动洗碗机。
an automatic door 自动门
2. done without conscious thought, esp. as a habit 无意识的，机械的：
breathing is automatic.
呼吸是无意识的。
【同】 self-operating
Ⅱ n. [c]
a machine or apparatus, such as a car or a gun, that operates automatically 自动机械，自动步枪
【派】automatically adv.
★automobile [‘ɔ:təməbi:l] n.[c]
a car 汽车：
can you drive an automobile?
你会开汽车吗?
autonomous** [ɔ:’tɔnəməs] adj.
having autonomy (the right of selfgovernment or management of one’s own affairs, esp. of a state or group within a country)
1.（州、地区或组织）自治的，有自治权的
2.（人）自主的，有自主权的
【派】autonomously adv.
autumn [‘ɔ:təm] n.[U][c]
the season between summer and winter,when leaves change color and fruits become ripe 秋天：
My second daughter was born in the early autumn of 2001.
我的二女儿是在二〇〇一年的早秋出生的。
in the autumn of his life（喻）在他垂暮之年
【派】autumnal adj.秋天的，秋熟的，已过壮年的
available** [ə’veiləbl] adj.
1. able to be had, obtained, used, seen etc. 可用的，可得到的：
The tickets are available for two months.
这些票有效期是两个月。
I employed all available means.
我用了一切可用的方法。
2. if someone is available, they are not busy and therefore able to do sth.可以见到的，随时可到的：
I will be available whenever you need me.
只要你需要我，我可以随叫随到。
average* [‘ævəridʒ]
Ⅰ n. [c]
the amount calculated by adding together several quantities and then dividing by the number of quantities 平均数：
Do you know what is the average of 7, 8 and 12?
你知道七、八、十二的平均数是多少吗?
Ⅱ adj.
1. calculated by making an average of a number of quantities 平均的：
the average rate of increase 平均增长率
【同】medium, middle
2. of the usual or ordinary kind 通常的，一般的：
He is a student of average intelligence.
他是一个智力中等的学生。
【同】common, ordinary
Ⅲ vt.
to be as an average 平均，人均，均分：
Please average the amounts.
请将总额平均计算。
【派】averagely adv.
▲on (the/an) average 平均，一般说来：
I write about 2,000 words a day on the average.
我平均每天写大约两千个字。
avoid [ə'vɔid] vt.
（a-出去+ void 使……空：走出去使自己地方空着）
to keep away from or keep out of the way of, esp. on purpose 避免，回避，逃避：
It is hard to avoid mistakes.
犯错误是难免的。
We all avoided mentioning that matter.
我们都避免提到这件事。
【派】avoidable adj.可避免的，可回避的
awake [ə’weik]
Ⅰ vi.＆vt. (awoke[ə'wəʊk]/awaked[t], awoken [ə'wəʊkn]/awaked[t])
1. to (cause to) stop sleeping; wake 唤醒，叫醒：
He asked his mother to awake him at 6:30.
他叫他妈妈在六点半叫醒他。
2. to (cause to) become conscious or active 醒，觉醒，醒悟到，认识到：
They awoke to the danger of the situation too late to do anything about it.
等他们意识到处境的危险时，已经来不及补救了。
Ⅱ adj.
not asleep 醒着的，觉醒的：
The storm kept me awake last night.
昨晚的暴雨使我一夜未眠。
awake or asleep, the anxiety for my old father is weighing on my mind.
不管醒着还是睡着，我时时刻刻挂念着我的老父亲。
award* [ə'wɔ:d]
Ⅰ n. [c]
1. a prize or certificate that a person is given for doing sth. well.奖，奖金，奖品：
She won the first award in the English competition.
她在英语竞赛中获得了一等奖。
2. In law, an award is a sum of money that a court decides should be given to someone 审判，裁定，裁定额：
workmen’s compensation awards 工人的赔偿金
3. a pay award is an increase in pay for a particular group of workers （作为奖励的）加薪：
This year’s average pay award for teachers is just under 8%.
今年教师平均加薪幅度将近百分之八。
Ⅱ vt.
1. If someone is awarded sth. such as a prize or an examination mark, it is given to them. 授予，奖给：
She was awarded the prize for both films.
她的两部电影双双获奖。
For his dedication the Mayor awarded him a medal of merit.
为表彰他的奉献精神，市长授予他一枚荣誉奖章。
【同】deliver, give, offer
aware* [ə'wɛə] adj.
1. If you are aware of sth., you know about it 知道的；明白的：
Smokers are well aware of the dangers to their own health.
吸烟的人都知道吸烟对自身健康的危害。
He should have been aware of what his junior officers were doing.
他本应该清楚自己下级们的所作所为。
2. If you are aware of sth., you realize that it is present or is happening because you hear it, see it, smell it, or feel it 注意到的；察觉到的；意识到的：
She was acutely aware of the noise of the city.
她对城市噪声很敏感。
Jane was suddenly aware that she was digging her nails into her thigh.
简突然间意识到她正在用指甲抠大腿。
3. Someone who is aware notices what is happening around them or happening in the place where they live 警觉的；警惕的：
They are very politically aware.
他们政治上非常警觉。
away [ə’wei] adv.
1. not present 不在；离开：
an injured policeman was led away by colleagues.
受伤的警察被同伴带走了。
He walked away from his car.
他从自己的车边走开了。
2. to a different place or in a different direction 去别处；朝另一个方向：
She quickly looked away and stared down at her hands.
她马上将目光移开，低头盯着自己的手。
as he stands up, he turns his face away from her so that she won’t see his tears.
站起身时，他将脸别过去，以免让她看到眼中的泪水。
3. if you put or tidy sth. away, you put it where it should be, if you hide someone or sth. away, you put them in a place where nobody can see them or find them （放、藏）在适当的地方，在别处：
I put my journal away and prepared for bed.
我把杂志收好，准备睡觉。
all her letters were carefully filed away in folders.
她所有的信件都整齐地放在文件夹中。
4. to or at a distance from sb./sth. in space or time（时间或空间上）离开（某距离），在（某距离）处：
The beach is a mile away.
海滩在一英里外。
christmas is still months away.
离圣诞节还有几个月。
5. until disappearing completely 直到完全消失
6. used after verbs to say that sth. is done continuously or with a lot of money 持续地、劲头十足地
▲right away 立即，马上：
Do your home work right away!
马上做作业!
awesome** [‘ɔ:səm]
Ⅰ adj.
1. an awesome person or thing is very impressive and often frightening 让人惊叹的；令人敬畏的；使人畏怯的：
The church in Ireland has always exercised an awesome power.
爱尔兰的教堂一直掌握着令人敬畏的权力。
awesome beauty 天仙之美
2. （非正式）棒极了（该词尤为年轻人使用）
【派】awesomely adv.
【派】awesomeness n.[U]
awful [‘ɔ:ful] adj.
1. If you say that someone or sth. is awful,you dislike that person or thing or you think that they are not very good. 让人讨厌的；糟糕的：
We met and I thought he was awful.
我们见了面，我觉得他很讨人厌。
I couldn’t stand London! bloody awful place.
我在伦敦再也待不下去了！简直是个糟糕至极的地方。
2. if you say that sth. is awful, you mean that it is extremely unpleasant, shocking, or bad 使人不愉快的；令人震惊的；可怕的；极坏的：
Her injuries were massive. It was awful.
她遍体鳞伤。太可怕了。
Some of their offences are so awful they would chill the blood.
他们的一些罪行骇人听闻，简直令人毛骨悚然。
3. if you look or feel awful, you look or feel ill 生病的;不舒服的：
I hardly slept at all and felt pretty awful.
我基本上没睡，觉得很难受。
4. you can use awful with noun groups that refer to an amount in order to emphasize how large that amount is（量）极大的，极多的：
I’ve got an awful lot of work to do.
我有一大堆事情要做。
5. you can use awful with adjectives that describe a quality in order to emphasize that particular quality（与表示特征的形容词连用，用于强调）极度地，非常：
Gosh, you’re awful pretty.
天哪，你太漂亮了！
awkward* [‘ɔ:kwəd] adj.
1. an awkward situation is embarrassing and difficult to deal with 使人尴尬的；难处理的；棘手的：
I was the first to ask him awkward questions but there’ll harder ones to come.
我是第一个向他提出尴尬问题的人，不过还会有人问更难回答的问题。
2. sth. that is awkward to use or carry is difficult to use or carry because of its design, a job that is awkward is difficult to do 难使用的；难携带的；（工作）难处理的：
It was small but heavy enough to make it awkward to carry.
它虽然小，但很重，不便携带。
3. an awkward movement or position is uncomfortable or clumsy.（行动）笨拙的；（姿势）别扭的：
amy made an awkward gesture with her hands.
艾米笨拙地做了个手势。
4. Someone who feels awkward behaves in a shy or embarrassed way. 害羞的；尴尬的；局促不安的：
He was rather awkward with his godson.
在教子面前，他非常局促不安。