2011年对外经济贸易大学815经济学综合考研真题
一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分）
1以下各组商品中，（ ）组商品的需求交叉弹性最可能为正值。
A．网球拍和网球
B．牛肉和牛皮
C．牛肉和鸡肉
D．冰淇淋和钢笔
2一条无差异曲线的斜率揭示了（ ）。
A．偏好是完全的
B．一个商品对于另一个商品的边际替代率
C．市场价格的比率
D．偏好是可传递的
3如果随着产量的增加，平均变动成本不断下降，则表明在这一阶段的生产过程中，变动要素的（ ）。
A．边际产量不断增加
B．平均产量不断增加
C．边际产量不断减少
D．平均产量不断减少
4一个垄断厂商将其边际成本为15元的产品以20元的价格出售，则该产品在此价格水平上的需求价格弹性等于（ ）。
A．2
B．3
C．4
D．5
5当由于信息不对称出现高质量产品被驱逐出市场时，这种情况被称为（ ）。
A．逆向选择
B．道德风险
C．柠檬问题
D．A和C是正确的
6根据国民收入核算恒等式，如果政府预算为赤字，国际贸易为盈余，则（ ）。
A．国内私人投资大于私人储蓄
B．国内私人投资小于私人储蓄
C．两者相等
D．无法判断两者大小
7假如IS曲线和LM曲线的交点所对应的均衡国民收入低于充分就业水平，那么如果要达到充分就业水平而保持利率不变，政府应该（ ）。
A．增加政府支出
B．同时增加政府支出和货币供给量
C．增加货币供给量
D．同时增加税收和货币供给量
8存款准备金率越高，则（ ）。
A．货币供给越大
B．物价水平越高
C．银行贷款意愿越大
D．货币乘数越小
9根据新古典增长模型，如果人均资本高于黄金分割律水平，则可以（ ）。
A．降低储蓄率，从而增加消费
B．增加储蓄率，从而增加消费
C．降低储蓄率，从而减少消费
D．增加储蓄率，从而减少消费
10若一国经济中菲利普斯曲线为πt＝5%－0.3（ut－6%）。据此我们可以知道该经济的预期通货膨胀率为（ ）。
A．0%
B．0.3%
C．5%
D．6%
二、判断下列表述的经济含义是否正确（每小题1分，共10分）
1消费者沿着需求曲线向右下方移动时，他的效用水平在提高。（ ）
2当成本-产出弹性大于1时，生产中存在着规模经济。（ ）
3单个消费者的劳动供给曲线可能向后弯曲，因此劳动的市场供给曲线也一定如此。（ ）
4在一个完全竞争的行业内，需求的持续增加会导致现有企业利润的增加和其他企业的进入。（ ）
5虽然垄断厂商具有价格决定权，但它也只能通过提价将政府对其所征收的间接税部分地转嫁给消费者。（ ）
6托宾的q值增加时，企业融资困难、投资减少。（ ）
7由于政府向失业者提供的救济金和保险公司收取的保险金都没有相应的物品和劳务的交换发生，因此都不计入到一国的GDP中。（ ）
8基尼系数越趋近于0，社会收入分配的程度越平等。（ ）
9开放经济中自发性支出变动的乘数效应大于封闭经济中的乘数效应。（ ）
10理性预期学派认为，无论在短期还是长期中，菲利普斯曲线所表示的失业率与通货膨胀的交替关系都不存在。（ ）
三、名词解释（每小题4分，共16分）
1无谓损失（deadweight loss）
2节俭悖论
3外部经济
4菜单成本
四、计算题（每题10分，共20分）
1已知某完全竞争市场的需求函数为Q＝60000－3200P；短期市场供给函数为Q＝15000＋1300P。单个企业在LAC曲线最低点的价格为10，产量为20；单个企业的成本规模不变。
（1）求市场的短期均衡价格和均衡产量。
（2）判断（1）中的市场是否同时处于长期均衡，求行业内的厂商数量。
（3）如果市场的需求函数变为Q＝72000－3200P；短期供给函数为Q＝27000＋1300P。求市场的短期均衡价格和产量。
（4）判断（3）中市场是否同时处于长期均衡，并求行业内厂商数量。
（5）判断该行业属于什么类型。
（6）需要新加入多少企业，才能由（1）到（3）所增加的行业总产量？
2假设一经济体系的消费函数为C＝600＋0.8Yd，投资函数为I＝400－50r，政府购买为G＝200，货币需求函数为L＝250＋0.5Y－125r，货币供给Ms＝1250，价格水平P＝1。假定政府只收取定额税，并且保持预算平衡，求：
（1）IS和LM方程。
（2）均衡收入和利率。
（3）设充分就业时收入水平为Y*＝5000，若用增加政府购买实现充分就业，就需要增加多少购买？
五、证明与简答题（每题8分，共16分）
1作图分析并说明政府对汽油征税并以所得税减免的方式返还全部税额时，消费者的满足程度将会下降。
2请简述中央银行购买财政部门发行的国债对该国货币供应量的影响。
六、论述题（每题14分，共28分）
1“财政部发通知，家电下乡补贴可以通过五种方式，即农民申领、乡镇政府审核并兑付方式，农民申领、金融机构审核并兑付方式，销售网点代办申领、乡镇财政所审核确认并兑付方式，销售网点代办申领、金融机构审核确认并兑付方式，销售网点代办申领并垫付方式。”请根据以上材料，利用经济学原理分析其经济影响。
22010年10月份我国CPI同比增长4.4%，11月份同比增长5.1%，创28个月以来的新高。山东、江苏、浙江等省市民政部门相继宣布发放临时物价补贴，以缓解近期粮食等主要食品价格上涨对低收入群体带来的生活压力，同时，中央银行也在两个月内连续采取了提高存货款利率和三次提高法定准备金率的政策。根据宏观经济理论分析：
（1）通货膨胀对我国经济产生什么影响？
（2）政府采取的经济政策会对我国的消费、投资、国民收入等经济变量产生怎样的影响？
七、专业英语（英译中，共计50分）
1. Price controls（20分）
Governments have been trying to set maximum or minimum prices since ancient times. The appeal of price controls is understandable. Even though they fail to protect many consumers and hurt others, controls hold out the promise of protecting groups that are particularly hard-pressed to meet price increases. Thus, the prohibition against usury—charging high interest on loans—was intended to protect someone forced to borrow out of desperation; the maximum price for bread was supposed to protect the poor, who depended on bread to survive; and rent controls were supposed to protect those who were renting when the demand for apartments exceeded the supply, and landlords were preparing to “gouge” their tenants.
Despite the frequent use of price controls, however, and despite their appeal, economists are generally opposed to them, except perhaps for very brief periods during emergencies. The reason most economists are skeptical about price controls is that they distort the allocation of resources. Price ceilings, which prevent prices from exceeding a certain maximum, cause shortages. Price floors, which prohibit prices below a certain minimum, cause surpluses, at least for a time. Because controls prevent the price system from rationing the available supply, some other mechanism must take its place. A queue, once a familiar sight in the controlled economies of Eastern Europe, is one possibility.
With all of the problems generated by controls, we can well ask why they are ever imposed and why they are sometimes maintained for so long. The answer, in part, is that the public does not always see the links between controls and the problems they create. General price controls—controls on prices of many goods—are often imposed when the public becomes alarmed that inflation is out of control. However, most inflation, even in wartime, is due to inflationary, monetary and fiscal policies rather than to panic buying. Inflation is extremely difficult to contain through general controls, in part because the attempt to limit control to a manageable sector of the economy is usually hopeless. By examining cases in which controls have prevented the price mechanism from working, we gain a better appreciation of its usual elegance and efficiency. This does not mean that there are no circumstances in which temporary controls may be effective. But a fair reading of economic history shows just how rare those circumstances are.
2. The future of Chinese M&A（20分）
Where will M&A be targeted? The data available to date on larger deals mask some trends identified by those on the front-lines of the deal-making. “Diversification is a natural process, evolution,” says the head of China M&A at a western investment bank. “The government may have given rigid marching orders in the past, but it’s now more market-oriented. There has been a concentration of deals among some successful companies but more and more companies are now looking.” This will include different sectors and private companies, and also more regional SOEs, such as Yanzhou Coal, which recently bought Australia’s Felix Resources.
It is a safe bet that Chinese firms will continue to seek a secure supply of mining and natural-resource assets. These are the fuels of the mighty Chinese industrial juggernaut, which has a ways to go before shifting into top gear. But the nature of investment in resources is likely to change. As we have already seen, CIC, China’s sovereign wealth fund, has become more active in accessing resource deals. Companies directly involved in the resources sector are likely to chase smaller equity stakes, although this should generate higher volumes overall, some observers say. In terms of M&A, Chinese interest will remain keen in markets where resources have been developed and are easily accessible, such as Australia and Canada. But China has also begun to cut deals with resource-rich African nations under which it will fund the building of infrastructure in exchange for resources such as oil and copper.
Clean energy is also billed as a strong candidate for deals. China is now the world’s leading producer of greenhouse emissions and is in desperate need of less-polluting power sources. But no less important is the fact that China regards clean energy as one of the most promising new sectors in which no country has a huge advantage over the others. China thus feels it can leverage massive potential demand in its domestic market to become a global industry leader.
Technology of any kind will be a prime target of Chinese M&A. Sectors of particular note include car components, IT and micro-electronics. Meanwhile, Chinese suppliers to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are now buying those OEMs to control the whole supply chain.
3. Law and economics（10分）
Law and economics, known as the economic analysis of law, stresses that markets are more efficient than courts. When possible, the legal system, according to the positive theory, will force a transaction into the market. When this is impossible, the legal system attempts to “mimic a market” and guess at what the parties would have desired if markets had been feasible.
The second characteristic of law and economics is its emphasis on incentives and people’s responses to these incentives. For example, the purpose of damage payments in accident (tort) law is not to compensate injured parties, but rather to provide an incentive for potential injurers to take efficient (cost-justified) precautions to avoid causing the accident. Law and economics shares with other branches of economics the assumption that individuals are rational and respond to incentives. When penalties for an action increase, people will undertake less of that action. Law and economics is more likely than other branches of legal analysis to use empirical or statistical methods to measure these responses to incentives.