第8章 司法和法律
8.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ.Criminal Proceedings
Ⅱ.Criminal Courts
1.England and Wales
2.Scotland
3.Northern Ireland
Ⅲ.Civil Courts
1.England and Wales
2.Scotland
3.Northern Ireland
Ⅳ.The Judiciary
Ⅵ. Treatment of Offenders
Ⅰ.Criminal Proceedings
1. All criminal trials are held in open court.
2. Every accused person has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defence.
3. In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury decides the issue of guilt or innocence.
Ⅰ．刑事诉讼
1．所有的刑事审判都是在公开法庭上举行的。
2．每一个被告都有权力雇佣一个法律顾问为其进行辩护。
3．在有陪审团的审判中，法官负责宣判，但是由陪审团决定嫌疑人是否有罪或清白。
Ⅱ.Criminal Courts
1.England and Wales
①Criminal courts in England and Wales include: Magistrates’ Courts which try summary offences (the less serious offences and the vast majority of criminal cases) and “either way” offences (theft, the less serious cases of burglary and some assaults).
②Youth Courts try most cases involving people under 18.
③The Crown Court which tries the most serious offences and “either way” offences referred to it by magistrates.
Ⅱ．刑事法庭
1．英格兰和威尔士
①英格兰和威尔士的刑事法庭包括治安法院（处理不太严重的违法行为和大部刑事案件）和“任意方式”罪行（偷窃，不太严重的入室行窃和袭击）。
②青年法庭处理18岁以下青年的案件。
③皇家刑事法庭负责审理最严重的罪行和由治安法庭认定的“任意方式”的犯罪行为。
2.Scotland
①There are three criminal courts in Scotland: the High Court, the sheriff court and the district court.
②Scotland has two types of criminal procedure, known as solemn procedure and summary procedure.
2．苏格兰
①苏格兰有三大刑事法庭：高等法院，郡法院和治安法院。
②苏格兰有两种类型的刑事诉讼程序，分别为庄严程序和简易程序。
3.Northern Ireland
①Cases involving minor summary offences are heard by magistrates’ courts
②The Crown Court deals with criminal trials on indictment.
③In Northern Ireland, appeals from magistrates’ courts against conviction or sentence are heard by the county court.
3．北爱尔兰
①涉及轻微犯罪的案件由治安法院听审。
②皇家刑事法庭处理刑事审判的起诉书。
③在北爱尔兰，由治安法院提出的上诉判决交由郡法庭处理。
Ⅲ.Civil Courts
1.England and Wales
①Magistrates’ Courts have limited civil jurisdiction.
②The main courts of civil jurisdiction in England and Wales are 270 County Courts.
③The High Court deals with the more complicated civil cases.
Ⅲ．民事法庭
1．英格兰和威尔士
①治安法院的民事管辖权有限。
②英格兰和威尔士的主要民事法庭是270个郡法院。
③高等法院处理更为复杂的民事案件。
2.Scotland
The civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.
2．苏格兰
民事法庭包括郡法院和巡回法院。
3.Northern Ireland
County courts are primarily civil law courts, in which civil cases up to the value of 15,000 are dealt with.
3．北爱尔兰
郡法院主要是民事法庭，需要处理的民事案件价值高达15000英镑。
Ⅳ.The Judiciary
1. There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor, the Home Secretary and the Attorney General.
2. There are 43 police forces in England and Wales, 8 in Scotland and one in Northern Ireland.
Ⅳ．司法
1．英国没有司法部。中心责任在于大法官，内政大臣和检察长。
2．英格兰和苏格兰有43个警察部队，苏格兰有8个，北爱尔兰有1个。
Ⅵ. Treatment of Offenders
1. Capital punishment (a sentence of death) for murder has been abolished in the U. K.
2. A court probation order can last between six months and three years.
3. The Prison Service in England and Wales and the Scottish Prison Service became executive agencies in April, 1993.
Ⅵ．对罪犯的处理
1．英国废除了因谋杀而判的死刑罪。
2．法院的缓刑时间为6个月到3年。
3． 1993年4月，英格兰，威尔士和苏格兰的监狱管理局成为执行机构。