Chapter 2 代词——指代说法知多少
重点提要
代词(Pronoun)指代替名词或名词短语的词。英语中的代词，据其意思、特征和在句中所起作用，可分为8大类：指示代词(demonstrative pronoun)、人称代词(personal pronoun)、物主代词(possessive pronoun)、反身代词(reflexive pronoun)、相互代词(reciprocal pronoun)、不定代词(indefinite pronoun)、关系代词(relative pronoun)和疑问代词(interrogative pronoun)。
语法剖析
This is a photo of my best friend and me, which was taken last summer in Sanya. We decided to give ourselves a break after a year's hard work. Both of us enjoyed each other's company. Well, who is the girl with long hair? Yes, that is me.
这张是我和我最好的朋友去年夏天在三亚时拍的照片。努力工作了一年，我们决定给自己放个假。我们俩人相互作伴玩得很开心。长头发的女孩是谁呢？对，那就是我。
引语：上文中，出现了指示代词this，物主代词my，人称代词me、we、us，关系代词which，反身代词ourselves，不定代词both，相互代词each other和疑问代词who。那么是否所有的代词既有名词性质，也有形容词性质？它们的句法功能又有哪些？使用时又有什么注意的地方？……接下来的内容将会对此进行详细讲解。
指示代词：作限定词和作代词
指示代词的两种性质
指示代词作限定词，相当于形容词。
1 That dress is new.
那条裙子是新的。
2 Such birds are endemic to the tropical region.
这种鸟类是热带地区所特有的。
3 This woman was our new math teacher.
这个女人是我们新来的数学老师。
4 These books are all bought from the bookstore near my house.
这些书都是从我家附近的书店买的。
5 That patient needs to be operated on right away.
那个病人需要立即手术。
指示代词作代词，相当于名词。
1 This is the best present I have ever received.
这是我收到的最好的礼物。
2 These are my classmates.
这些是我的同班同学。
3 That is the package my girlfriend sent to me.
那个是我女朋友给我寄的包裹。
4 Those should be driven away from factory.
那些人应该被赶出工厂。
由此及彼
指示代词有单复数之分，具体情况如下：
单数
this（这个）、that（那个）、such（这样的）、same（同样的）、so（如此）
复数
these（这些）、those（那些）、such（这样的）、same（同样的）、so（如此）
指示代词的句法功能
作主语时，指示代词既可指人也可指物。
1 That is my mother in the middle.
中间的那个人是我的妈妈。
2 That is my little brother's school bag on the desk.
桌子上那个是我弟弟的书包。
3 Those are poor children from the stricken areas.
那些可怜的孩子是从灾区来的。
4 This was hidden in the suitcase．这个东西被藏在了手提箱里。
作主语外的其他句子成分（宾语、主语补足语）时，指示代词只能指物，不能指人。
1 I will give this to you next week.
下周我会把这个给你的。（this 作动词give 的宾语）
2 She knows nothing about this.
她对此完全不知情。（this 作介词about 的宾语）
3 His opinion is this．他的观点就是如此。（this 作表语）
4 To tell you truth, I am ignorant of that.
实话告诉你，我对那个一无所知。（that 作介词of 的宾语）
5 It's obvious that he is not satisfied with this.
很显然他对此不满意。（this 作介词with 的宾语）
由此及彼
A. that 和 those 可在定语从句中作先行词，而 this 和 these 却不能。
1 Choose that which is useful for you.
选对你有用的东西。
2 I hope you can bring that which can warm you in cold weather.
我希望你可以带上这个天冷时能让你保暖的东西。
B．作先行词时，those 可指人，而 that 不能。
1 I like to make friends with those who are optimistic.
我喜欢和乐观的人做朋友。
2 Those who are always late for work should be dismissed.
那些总是迟到的人应该被开除。
this和these, that和those 指代的区别
this和these 指代在时间上或空间上较近的人或物；that和those 则指代时间上或空间上较远的人或物。
1 This is a beautiful painting．这是一幅漂亮的画。（近）
2 That bike over there is Mike's．那边的那辆自行车是迈克的。（远）
3 We can skate on this frozen lake．我们可以在这个结冰的湖上溜冰。（近）
4 You have to apologize to that customer now.
你现在必须跟那个顾客道歉。（远）
5 These young men always gang together to fight.
这些年轻人总是拉帮结派去打架。（近）
this和these 指下文中将讲到的内容，起承上或启下的作用；that和those表示前文出现过的事物（通常翻译成汉语“这”）。
1 I was caught in the traffic jam, and that's why I was late.
我堵车了，这就是我迟到的原因。
2 I hate the supervisor, and that's why I resigned.
我讨厌这个上司，这就是我辞职的原因。
3 He left his keys on the taxi, and those were them.
他把钥匙忘在出租车上了，这些就是。
4 John planted some flowers in the garden; those are in bloom in spring.
约翰在花园里种了一些花，这些花在春天开放。
指示代词such和same 的用法
such 相当于形容词时，在句中作定语，可修饰不可数名词和可数名词的单复数，而修饰可数名词单数时，其后需加不定冠词a或an。
1 It is not worth taking such trouble．真不值得大费周折。（修饰不可数名词）
2 We promise such problems will not happen again.
我们保证这种错误不会再出现了。（修饰可数名词复数）
3 I will not tolerate such an insult.
我不会忍受这种羞辱。（修饰可数名词单数）
4 I hope you won't buy such bowls again.
我希望你不要再买这样的碗了。（修饰可数名词复数）
5 I can't understand why he likes such a girl.
我不明白他为什么喜欢这样的女孩子。（修饰可数名词单数）
由此及彼
A. such+(a/an)+adj.+n．和so+adj.+(a/an)+n．两个结构均用来表示感叹，其中 such 为形容词，而 so 为副词。
1 It is such a fine day today.
今天天气真好。
2 It is so fine a day.
今天天气真好。
3 I can't finish the work in such a short time.
在这么短的时间里，我完不成这个工作。
4 Why are there so many people in the supermarket today？
今天超市怎么这么多人？
B. so 作指示代词时，只有名词性质，意为“这个，这样”。
1 If it is so, I have nothing to say.
如果事情真是这样，我无话可说。
2 Do you think so？
你这样认为吗？
3 She told you so, didn't she？
她这样告诉你的，对吗？
such 相当于名词时，常与as连用。
1 The books are such as she has never read before.
这些是她从未看过的书。
2 Those dishes are such as we have never eaten.
那些食物我们从来没有吃过。
3 The toys are such as the poor children are longing for.
这些玩具是穷孩子们渴望拥有的。
4 The car is such as the men want to own.
这辆车是男人们都想拥有的。
same 具有名词和形容词性质，前面一般跟定冠词the。
1 The same to you．你也一样。
2 I threw away the cigarettes, and he did the same.
我扔掉了香烟，他也是。
由此及彼
same 常与 as 或 that 连用，但表达的含义却不尽相同。the same as 表示“与……同样的”，而 the same that 则指“同一个”。
1 This is the same pencil as he lost yesterday.
这与昨天他丢的那支铅笔一模一样。（不是同一支）
2 This is the same pencil that he lost yesterday.
这就是昨天他丢的那支铅笔。（是同一支）
人称代词：主格宾格，你我他（她/它）You, he and I；你们、我们和他（她/它）们We, you and they
人称代词的位置
几个单数人称代词（或单数人称代词与名词）并列作主语时，为表示礼貌，其排列顺序为：第二人称→第三人称→第一人称。
1 You, she and I will meet at the school gate at 9 o'clock tomorrow.
你、我和她明天九点在学校门口碰面。
2 You, he and I should prevent the student from doing that.
你、我和他应该阻止学生那么做。
3 You and I have to make notes at the meeting.
你和我得在会议上做笔记。
4 You and he played an important part in the performance.
你和他在这次演出中起到了重要的作用。
5 She and I will play it by ear.
我和她会见机行事的。
复数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：第一人称→第二人称→第三人称。
1 We, you and they are a team.
我们、你们和他们是一个团队。
2 We, you and they have to put emphasis on the efficiency of learning.
我们、你们和他们都得注重学习效率。
3 We, you and they had better persuade the salesman to knock down the price.
我们、你们和他们最好说服那个推销员降价。
在“及物动词+副词”的结构中，若宾语为人称代词，则需要把人称代词放在动词和副词之间。
1 Please turn it down. I can't hear myself think.
请把声音关小点，我都无法思考了。
2 Would you please turn it up? I can't hear the actors.
你能把声音调大点吗？我听不到演员讲话。
3 Can you turn it off before going out？
你出门前能把它关了吗？
4 He turned it on as soon as he got home.
他一到家就打开了它。
由此及彼
“及物动词+副词”结构中，若宾语为名词或名词短语时，名词或名词短语可放在副词之后。
1 She is putting on her coat.
（She is putting her coat on.）
她正在穿外套。
2 The worker quickly took off the working clothes.
（The worker quickly took the working clothes off.）
那个工人飞快地脱掉了工作服。
人称代词的句法功能
人称代词在句中作主语时，其后谓语动词与主语应保持数的一致。
1 He says he wouldn't have finished it without her help.
他说要是没有她的帮助，他到现在还做不完。
2 They leave without saying goodbye.
他们不辞而别。
3 Jane picks him out in the crowd.
简在人群中认出了他。
4 The children pick on what they eat.
孩子们对吃的东西很挑剔。
5 I hear the shop-owner always pulls the customers' legs.
我听说这个店家经常欺骗顾客。
由此及彼
一般现在时和现在进行时中，根据人称代词的不同，be 动词有三种不同形式：I 后用 am, he/she/it 后用 is, you/we/they 后用 are。一般过去时中，I/he/she/it 后用 was, you/we/they 后用 were。
1 He is talking nonsense.
他在胡说。
2 They were somewhere else when the accident happened.
事发时，他们并不在场。
it 在句中作形式主语或形式宾语。
1 It is not right to do that.
那样做是不对的。（真正主语为to do 结构）
2 It is impolite of you to answer back when the teacher criticizes you.
老师批评你的时候，顶嘴很不礼貌。（真正主语为to do 结构）
3 It is dangerous to drive a car when you are drunk.
醉酒驾驶很危险。（真正主语为to do 结构）
4 Do you think it possible for him to get there on time？
你觉得他能按时到达吗？（真正宾语为to do 结构）
5 I don't think it shameful to clean the room myself.
我认为自己打扫房间不丢人。（真正宾语为to do 结构）
it 构成强调句型“It is/was+被强调部分+that (who)+其它”，作用就是引出被强调的部分。
1 It was he who helped me when I had nothing left.
当我一无所有时是他帮助了我。
2 It was the old man who pulled the strings for the conspiracy.
就是这个老人在幕后操作。
3 It was the boss who tried to push others around.
就是这位老板，总想摆布他人。
4 It is the small river that attracts the visitors．就是这条小河吸引了游客们。
5 It is the young expert that sees to these insect specimens.
就是这位年轻的专家负责照看这些昆虫标本。
用于习惯用语。
1 That's all right．没关系/不用谢。
2 It doesn't matter．没关系。
3 It's my pleasure．这是我的荣幸。
人称代词的特殊用法
it 被用来代替性别不明的婴儿或动物。
1 It's a beautiful baby．这个婴儿真漂亮。
2 It cried loudly in the delivery room．婴儿在产房大声啼哭。
3 It is the best present I have got．它（宠物）是我得到的最好的礼物。
4 I am afraid it is thirsty．我担心它（小动物）口渴了。
it 指代不确定的人或物。
1 Who is it outside the door？ 门外面是谁？
2 Who is it that sent me the bunch of flowers？ 谁送给我的这束花？
3 Can you tell me who was it that won the game？
你能告诉我谁赢得了比赛吗？
有时用he/she 指代动物、国家、车或船舶，增加亲切的感情色彩。
1 Look at the poor dog. He must be very hungry.
看这条可怜的狗，他一定饿坏了。
2 I named the boat Jenny when she was first launched.
这条船初次下水时，我命名她为“珍妮”。
3 My grandson bought me a robot. She accompanies me 24 hours a day.
我孙子给我买了一个机器人。她一天24小时陪着我。
4 John took home a little cat. He has blue eyes.
约翰带回家一只小猫。他的眼睛是蓝色的。
it 还可以用来指天气、时间、距离和自然现象等。
1 It's cloudy tomorrow．明天多云。
2 It has been a long time since I saw him last time.
离我上次见到他已经很长时间了。
3 It's a long distance from my house to my company.
我家离公司很远。
4 It is abnormal to snow in June. 6月下雪太不正常了。
物主代词：人称代词的所有格，表示所属和指代
形容词性物主代词
形容词性物主代词不一定表示所属关系，具体含义需根据上下文而定。
1 He will ask for his punishment when he makes a mistake.
他犯错时，总是会主动要求接受惩罚。
2 Her father promised to take her to the amusement park next week.
她爸爸许诺下周带她去游乐园。
3 In my hometown, the man is famous for his talent.
在我的家乡，这人以他的才华而出名。
4 My grandfather thinks Jack is a big shot．我爷爷认为杰克是个大人物。
5 The couple don't want to send their daughter to the business school.
这对夫妇不愿送他们的女儿去读商业学校。
形容词性物主代词，相当于名词加s。
1 Welcome to my family！ 欢迎来到我家！
2 The little boy's brother was killed in a car accident.
小男孩的哥哥在车祸中丧生。
由此及彼
形容词性物主代词与 own 连用时，可以表示强调。
1 What do you have to say? I have seen it with my own eyes.
你还有什么好说的？我都亲眼看到了。
2 I know she is looking forward to opening a shop of her own.
我知道她想自己开一家店。
3 He even doesn't know how to explain his own feelings.
他甚至不知道该怎样表达自己的感情。
4 It is a pity the boy isn't their own child.
很遗憾，这个男孩不是他们的亲骨肉。
5 She is accustomed to living on her own.
她已经习惯独自生活了。
物主代词前不能有冠词a/an/the或this/that、some等。
a my book (×)
a book (√)
my book (√)
名词性物主代词
名词性物主代词具有名词的性质，相当于形容词性物主代词和被它所限定的名词构成的名词词组的缩略形式。
1 The blue dress is Mary's. Mine is pink.
蓝色的裙子是玛丽的，我的裙子是粉红色的。（mine = my dress）
2 The gloves are not mine.
这手套不是我的。（mine = my gloves）
3 The house doesn't belong to them. Theirs lies in the south of the city.
这个房子不属于他们。他们的在市区南边。（theirs = their house）
4 I don't think the hat is John's. His is on the bed.
我认为这个帽子不是约翰的。他的在床上。（his = his hat）
在双方已知所指对象或上文已提到的情况下，可直接用名词性物主代词代替，而无需重复形容词性物主代词后的名词。名词性物主代词可在句中作主语、宾语和表语。
1 It's not her pen; hers is in my pencil box.
这个不是她的钢笔，她的钢笔在我的文具盒里。（hers 作第二个分句的主语）
2 This notebook is not yours.
这个笔记本不是你的。（yours 作表语）
3 I am sorry the purse is not hers.
很抱歉这不是她的钱包。（hers 作表语）
4 The vase you broke isn't mine.
你打碎的那个花瓶不是我的。（mine 作表语）
5 My bike is here. You are riding hers.
我的自行车在这里。你骑的是她的。（hers 作宾语）
由此及彼
不可忽略名词性物主代词所指代的名词的数，注意谓语动词和主语在数上保持一致。
1 My brother's books are in the living room; mine are in my room.
我弟弟的书在客房；我的书在我自己的房间里。
（mine 指的是 my books，因此之后的 be 动词应用 are）
2 His parents live in the country; mine live in the capital.
他父母住在农村；我父母住在首都。
（mine 指的是 my parents，因此之后的谓语动词用原形）
3 Their house is big; while ours is small.
他们的房子很大，我们的却很小。
（ours 指的是 our house，因此之后的 be 动词该用 is）
名词性物主代词还可以用在双重所有格结构中，即“of+名词性物主代词”，指“其中之一”或表示一定的感情色彩。
1 This is Sarah, a best friend of mine．这是莎拉，我最好的朋友之一。
2 The businessman was defeated by an old opponent of his.
那个商人被自己的一位老对手打败了。
3 I doubt that he has stolen something of mine．我怀疑他偷了我的一些东西。
4 The girl sitting on the sofa is a student of theirs.
坐在沙发上那个女孩是他们的一个学生。
5 Throwing about cigarette ends is a habit of his.
乱扔烟头是他的一个习惯。
反身代词：表示强调和反射
反身代词与所指名词或代词构成互指关系，因此它们应在人称和数上保持一致
1 Poverty does not correct itself．贫困问题不会自行解决。
2 They seem to be enjoying themselves．他们似乎玩得很开心。
3 The judge can't persuade himself of the guy's innocence.
法官无法说服自己相信那家伙是无辜的。
4 Standing in front of the interviewers, I can't express myself clearly.
站在面试官面前，我无法清楚地表达自己。
5 She said she would apply herself to protecting environment.
她说她会致力于环境保护。
由此及彼
单数反身代词词尾是 -self，而复数反身代词词尾是 -selves。
1 These employees got themselves disliked because they often made mistakes in work.
这些员工不被喜欢主要是因为工作中总是出错。
2 These young people earn money by themselves after graduation.
这些年轻人毕业后就自己挣钱了。
3 We helped ourselves to some fruits and desserts.
我们随便吃了一些水果和甜点。
反身代词的句法功能
不能单独作主语，但由and、but、or、neither...nor连接两个并列主语时，第二个主语可用反身代词，尤其是myself或ourselves。
1 My best friend and myself are doing the cooking．我和我最好的朋友正在做饭。
2 His wife and himself are holding their breath for three minute in the room.
他妻子和他在房间里屏气3分钟。
3 The students and ourselves went home by bus．学生和我们都是坐公交回家。
4 My sister and myself hold to the dream to be an actress.
我姐姐和我都有一个做演员的梦。
由此及彼
不表示强调时，but、except、for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。
1 Nobody but myself (me) is dissatisfied with the plan.
除了我，没有人不满意这个计划。
2 Everyone except himself keeps on clearing the snow on the road.
除了他，大家都一直在清理路上的积雪。
可在句中作宾语和表语。
1 Well done. Give yourself a pat on the back.
做的不错，表扬一下自己。（作宾语）
2 I was not myself yesterday．我昨天不太舒服。（作表语）
3 It is myself who robbed the store of much jewelry.
是我自己从这家店里抢走了很多珠宝。（作表语）
4 Kate hides herself in the wardrobe when she plays hide and seek with her little mates.
和小伙伴们玩捉迷藏时，凯特藏在了衣柜里。（作宾语）
5 I didn't like her because she referred herself to her husband completely.
我不喜欢她，因为她完全依赖于丈夫。（作宾语）
可放在名词、代词（主格）之后或句末作同位语，此时表示强调，反身代词需重读。
1 I myself can do it．我自己就能做。
2 He himself rubbed off the fingerprints on the door．他自己擦掉了门上的指纹。
3 The doctors themselves search for crocuses in the mountain.
医生们自己在山里寻找番红花。
4 We ourselves went to the train station to see him off．我们亲自去火车站送他。
5 Jack himself saw over the suitcase before taking it into the room.
在把手提箱拿进房间之前，杰克自己检查了一下。
由此及彼
反身代词没有所有格，因此要用 own 来代替，从而达到加强句子语气的效果。
1 He has done it with his own hands. = He has done it himself.
这是他自己亲手做的。
2 The girl put the letter into the postbox with her own hands.
=The girl put the letter into the postbox herself.
女孩亲自把信放到了邮箱里。
常用于某些习惯用语或固定结构中。
1 by oneself 单独；独自
2 compose oneself 镇静；定神
3 between ourselves 秘密地；别告诉别人
相互代词：each other与one another
相互代词只有名词性质，表示两者或两者以上的相互作用，且无复数形式。传统语法认为，each other 多指两者之间，而one another指两者以上，现代英语中两对词组多交替使用
1 They always help each other．他们经常互相帮助。
2 They kept in touch with each other by email last year.
他们去年是通过电子邮件相互联系的。
3 It's interesting to make a fool of one another on that day.
那一天，大家相互愚弄对方真是有趣。
4 We knew each other at Kate's birthday party.
我们是在凯特的生日派对上认识的。
5 After the banquet, they were crazy about each other.
那次宴会后，他们疯狂爱上了对方。
有时each other和one another 可以分开使用
1 Each wants to do the other a favor.
两人都想帮对方的忙。（other 前需加定冠词the，表示两者之间）
2 Each makes a joke of the other.
两人都开对方的玩笑。（other 前需加定冠词the，表示两者之间）
3 Ten minutes later, they went out one after another.
十分钟后，他们一个接一个地走了出来。（one after another 为固定搭配）
4 The villagers went to the south to make a living one after another.
村民们相继去南方谋生了。（one after another 为固定搭配）
相互代词可在句中作宾语、定语等，而作定语时，相互代词需要用其所有格形式
1 We should try to keep each other's secrets.
我们应该保守彼此的秘密。
2 They respect each other's living styles.
他们互相尊重对方的生活方式。
3 After several years, they began to get bored with each other.
几年之后，他们开始对彼此感到厌倦了。
4 They made an apology to each other at the meeting.
会议上，他们互相向对方道歉。
不定代词：包括名词性质和形容词性质
不定代词的性质
有些不定代词只有名词性质，在句中只能作主语和宾语，一般包括somebody、anybody、nobody、someone、anyone、something、anything、nothing、everybody、everyone、everything。
1 Everybody knows he is lying.
每个人都知道他在说谎。
2 Nobody wants to live in such a dirty room.
没有人愿意住在这个如此肮脏的房间里。
3 Everything was in a state of agitation during the war.
战争期间，一切都处于动荡的状态。
4 Someone knocks at the door, and the candle blows out at the same time.
有人敲门，与此同时，蜡烛熄灭了。
5 Not everyone knows that he committed suicide.
不是每个人都知道他自杀了。
少数不定代词只有形容词性质，在句中只能作定语，如no、every。
1 I have no intention to go there.
我没打算去那儿。
2 She has no idea how to distinguish the false one from the right.
她不知道如何将假的跟真的区分开来。
3 I remember that she has no head for yoga.
我记得她不擅长瑜伽。
4 He visits his grandparents every two weeks.
他平均每两个星期去看望爷爷奶奶一次。
5 The young fellow jerks out every time when he speaks to a girl.
这个小伙子一跟女孩子讲话就结巴。
不定代词的具体用法比较
1. all、both、neither、either 的用法比较
both、all 都可作同位语，位置是情态动词或行为动词前，be 动词后。
1 We both will go there.
我们两个人都会去那儿。
2 We both jumped at the job that day.
那天我们两个人都立即接受了这个工作。
3 They both agreed to hold over the volleyball match.
他们都同意推迟那场排球比赛。
4 They all joined in the national gymnastics team.
他们都加入了国家体操队。
5 We all kept silent when he spoke on the platform.
他在讲台上讲话时我们都保持了沉默。
both 指两个人或物，而all 指三个以上的人或物。
A. both 可与复数名词连用，但both...and..．可连接单数名词。
1 This incident affects both you and me.
这件事对你我双方都产生了影响。
2 Both you and I should keep the traffic rules.
你和我都应该遵守交通规则。
3 Both the man and the woman live on making shell necklaces.
男人和女人都是靠做贝壳项链为生的。
4 Both the boys and the girls make fun of the new classmate.
男孩和女孩们都嘲笑新来的同学。
5 Both he and I have made progress in learning English.
他和我都在英语学习上面取得了进步。
B. all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，但可与一些表时间的可数名词单数（day、night、year...），以及一些特殊的单数名词（China、life、city、way...）连用。
1 I have been watching TV all day long．我一整天都在看电视。
2 He never heard of such a thing all his life．他这辈子从未听说过这种事情。
3 He sleeps in the bed all day long．他整天都在睡觉。
由此及彼
all 所在词组作主语时，谓语的单复数由其所修饰或指代的名词单复数决定。
1 All the water is gone.
水都没了。
2 All the books are on the desk.
所有的书都在桌子上。
3 All the girls make up at the weekends.
所有的女孩都在双休日化妆。
either 指“两者中任何一个”, neither 指“两者都不”，使用范围均为两个人或物。
either和neither 作代词用时，谓语动词均用单数。
1 Either of the two girls is good student．两个女孩都是好学生。
2 Either of them is clear about the distinction between the fern and angiosperm．他们都清楚蕨类植物和被子植物的区别。
3 Neither of them gets there in time．他们两个人都没能及时赶到。
4 Neither of them meets the standard of the manufacturers.
他们都没有达到生产商的要求。
5 Neither of them objects to playing volleyball on the beach.
他们都不反对去沙滩上打排球。
either和neither 作限定词时，其后也一般跟单数名词；但either...or, neither...nor用作并列连词时，可与复数名词连用，谓语采用就近原则。
1 If either is correct, you will pass the test.
如果两道题中有一道正确，你就通过了测试。
2 Neither shoe fits．两只鞋都不合脚。
3 Either my parents or my brother is going on vacation.
我的父母或我的哥哥将去度假。
4 Neither my parents nor I am at home that day.
那天我父母和我都不在家。
neither和nor 均可引起部分倒装，主要为避免重复常用的结构为：neither /nor+be 动词/ 助动词/ 情态动词+主语，表示“某人或物情况也不这样”。
1 He did not go to the ball last night, neither/nor did I.
他昨晚没去参加舞会，我也没去。
2 My brother didn't pass the math exam, neither/nor did I.
我弟弟没有通过数学考试，我也没有。
3 His wife didn't make way for the ambulance, neither/nor did he.
他妻子没有给救护车让路，他也没有。
4 Her roommate didn't make beds, neither/nor did she.
她的室友没有整理床铺，她也没有。
由此及彼
如果前句是否定从句，则主句用 neither；但后面若有连续几个否定句式，则用nor。
1 If you don't eat, neither do I.
如果你不吃，我也不吃。
2 She can't sing, nor dance, nor ski.
她既不会唱歌，也不会跳舞或是滑雪。
2. one、other、another和the other 的用法比较
one 泛指“一个（人或物）”, other 指“不同类的人或事物”, the other 指“两者中的另一个”, another 泛指“另一个同一类型的人或事”。
1 Under this circumstance, one can be very confused.
在这种情况下，人们会感到十分迷茫。
2 Other students are arriving now．其他学生马上也要到了。
3 I have two dresses in my wardrobe: one is pink, the other is purple.
我的衣柜里有两条裙子：一条是粉红色的，另一条是紫色的。
4 Why don't you buy another one instead of sighing over the loss of it？
与其为丢失而叹息，你为何不再买一个？
适用范围：
1 one...the other：一定范围内两人（物），一个用one，另一个用the other。
2 one...another：一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用another（第三个可用the other、a third）。
3 some...the others/others：一定范围的三者以上，除去一部分人（物），剩余的全都用the others；在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分不是全部时，用others。
由此及彼
ones 为 one 的复数形式，others 相当于 other people/things，而 the others 等于 the rest。
These students are writing, and others are reading in the classroom.
教室里，这些学生在写字，其他人在读书。
3. every和each 的用法比较
every 指三个及以上的人或物，each 指两个及以上的人或物。
1 Every dog has its day.
每个人都会走运的。
2 Every of them made contributions to the motherland.
他们每个人都对祖国做出了贡献。
3 Each of the two kids is given a prize.
两个孩子都得到了奖励。
4 Each of the twins got the scholarship.
这对双胞胎都得到了奖学金。
every 强调全体的概念；each 强调个体概念。
1 Every student has arrived on time.
所有学生都准时到达了。
2 Every child makes a face on the stage.
所有孩子都在舞台上做鬼脸。
3 Each colleague has words with the boss.
每个员工都跟老板吵架了。
4 Each boy can have an apple．每个男孩都可以得到一个苹果。
5 Each one will receive a gift at the party．聚会上的每个人都会收到一份礼物。
由此及彼
A. every 有反复、重复之意，而 each 无反复之意。
1 I go home almost every month．我几乎每周都回家。
2 He gets up at seven o'clock every morning．他每天早上7点起床。
B. every 与 not 连用，表示部分否定；each 和 not 连用表示全部否定。
1 Every man can not realize his dream．并非每个人都能实现梦想。
2 Each man here can not realize his dream without efforts.
这里所在的每个人如果不付出努力，都无法实现梦想。
4. many和much 的用法比较
many和much 均表示“许多”，都可在句中作主语、宾语、定语。前者修饰可数名词复数，后者修饰不可数名词。
1 There is much water in bucket．桶里有很多水。
2 I didn't have much time left．我的时间不多了。
3 I have many things that I would like to show you.
我有很多东西想要你看看。
4 There are so many delicious foods served in the banquet.
宴会上有这么多美味的食物。
many 可用于固定短语中。
1 a good many 很多，许多
2 many a 许多（后接单数可数名词，表示复数概念）
5. few、a few、little、a little 的用法比较
few、a few、little、a little用作名词时，都可与of 构成“of 短语”，均指的是主观上的相对说法，没有具体数量标准。
1 There are only a few coins left in his pocket．他的兜里只剩下几个硬币了。
2 Few of them have military experience．他们中几乎没有人有从军的经历。
3 A few of them get ready for the performance.
他们中只有很少几个人为演出做好了准备。
4 There is only a little water in the bottle．瓶子里只有一丁点水。
few和a few 指代或修饰复数可数名词，little和a little 指代或修饰不可数名词。
1 Being alone all the time, she has few friends.
她总是独处，几乎没有什么朋友。
2 I would like to say a few words．我想说几句话。
3 Little food is left in the fridge．冰箱里几乎没有什么食物了。
4 A little water will be enough．一点儿水就够了。
a few、a little表示肯定含义，指“还有一点”；而few、little表示否定含义，指“没有多少了”。
1 I have a few pencils．我有几支铅笔。
2 She has few pencils．她几乎没有铅笔了。
3 I still have a little milk．我还有一点牛奶。
4 There is little milk in the glass．玻璃杯里几乎没有牛奶了。
6. any和some 的用法比较
any 多用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中；some 多用在肯定句中，用于疑问句中时通常表示邀请或希望对方给予肯定回答，常用在Would you like..．的句式里。
1 You shouldn't have any snack before dinner.
你不应该在晚饭前吃零食。
2 Are there any boys in your class？
你们班上有男生吗？
3 Some people just don't see why she can be so successful.
有些人就是不明白她为什么可以这么成功。
4 Would you like some juice？ 喝点果汁吗？
由此及彼
any 用在肯定句中，通常表示“任何”。
You can take any of these books if you like.
如果需要的话，你可以带走其中任何一本书。
some 可用于否定句，表示部分否定。
I haven't read some of the books.
这些书中还有一些是我没有读过的。
7. no和none 的用法比较
no 只有形容词性质，在句中作定语，修饰可数名词单数时，相当于not a/an; none 通常只有名词性质，可以与of 构成“none of 短语”，谓语动词要与none 所代替名词的单复数保持一致。
1 I have no car.(I have not a car.)我没有车。
2 She has no clip on her hair.（She has not a clip on her hair.）
她头上没有戴发夹。
3 I have none of these beautiful flowers．我没有这些漂亮的花。
关系代词：引导定语从句用who、whose、whom、that、which
关系代词的分类
指人和指物。
指人：who、whom
指物：which
既可指人也可指物：that、whose
主格、宾格和属格。
主格：who、which、that
宾格：whom、that
属格：whose
关系代词代表先行词，同时在从句中作相关的句子成分
1 I come back to get the book which I left in the classroom.
我回来取落在教室里的书。（which 在从句中作宾语）
2 Is he the boy with whom you talked about？
他就是你说过的那个男孩吗？（whom 作介词with 的宾语）
3 Is she the girl who quarreled with you yesterday？
她就是昨天和你吵架的那个女孩吗？（who 在从句中作主语）
4 This is the boy who dropped out of school last month.
这就是上个月辍学的男孩。（who 在从句中作主语）
由此及彼
关系代词 that 在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略。
1 He is not the person (that) I knew any more.
他不再是我认识的那个人了。
2 This is the driver (that) was expelled for dropping off during driving.
这就是那个因为开车中打瞌睡被开除的司机。
whose和which 可以引导非限制性定语从句，关系代词指代前面的一个句子，从句通常和主句用逗号隔开
1 The is the novel I talked about, whose cover was gone a few days ago.
这就是我说的那本小说，小说的封面前几天没了。
2 This is the girl, whose purse was stolen in the bus.
这就是那个钱包在公交车上被偷的女孩。
3 He says he has passed the test, which is actually a lie.
他说他通过了测试，但实际上纯属谎言。
4 He told me the police had driven away, which reassured me.
他告诉我警察已经开车离开了，这才让我放心。
疑问代词：主要包括who/whom(谁)、whose(谁的)、what(什么)、which(哪个/哪些)
疑问代词的句法功能
用来构成特殊疑问句，一般放在句子的最前面。在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
1 What are you going to do next？ 接下来你要做什么？
2 Which book do you like best？ 你最喜欢哪本书？
3 Whose bike is it under the tree？ 树下是谁的自行车？
由此及彼
疑问代词的数要根据句子其他成分的含义而定，没有单数和复数之分。
1 Who is outside？
谁在门外？
2 Who are the primary care givers？
从事初级保健工作的都是些什么人？
3 Which is your favorite colour？
你最喜欢的颜色是什么？
用作连接代词，引导名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句。
1 What you have said is right.
你说的是对的。（what 引导主语从句）
2 I don't understand what you mean.
我不知道你是什么意思。（what 引导宾语从句）
3 That is exactly what we have been looking for.
这正是我们一直在找的东西。（what 引导表语从句）
4 I can't point out which sentence is right.（which 引导宾语从句）
我无法指出哪个句子是正确的。
疑问代词的特殊用法
疑问代词对介词宾语提问时，可将疑问代词放在句首，介词放在句末（现代英语中）。
1 For what do you come here？ 你为何而来？
2 What do you come here for？ 你为何而来？
由此及彼
在书面语中，whom 作动词宾语或介词宾语，在非正式用语中，whom 可用who 代替，但介词后只能用 whom。
1 Can you tell me whom/who do you work for？
你能告诉我你是为谁工作的吗？（whom/who 作介词 for 的宾语）
2 With whom did you talk？
你和谁说话了？（介词 with 后只能用 whom）
3 To whom did your mother send the parcel？
你妈妈把包裹寄给了谁？（介词 to 后只能用 whom）
4 From whom did you get the apples？
你从谁那里拿到了苹果？（介词 from 后只能用 whom）
which和what 所指范围有所不同，which 指在一定的范围内，而what 所指的内容无范围限制。
1 Which snack do you like best？
你最喜欢哪种零食？
2 What snack do you like best？
你最喜欢什么零食？
3 Which actress caught his eyes？
哪个女演员引起了他的注意？
4 What do you want to do tomorrow？
你明天想做什么？
who、what、which 可与ever连用，构成复合疑问代词，加强语气。
1 Whatever you do, make sure it can be finished by Friday.
不管你怎么做，确保周五之前完成。
2 Whoever breaks promises repeatedly is not trustworthy.
任何一个不断食言的人都不值得信任。
3 Whoever caught a bad cold should be isolated from others.
不管谁得了重感冒都应该跟其他人隔离开来。
4 Whatever the problem is, he can solve it.
不管是什么问题，他都能解决。
5 Whichever day he comes, I will be very happy.
不管他哪天来，我都很高兴。
考题荟萃
1. Do __________ which is good for everyone.
A. that
B. this
C. those
D. these
2. He is ____________ good boy, isn't he？
A. so
B. so a
C.such a
D. such
3. ____________ will go hiking together next weekend.
A. I, Mary and you
B. Mary, you and I
C. You, I and Mary
D. You, Mary and I
4. ___________ is he __________ came to her rescue when she was in trouble.
A. It; which
B. It; who
C. That; that
D. It; whom
5. They are not my cards; mine ____________ in the box.
A. is
B. are
C. were
D. be
6. This is Lily, a former classmate of ___________ .
A. mine
B. my classmates
C. mine classmates
D. my classmate
7. Nobody can help you with this; you have to try to fix it _____________ .
A. by you
B. itself
C. myself
D. yourself
8. I believe you can do it ____________ .
A. your own
B. on yourself
C. on your own
D. by you
9. We need to show consideration for ___________ feelings.
A. each other
B. each other's
C. one another
D. each
10. She has __________ worries about her future, for everything has been arranged by her parents.
A. not
B. no a
C. no any
D. no
11. Here comes the boy ____________ we were talking just now.
A. about whom
B. about who
C. about whose
D. who
12. This is one of my colleagues, ____________ name escapes me right now.
A. who
B. whose
C. whom
D. which
13. Who ____________ the girls dancing on the stage？
A. was
B. be
C. are
D. is
14. You cannot take the book; it's not _____________ .
A. you book
B. yours book
C. yours
D. you
15. I was very ill that day, and ___________ is why I did not go to work.
A. that
B. this
C. so
D. such
答案：
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. A