Section II Text A: How Diversity Makes Us Smarter
Part 1 Power of Words
Core Words
1 acknowledge [ək'nɒlɪdʒ] vt. (acknowledged/acknowledged/acknowledging)
to admit or accept that something is true or that a situation exists; to publicly announce that you are grateful for the help that someone has given you
synonym recognize; accept; agree; grant
antonym deny; repudiate
word family acknowledged; acknowledgement
related phrase acknowledge receipt; it is acknowledged that
Example 1 He acknowledges that when he's tired he gets bad-tempered and brooks no criticism.
Example 2 The film festival is acknowledged as an event of international importance.
2 assault [ə'sɔːlt; ə'sɒlt] n./vt. (assaulted/assaulted/assaulting)
to attack someone in a violent way; to strongly criticize someone's ideas, plans, etc.; An assault on a person is a physical attack on them; To assault someone means to physically attack them.
synonym attack; attempt; hit
antonym defend; protect
word family assaultive; assaulter
related phrase sexual assault; under assault
Example 1 His project has been assaulted by corporations, governments and the intelligence services.
Example 2 Police said other people in the house were assaulted on the second storey of the house and they will further ascertain the matter.
3 conduct [kən'dʌkt] vt. (conducted/conducted/conducting)
to carry out a particular activity or process, especially in order to get information or prove facts; to behave in a particular way, especially in a situation where people judge you by the way you behave
synonym manage; run; enforce; implement
word family conductive; conductor
related phrase conduct oneself; conduct a survey
Example 1 It was the first time that I had conducted mash business in Brazil.
Example 2 In answering questions, one solution is to conduct risk assessment at the outset of the life cycle.
4 interact [ˌɪntər'ækt] vi./vt. (interacted/interacted/interacting)
If people interact with each other, they talk to each other, work together, etc.; If one thing interacts with another, or if they interact, they affect each other.
synonym interplay; interwork
word family interactive; interaction
related phrase interact with; interact on
Example 1 With this data in the application, you simply need to display it and interact with it.
Example 2 No matter what kind of business you have, the importance of understanding your customers and how they interact with your software cannot be overstated.
5 participate [pɑː'tɪsɪpeɪt] vi./vt. (participated/participated/participating)
to take part in an activity or event; If you participate in an activity, you take part in it.
synonym attend
word family participation; participant
related phrase participate in
Example 1 The only thing these activities have in common is that they somehow invite people to participate.
Example 2 Like many parents you likely find yourself on the hunt for inexpensive activities in which you children can participate.
6 perspective [pə'spektɪv] n.
a way of thinking about something, especially one which is influenced by the type of person you are or by your experiences; a sensible way of judging and comparing situations so that you do not imagine that something is more serious than it really is
synonym viewpoint; outlook; standpoint
related phrase in perspective; historical perspective; from sb.'s perspective
Example 1 In fact, if you start thinking more about the world from this perspective, the world we live in is crazy.
Example 2 When we look at design we naturally often look at it from our own perspective or from the team we represent in our business.
7 racial ['reɪʃ(ə)l] adj.
relating to the relationships between different races of people who now live in the same country or area; relating to the various races that humans can be divided into
synonym ethnic; tribal
word family race; racist; racism
related phrase racial difference; racial discrimination
Example 1 She showed no inclination to draw public attention to specific acts of racial discrimination.
Example 2 Some racial and ethnic groups in this province are at higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
8 supreme [suː'priːm] adj.
having the highest position of power, importance, or influence; the greatest possible; You use supreme to emphasize that a quality or thing is very great.
synonym highest, principal; maximum
word family supremely; supremacy
related phrase supreme court; supreme commander
Example 1 The ability to write is a supreme test of linguistic competence.
Example 2 The case of bribery was up for the final decision in the Supreme Court.
9 collaborate [kə'læbəreɪt] vi. (collaborated/collaborated/collaborating)
to work together with a person or group in order to achieve something, especially in science or art; When one person or group collaborates with another, they work together, especially on a book or on some research.
synonym cooperate; team
word family collaborative; collaboration
related phrase collaborate with; collaborate business
Example 1 Darling, will you collaborate with me to finish the project?
Example 2 We can provide more opportunity to collaborate in class work and research with schools and organizations around the world.
10 correlate ['kɒrəleɪt; -rɪ-] vi./vt. (correlated/correlated/correlating)
If two or more facts, ideas, etc. correlate or if you correlate them, they are closely connected to each other or one causes the other; If you correlate things, you work out the way in which they are connected or the way they influence each other.
synonym associate; relate
word family correlated; correlation; correlative
related phrase correlate with; correlate strongly
Example 1 In the next paper, the authors will demonstrate how to receive the events and correlate them.
Example 2 This brings up the question of how you correlate a response to its respective request.
11 disrespect [ˌdɪsrɪ'spekt] n./vt. (disrespected/disrespected/disrespecting)
to lack of respect for someone or something; to say or do things that show a lack of respect for someone; If someone shows disrespect, they speak or behave in a way that shows lack of respect for a person, law, or custom.
synonym impudence; discourtesy
antonym respect; esteem
word family disrespectful; disrespectfully
related phrase with disrespect; no disrespect to
Example 1 I don't go to try and disrespect some special rules or cease any kind of war.
Example 2 You'll have a better chance of getting what you want if you disagree without disrespect.
12 hinder ['hɪndə] vt. (hindered/hindered/hindering)
to make it difficult for something to develop or succeed; If something hinders you, it makes it more difficult for you to do something or make progress; If something hinders your movement, it makes it difficult for you to move forward or move around.
synonym impede; slow, snooker
antonym promote; accelerate; assist
word family hindrance; hindermost
related phrase hinder development; hinder from
Example 1 These are irrelevant and do not hinder or snooker the performance of the module of this application
Example 2 Development is a natural phenomenon that you can assist or hinder, not something you plant or create.
13 innovate ['ɪnəveɪt] vi./vt. (innovated/innovated/innovating)
to start to use new ideas, methods, or inventions; To innovate means to introduce changes and new ideas in the way something is done or made.
synonym reform; create
word family innovation; innovative
related phrase innovate education; innovate in
Example 1 The company has successfully innovated new products and services with a new logo.
Example 2 In general, we design components where we believe we can innovate for the tropics.
14 predominant [prɪ'dɒmɪnənt] adj.
more powerful, more common, or more easily noticed than others; If something is predominant, it is more important or noticeable than anything else in a set of people or things.
synonym prominent; major; primary; dominant
word family predominance; predominantly
related phrase predominant partner; predominant position
Example 1 In this painting about the seep, the predominant color is green.
Example 2 There are several factors, but the predominant one is climate change.
15 provoke [prə'vəʊk] vt. (provoked/provoked/provoking)
to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one; to make someone angry, especially deliberately; If you provoke someone, you deliberately annoy them and try to make them behave aggressively; If something provokes a reaction, it causes it.
synonym fan; annoy
word family provoking; provoked
related phrase provoke sb. into doing; provoke debate/discussion
Example 1 They have only to provoke an enemy into an attack instead of insulating him.
Example 2 If you try to enforce a culture on others you may provoke internal protests, which will hound you for a while.
16 induce [ɪn'djuːs] vt. (induced/induced/inducing)
to persuade someone to do something, especially something that does not seem wise; to make a woman give birth to her baby by giving her a special drug; to cause a particular physical condition
synonym attract; produce; cause
word family inductive; induction
related phrase environmental induce; induce tolerance
Example 1 Political pressures will induce politicians to open Medicaid to more and more uninsured people and offer them some coupons.
Example 2 This past August Microsoft began using security to induce more customers to opt for Software Assurance.
17 compel [kəm'pel] vt. (compelled/compelled/compelling)
to force someone to do something; to make people have a particular feeling or attitude; If a situation, a rule, or a person compels you to do something, they force you to do it.
synonym pressure; force; enforce
word family compelled; compelling
related phrase compel from; compel sb. to do sth.
Example 1 Should they compel obedience from us through flogging?
Example 2 Nothing can compel me to do such a thing and I will never succumb.
18 explicit [ɪk'splɪsɪt] adj.
expressed in a way that is very clear and direct; Something that is explicit is expressed or shown clearly and openly, without any attempt to hide anything; Language or pictures that are explicit describe or show sex or violence very clearly.
synonym precise; decided
antonym blurry; vague; obscure; ambiguous
word family explicitly; explicitness
related phrase explicit expression; explicit knowledge
Example 1 He avoided the explicit answer to us and his blinking eyes betrayed him.
Example 2 Peter gives two explicit answers in verse 38 to what they need—what we need.
19 preclude [prɪ'kluːd] vt. (precluded/precluded/precluding)
to prevent something or make something impossible; If something precludes an event or action, it prevents the event or action from happening; If something precludes you from doing something or going somewhere, it prevents you from doing it or going there.
synonym eliminate; dispute; stem; block
antonym include; embrace
word family preclusion; preclusive
related phrase preclude from; preclude misunderstanding
Example 1 It would be folly to limit, let alone effectively preclude, available options to do so.
Example 2 Another reason is that friendship with India does not preclude warmth for a peaceable Pakistan.
20 reap [riːp] vi./vt. (reaped/reaped/reaping)
to get something, especially something good, as a result of what you have done; you reap what you sow; to cut and collect a crop of grain
synonym acquire; crop; harvest; gain
antonym lose; miss
word family reaper
related phrase reap the benefits/reward/profits of
Example 1 With the compost, the peasants leaned down to reap the wheat.
Example 2 We do not yet reap rewards equal to those of men, which rocked us a lot.
21 on average
based on a calculation about how many times something usually happens, how much money someone usually gets, how often people usually do something, etc.
synonym in general; as a rule
related phrase on an average
Example 1 We might not have the best scores on average, but our institutions have some of the brightest minds in the world.
Example 2 On average, the industry shuts down its furnaces for four months every six years to reline them.
22 wishful thinking
the illusion that what you wish for is actually true; when you believe that what you want to happen will happen, when in fact it is not possible
Example 1 I think wishful thinking caused us to put up the site an hour or two before it was ready.
Example 2 If a thought comes while awake, it can be consciously dismissed as wishful thinking.
Words for Self-study
Please find and memorize the meanings and usages of the following words with the help of dictionaries, online resources and other references.
administrator anxiety asset California credible
database dialogue ethnic executive expertise
gender graduate innovation journal jury
managerial participant presence professor ratio
republic scenario sociology task virtue
vocabulary web woo offhand refuge
friction stimulate solidarity
Part 2 Text
Pre-reading Questions
1. Will diversity makes one smarter?
2. What other factors do you think can make people stand out?
How Diversity Makes Us Smarter
Decades of research by organizational scientists, psychologists, sociologists, economists and demographers show that socially diverse groups, that is, those with a diversity of race, ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation, are more creative than groups who are similar to us.
It seems evident that a group of people with diverse individual expertise would be better than an identical group at solving complex, non-routine problems. It is less obvious that social diversity should work in the same way. This is not only because people with different backgrounds bring new information. Simply interacting with individuals who are different compels group members to prepare better, to anticipate alternative opinions and to expect that reaching common view will take efforts.
The first thing to acknowledge about diversity is that it can be difficult. In the U.S., where the dialogue of inclusion is relatively advanced, even the mention of the vocabulary "diversity" can lead to anxieties, disputes and friction. Supreme Court justices disagree on the virtues of diversity and the means for achieving it. Corporations spend billions of dollars to attract and manage diversity both internally and externally, yet they still face discrimination charges, and the leadership ranks of the business world remain predominantly white and male.
It is reasonable to ask what good diversity does us. Diversity of expertise brings benefits that are obvious—you would not think of building a new car without engineers, designers and quality-control experts—but what about social diversity? What good comes from diversity of race, ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation? Research has shown that social diversity in a group can cause discomfort, rougher interactions, a lack of trust, greater perceived inter-personal conflict, lower communication and solidarity, more concern about disrespect and other problems. So what is the upside?
One credible fact is that if you want to build teams or organizations capable of innovating, you need diversity. Diversity enhances creativity. It stimulates the search for novel information and perspectives, leading to better decision making and problem solving. Diversity can improve the bottom line of companies and lead to free discoveries and top innovations. Even simply being exposed to diversity can change the way you think. This is not just wishful thinking: it is the conclusion I draw from decades of research.
The key to understanding the positive influence of diversity is the concept of informational diversity. When people are brought together to resolve problems in groups, they bring different information, opinions and perspectives. The same logic applies to social diversity. People who differ from one another in race, gender and other dimensions bring novel information and experiences to bear on the task at hand. A male and a female engineer might have perspectives as different from one another as an engineer and a physicist—and that is a good thing.
Research on large, creative organizations has shown repeatedly that this is the case. For example, business professors once studied the effect of gender diversity on the top firms in Standard & Poor's 500 Index1 list, a group designed to reflect the overall U.S. equity market. First, they examined the size and gender composition of firms' top management teams from 1992 through 2006. Then they looked at the financial performance of the firms. In their words, they found that, on average, "female representation in top management leads to an increase of $42 million in firm value." They also measured the firms' "innovation intensity" through the ratio of research and development expenses to assets. They found that companies that emphasize on innovation saw greater financial gains when women were part of the top leadership ranks.
Racial diversity can reap the same kinds of benefits. In a study conducted in 2003, Orlando Richard, a professor of management and his colleagues surveyed executives at 177 national banks in the U.S., then erected a database comparing financial performance, racial diversity and the emphasis the bank presidents put on innovation. For innovation-focused banks, increases in racial diversity were explicitly related to enhanced financial performance.
Evidence for the benefits of diversity can be found well beyond the U.S.. In August 2012, a team of researchers at the Credit Suisse Research Institute2 issued a report in a journal in which they examined 2,360 companies globally from 2005 to 2011, looking for a relationship between gender diversity on corporate managerial boards and financial performance. Sure enough, the researchers found that companies with one or more women on the board delivered higher average returns on equity, lower debt-to-assets ratio and better average growth.
Large data-set studies have an obvious limitation: they only show that diversity is correlated with better performance, not that it causes better performance. How diversity provokes thought? Research on racial diversity in small groups, however, makes it viable to draw some offhand conclusions. Again, the findings are clear: for groups that value innovation and new ideas, diversity helps.
In 2006 Margaret Neale, Gregory Northcraft and I set out to examine the impact of racial diversity on small decision-making groups in an experiment where sharing information was a requirement for success. Our subjects were college students taking business courses at the University of Illinois. We put together three-person groups—some consisting of all white members, others with two whites and one nonwhite member—and had them implement a murder mystery exercise. We made sure that all group members shared a common set of information, but we also gave each member important clues that only he or she knew. To find out who committed the murder, the group members would have to share all the information they collectively possessed during discussion. The groups with racial diversity significantly outperformed the groups with no racial diversity. Being with similar others induces us to think we all hold the same information and share the same perspective. This perspective, which precluded the all-white groups from effectively processing the information, is what hinders creativity and innovation.
Other researchers have found similar results. In 2004 Anthony Lising Antonio, a professor at the Stanford Graduate School of Education, collaborated with five colleagues from the University of California, Los Angeles and other institutions to examine the influence of racial and opinion composition in small group discussions. More than 350 students from three universities participated in the study. Group members were asked to discuss a heated social issue for 15 minutes. The researchers wrote negative opinions and had both black and white members deliver them to their groups. When a black person presented an opposed perspective to a group of whites, the perspective was perceived as more novel and led to broader thinking and consideration of alternatives than when a white person introduced that same negative perspective. The lesson: when we hear different voices from someone who is different from us, it provokes more thought than when it comes from someone who looks like us.
This effect is not limited to race. For example, last year three professors of management and I asked 186 people whether they identified as a Democrat or a Republican, then had them read a murder mystery and decide who they thought committed the crime. Next, we asked the subjects to prepare for a meeting with another group member by writing an essay communicating their perspectives. More important, in all cases, we told the participants that their partner disagreed with their opinions but that they would need to come to an accord with the other person. Everyone was told to prepare to woo their meeting partner to come around to their side; half of the subjects, however, were told to prepare to make their case to a member of the opposing political party, and half were told to make their case to a member of their own party.
The result: Democrats who were told that a fellow Democrat disagreed with them prepared less well for the discussion than Democrats who were told that a Republican disagreed with them. Republicans showed the same pattern. When disagreement comes from a socially different person, we are stimulated to work harder. Diversity compels us into perceived action in ways that identity simply does not.
For this reason, diversity appears to lead to higher-quality scientific research. This year Richard Freeman, an economics professor at Harvard University, along with Wei Huang, a Harvard economics Ph.D. candidate, examined the ethnic identity of the authors of 1.5 million scientific papers written between 1985 and 2008 using Thomson Reuters' Web of Science3, a comprehensive database of published research. They found that papers written by diverse groups receive more citations and have higher impact factors than papers written by people from the same ethnic group.
Diversity is not only about bringing different perspectives to the table. Simply adding social diversity to a group makes people believe that differences of perspectives might exist among them and that belief makes people change their behaviors.
Members of an identical group rest somewhat assured that they will agree with one another; that they will understand one another's perspectives and notions; that they will be able to easily come to a common ground. But when members of a group notice that they are socially different from one another, they change their expectations. They anticipate differences of opinions and perspectives. They assume they will need to work harder to come to an agreed idea. This logic helps to explain both the upside and downside of social diversity: people work harder in diverse environments both intelligently and socially. Hence, being around people who are different from us makes us more creative and hard-working.
Consider the following scenario: In a study of jury decision-making, racially diverse groups exchanged a wider range of information during consideration about a sexual assault case than all(-?)white groups did. Maybe this is how diversity works.
(Adapted from "How Diversity Works", Scientific American, written by Katherine W. Phillips)
Notes
1 Standard & Poor's 500 Index
Standard & Poor's 500 Index is an index of 500 stocks seen as a leading indicator of U.S. equities and a reflection of the performance of the large cap universe, made up of companies selected by economists. The S& P 500 is a market value weighted index and one of the common benchmarks for the U.S. stock market. Investment products based on the S&P 500 include index funds and exchange-traded funds are available to investors.
2 Credit Suisse Research Institute
The Institute was established after the 2008 financial crisis with the objective to study long-term economic developments, which have—or promise to have—a global impact. The Credit Suisse Research Institute identifies and provides insights on global themes and trends. The objective of the Research Institute is to provide our clients with leading-edge insights by leveraging internal and external expertise, thus reinforcing our integrated global bank approach. Working with some of the world's most distinguished experts, academics, institutions and Credit Suisse's global network of 400 analysts, the Institute makes this information available throughout thebank for the business units to create innovative products, solutions and services for Credit Suisse's clients. Clients increasingly require global reach, local expertise and competitive products and services from the financial services industry.
3 Web of Science
It is an online subscription-based scientific citation indexing service originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), now maintained by Clarivate Analytics (previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of Thomson Reuters), that provides a comprehensive citation search. It gives access to multiple databases that reference cross-disciplinary research, which allows for in-depth exploration of specialized sub-fields within an academic or scientific discipline.
Part 3 Exercises
I. Fast Reading
Directions: Read the text quickly and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the information given in the text.
1. ( ) People with diversified race, ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation are more creative than groups who are similar to us.
2. ( ) Interacting with individuals who are similar to us compels group members to prepare better.
3. ( ) Corporations still face discrimination charges although they have taken enough measures.
4. ( ) Research has shown that social diversity in a group can relieve discomfort, rougher interactions, a lack of trust, greater perceived inter-personal conflict.
5. ( ) Diversity stimulates the search for novel information and perspectives.
6. ( ) A male and a female engineer might have different perspectives, which is not good.
7. ( ) Companies that emphasize on innovation saw greater financial gains when women were part of the top leadership ranks.
8. ( ) Evidence for the benefits of diversity can only be found within the U.S..
9. ( ) The case of University of Illinois students proves the benefit of diversity.
10. ( ) Different races and beliefs also contribute to creative thinking.
II. Text Understanding
Directions: Read the text quickly and try to make an oral summary of the main idea. You can make an outline with some key words at first.
III. Subvocal Reading
Directions: Read aloud and listen to the audio of the text for full understanding. Then practice subvocal reading at fast speed (150 words per minute).
IV. Faster Reading
Directions: Try to suppress subvocal to achieve faster reading speed.
V. Text Familiarity
Directions: Read the text carefully and repeatedly to fully understand the content first, and try to fill in the blanks based on your memory. You should not refer to the text while doing the exercises.
1. Decades of research by organizational scientists, _______, sociologists, economists and demographers show that socially _______ groups, that is, those with a diversity of race, _______,gender and sexual _______, are more creative than groups who are similar _______ us.
2. Simply _______ with individuals who are different _______ group members to prepare better, to _______ alternative opinions and to _______ that reaching common view will take efforts.
3. In the U.S., where the ________ of inclusion is ________ advanced, even the ________ of the vocabulary "diversity" can lead to anxieties, disputes and _______ .
4. When people are brought together to _______ problems in groups, they bring different information, opinions and ________. The same logic ________ to social ________.
5. People who differ ________ one another in race, gender and other ________ bring _______ information and experiences to _______ on the task at hand.
6. This perspective, which ________ the all-white groups from ________ processing the information, is what ________ creativity and innovation.
7. More important, in all _______, we told the _______ that their partner _______ with their opinions but that they would need to come to an _______ with the other person.
8. Everyone was told to prepare to _______ their meeting partner to come around _________their side; half of the subjects, however, were told to prepare to make their case to a member of the _______ political party, and half were told to make their case to a member of their own party.
9. They found that papers written by _______ groups receive more _______ and have higher ________factors than papers written by people from the same ________ group.
10. This ________ helps to explain both the ________ and downside of social diversity: people work harder in diverse environments both _______ and socially.
VI. Text Dictation
Directions: Listen to the audio of the text repeatedly and try to dictate Paragraphs 1 to 5. Through the reading and listening practice, you'd better recite the whole passage.
VII. Word Explanation
Directions: After learning the core words and the text, try to explain the following words using your own words. Pay attention to the usage. You can make sentences with them.
assault perspective correlate predominant credible
conduct collaborate provoke induce preclude
VIII. Synonym Replacement
Directions: Read each sentence and choose an item from A/B/C/D with the similar meaning of the underlined word.
1. There is much that might be said about friendships. They allow us to see ourselves from the perspective of another. ( )
A. standard
B. factor
C. viewpoint
D. spout
2. Snow falling on the mountain sides is compressed into ice. ( )
A. stoked
B. carved
C. slabbed
D. condensed
3. They also examined whether behavior changed over time, and whether there were racial or gender differences in behavior patterns and outcomes. ( )
A. character
B. national
C. ethnic
D. native
4. Land is a major social and political issue, very explosive and very much inclined to provoke a lot of conflict in different parts of the country. ( )
A. ignite
B. flit
C. plank
D. hinge
5. This prospect doesn't please fans, who fear too much debt could hinder the team's competitiveness. ( )
A. promote
B. elevate
C. obstruct
D. stimulate
6. Donors can also check out where their peers are giving, and possibly collaborate for greater impact. ( )
A. gather
B. gallop
C. circulate
D. cooperate
7. England, Scotland and Wales compose the island of Great Britain. ( )
A. form
B. grate
C. destroy
D. plead
8. There is nothing trivial or domestic about the sexual assault or rape of children. ( )
A. attack
B. interaction
C. transaction
D. radiation
9. For example, offering quantity discounts can induce consumers to purchase more fruit and vegetables. ( )
A. attract
B. thump
C. forge
D. extort
10. If insurance guidelines compel people to take greater safety measures, all of the society will benefit. ( )
A. fluctuate
B. harrow
C. force
D. notify
IX. Word Formation
Directions: Do you know the meanings of the following prefixes? Can you list more words with these prefixes? Come on!
1. under-—underground; _______ ; _______
2. inter-—interact; ________; ________
3. out-—outnumber; ________; ________
4. sub-—subconscious; ________; ________
5. trans-—transnational; _______ ; _______
X. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese and pay attention to the context.
1. Decades of research by organizational scientists, psychologists, sociologists, economists and demographers show that socially diverse groups, that is, those with a diversity of race, ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation, are more creative than groups who are similar to us.
2. Simply interacting with individuals who are different compels group members to prepare better, to anticipate alternative opinions and to expect that reaching common view will take efforts.
3. People who differ from one another in race, gender and other dimensions bring novel information and experiences to bear on the task at hand.
4. Simply adding social diversity to a group makes people believe that differences of perspectives might exist among them and that belief makes people change their behaviors.
5. Members of an identical group rest somewhat assured that they will agree with one another; that they will understand one another's perspectives and notions; that they will be able to easily come to a common ground.
XI. Word Exclusion
Directions: Read the following words and pick up the one that does not belong to the word group and try to give the reasons. You'd better master the meaning and usage of each word first. Work with your partners.
e.g. cherry chestnut lemon plum strawberry (chestnut)
Because all the other words mean some kind of fruit except chestnut.
1. guitar flute wax amp violin ( ) _____________
2. sterling ounce tuppence shilling euro tenner ( ) _____________
3. billion centimeter fiver mileage acre volt ( ) _____________
4. ale toast brandy champagne cider ( ) _____________
5. stomachache tumor pneumonia tobacco diabetes hernia nettle ( ) _____________