第1章　殖民地时期的美国

1.1　复习笔记

I. American Puritanism（美国清教主义）

The settlement of North American continent by the English began in the early part of the seventeenth century. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. In 1620, the ship Mayflower carried about one hundred Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The first settlers in America were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons. They carried with them American Puritanism which took root in the New World and became the most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature.

英国向北美的移民活动开始于17世纪上半叶。英国于1607年在北美建立了第一个永久性海外殖民区：弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦。1620年“五月花”号载运100余名移民抵达马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。很多美国早期的移民是清教徒，他们出于多种原因来到美国。他们信奉的清教主义后来在新大陆生根发芽，并对美国思想和美国文学产生了根深蒂固的影响。

1．Doctrines of Puritanism（清教主义的教义）

The Puritans accepted the doctrine predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few), which theologian John Calvin had preached.

清教徒信奉神学家约翰·加尔文宣扬的预设定论，原罪，彻底的堕落，有限制的救赎等神学主张。

2．The influence of Puritanism on American literature（清教主义对美国文学的影响）

(1) The idealism of Puritan had exerted a great influence on American writers.

It is a common place that American literature—or Anglo-American literature—is based on a myth, that is, the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. This literature is in good measure a literary expression of the pious idealism of the American Puritan bequest. The Puritan dreamed of living under a perfect order and worked with courage and hope toward building a new Garden of Eden in America, where man could at long last live the way he should. Fired with such a sense of mission, the Puritan looked upon even the worst of life in the face with a tremendous amount of optimism. All this went, in due time, into the making of American literature. The spirit of optimism burst into the pages of so many American authors.

(2) The American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.

Puritan doctrine and literary practice contributed to no small extent to the development of an indigenous symbolism. To the pious Puritan the physical phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. Every passage of life, en-meshed in the vast context of God’s plan, possessed a delegated meaning. It is impossible to overlook the very symbolizing process that was constantly at work in Puritan minds. This process became, in time, part of the intellectual tradition in which American authors were brought up along with their people. For Jonathan Edwards, Emerson, Hawthorne, Melville, Howells and many others, symbolism as a technique has become a common practice. This peculiar mode of perception was an essential part of their upbringing.

(3) With regard to technique, the simplicity which characterize the Puritan style of writing greatly influenced the American literature.

The style of the writing of the Puritan writers is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. All this left an indelible imprint on American writing.

(1) 清教徒的理想主义对美国作家的文学创作产生了深远的影响。

从总体来看，美国文学——至少是白人的美国文学——是建筑在《圣经》伊甸园神话基础上的文学。在很大程度上，它是美国清教主义遗产——虔诚理想主义的一种文学形式。清教徒梦想着生活在一种完善的秩序之下，怀着勇气和希望在美国建立新的伊甸园，以使得他们能最终过上理想的生活。在这种使命感的鼓舞下，他们面对艰难险阻却充满乐观主义情绪。这些都成为美国文学产生发展的重要滋养。乐观主义弥漫在许多美国作家的作品里。

(2) 美国清教徒形象地观察事物的方式导致了具有典型美国文学特点的象征主义的产生。

清教神学和清教徒的文学实践是美国本土象征主义发展的主要原因。在虔诚的清教徒看来，现实的大千世界只是上帝的象征而已。生活中的一切现象都是上帝意图的组成部分和具体表现。很容易发现这种在清教徒思维中经常发生的象征过程。随着时间的推移，这一过程便成为美国人民和作家赖以成长的文化传统的一部分。乔纳森·爱德华兹，爱默生，霍桑，麦尔维尔来说，象征主义已成为一种常用的技巧。清教徒这种独特的观察世界的方式是他们所受教育的一个基本构成部分。

(3) 在写作技巧方面，清教徒作品的朴实无华也深刻地影响了美国文学。

清教徒作家的写作风格是语言清新、简单、直接；修辞简朴、诚挚，带有圣经直接影响下的高贵气质。这些都给美国文学留下了持久的印迹。

II. Overview of the colonial literature（殖民地文学简介）

American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupied a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.

美国文学由很多粗糙的文体发展而来。日记、稗史、札记、书信、备忘录、游记及布道文稿等在内的各种形式的私人文字，在早期殖民时期的文学中占据着主要地位。

1．Major writers of colonial period（殖民地时期主要作家）

(1) John Smith (1580-1631)（约翰·斯密斯）

Captain John Smith was one of the founders of the colony Jamestown, Virginia. His writing about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers.

In The General History of Virginia he wrote about his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas.

Another thing he wrote about that became historically important was his description of the fertile and vast new continent in his A Description of New England.

约翰·斯密斯上校是弗吉尼亚州詹姆斯敦殖民地的建立者之一。他的作品中有关北美的叙述成为后来移民了解北美新大陆的信息来源。

约翰·斯密斯在《弗吉尼亚通史》中讲述了他被印第安人俘虏及被著名的印第安公主郎波克杭特丝营救的故事。

他的另一部具有重大历史意义的作品是《新英格兰概览》，其中描述了肥沃且广袤的美洲新大陆。

(2) William Bradford (1590-1657)（威廉姆·布雷福德）

In 1620 William Bradford led the Mayflower endeavor and became the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation with his group of pilgrim fathers.

His major work is Of Plymouth Plantation.

在1620威廉姆·布雷福德率领清教徒前辈移民乘“五月花”号到达美洲，他后来成为普利茅斯的首任总督。

他的主要作品是《普利茅斯开发史》。

(3) John Winthrop (1588-1649)（约翰·温思罗普）

John Winthrop was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony.

In his famous speech A Model of Christian Charity he stated that “we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us.”

The two major poets in the colonial period were Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor.

约翰·温思罗普是马萨诸塞湾殖民地的首任总督。

在其著名演说《基督教博爱的典范》中他说到“我们将成为山颠之城，全世界人民的眼光都在注视着我们。”

殖民时期的两大诗人是安·布雷兹特里特和爱德华·泰勒。

(4) Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)（安·布雷德斯特里特）

Anne Bradstreet was known as the “Tenth Muse” who appeared in America.

她被称作在美国出现的“第十个缪斯”。

①Major works（主要作品）

The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America《美洲最近出现的第十位缪斯》

Contemplations《沉思录》

“Upon the Burning of Our House”《写在我家失火之际》

“To My Dear and Loving Husband”《献给我亲爱的丈夫》

“In Reference to Her Children”《关于她的孩子们》

“The Flesh and the Spirit”《灵与肉》

“As Weary Pilgrim”《疲惫的朝圣者》

②Analysis of her major works（主要作品分析）

◆Contemplations (9)《沉思录》第九首

When the poet heard the grasshopper and cricket sing, she thought of this as their praising of their Creator and searched her own soul accordingly. It is evident that she saw something metaphysical, inhering in the physical, a mode of perception that was singular Puritan.

当诗人听到蝈蝈和蛐蛐同时鸣叫，她感到这是它们对上帝恩惠的赞扬。她由此开始反思自己。这首诗突出地表现出清教徒形象地观察世界的方式。

◆“The Fresh and the Spirit”《灵与肉》

This poem depicts two sisters arguing about their values. The flesh is forthright with her assertion of her views about the importance of this world while the Spirit, the other, tries to convince her of the greatness of the kingdom of God. The twin sisters are evidently the integral parts of one Puritan mind.

这首诗描述了两姐妹的争论。“肉”所代表的是世俗的物质的诱惑力。而“灵”则试图说服“肉”相信上帝的神圣伟大。两姐妹代表了一个清教徒的完整思想。

(5) Edward Taylor (1642-1729)（爱德华·泰勒）

Edward Taylor was a Puritan poet, concerned about how his images spoke for God.

爱德华·泰勒是个清教徒诗人，他的诗歌形象主要为上帝辩护。

①Analysis of major works（主要作品分析）

◆“Huswifery”《家务》

This poem indicates that the poet saw religious significance in a simple daily incident like a housewife spinning. The spinning wheel, the distaff, the flyers, the spool, the reel and the yarn have all acquired a metaphysical significance in the symbolic, Puritan eyes of the poet.

这首诗中，诗人从家庭主妇纺织这一普通的日常事件上看到强烈的宗教意味。在诗人这个清教徒的眼里，纺车、线杆、梭子、线筒及线卷，这些意象都具有抽象的意义。

◆“Upon a Spider Catching a Fly”《蜘蛛捕蝇有感》

The pet sees the spider as a symbol of Hell. It is obvious that Taylor has faith in God who can save the erring, or sinful, humankind from the evil designs of Hell.

诗人认为蜘蛛是地狱的象征。显然，泰勒信仰上帝，认为上帝能把犯错之人，甚至是有罪之人从地狱的邪恶圈套里拯救出来。

(6) Thomas Paine (1737-1809)（托马斯·潘恩）

Thomas Paine was born in England and came to America in 1774. His life was one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man. He was a major influence in the American Revolution.

托马斯·潘恩出生于英国，于1774年来到美国。他的一生堪称为人的权利而坚持不懈、努力奋斗的一生。他是美国独立革命时期最有影响力的人物之一。

①Major works（主要作品）

Common Sense《常识》

The American Crisis《美国危机》

“The Times that Try Men’s Souls”《考验人的灵魂的时代》

The Rights of Man《人的权利》

The Age of Reason《理性的时代》

②Analysis of his major works（主要作品分析）

◆Common Sense《常识》

Common Sense attacked the British monarchy and added fuel to the fire which was soon to bring the colossus of its colonial rule down in flame. Paine declared that the crisis with which the North American colonies were then faced could only be solved by an appeal to man’s instincts and common sense and impulses of conscience. The booklet was warmly received in the colonies as a justification for their cause of independence and as an encouragement to the painfully fighting people.

《常识》抨击了英国的君主制，推动了即将到来的推翻殖民统治的斗争的发展。潘恩宣布只有通过听从人的直觉、常识和良心的召唤，北美殖民地面临的危机才能得以解决。这个小册子在殖民地受到热捧，它既是独立事业合法化的宣言书，也是对深陷痛苦斗争中的人们的精神鼓励。

◆The American Crisis《美国危机》

The American Crisis is made up of 16 pamphlets written between 1776 and 1783. The first pamphlet “The Times that Try Men’s Souls” came out at one of the darkest moment of the revolution. “The harder the struggle, the more glorious the triumph,” when Washington had it read to the troops, it proved a heartening stimulus, a spurring excitement to further action with hope and confidence.

《美国危机》由16篇写于1776年至1783年的小册子组成。其中第一篇《考验人的灵魂的时代》写于美国独立战争最灰暗的时刻。“战斗越艰苦，胜利越光荣，”当华盛顿把这篇文章念给士兵听时，它宛如一剂兴奋剂，鼓舞军民满怀信心和希望勇往直前。

(7) Philip Freneau（菲利普·弗瑞诺）

Philip Freneau was important in American literary history in a number of ways. Apart from the fact that he used his poetic talents in the service of a nation struggling for independence, writing verses for the righteous cause of his people and exposing British colonial savageries, he was a most notable representative of dawning nationalism in American literature. Almost alone of his generation, Freneau managed to peer through the pervasive atmosphere of imitativeness, see life directly, and appreciate the natural scenes on the new land and the native Indian civilization.

菲利普·弗瑞诺美国文学史上的重要地位体现在很多方面。他把自己的诗歌创作才能奉献给了国家的独立斗争事业，其诗歌歌颂了人民的正义事业，揭露了英国殖民者的暴行。除此之外，他还是开启美国文学民族主义的突出代表之一。弗瑞诺率先摆脱模仿英国诗作的羁绊，直接观察和描写四周的一切。他崇尚美洲大地的风貌和印第安文明。

①Major works（主要作品）

“The Wild Honey Suckle”《野生的金银花》

“The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi”《奄奄一息的印第安人：托姆·柴吉》

“The Indian Burying Ground”《印第安人墓地》

②Analysis of major work（主要作品分析）

◆“The Wild Honey Suckle”《野生的金银花》

In this poem, the lyric beauty, the heartfelt pathos, and the multiple emotional responses and echoes that the sight described are simply amazing. Here we can see the poet enjoys the beauty that the American landscape is capable of offering. This poem is an indication of the poet’s dedication of American subject matter.

这首诗旋律优美，伤感之情动人心扉，其中描写的景色引发复杂的情感激荡和共鸣。诗人尽情享受着美国土地所拥有的美丽风景。该诗显示了诗人致力于描写美国本土的题材。