第二节 语态
(一)基本概念
语态是描述句子中动词和参与此动作的主语之间关系的一个术语。英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示句子里的主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示句子里的主语是动作的承受者。
(二)被动语态构成形式
注:将来进行时和现在完成进行时无被动语态。
(三)被动语态的用法
1.不知道或不必说出动作的执行者时使用被动语态
例1:The constitution was amended in 1920 to give women the right to vote.
美国宪法于1920年修订,赋予妇女投票权。
例2:Phil was awarded the top prize.菲尔获得头奖。
2.强调动作的承受者时使用被动语态
例1:No employees of the firm are allowed to anticipate their salary.
这家商行不允许雇员提前支用薪金。
例2:His disease was complicated by pneumonia.
他的病因并发肺炎而加重。
例3:Wood cuttings and sawdust can be compressed into boards.
木屑和锯末可压制成板。
例4:The soldiers were confronted by two terrorists as they left their camp.
士兵们离开营房时,迎面遇到两个恐怖分子。
例5:The World Cup, on the other hand, was searched for as both a sporting event and a cultural experience.
另一方面,世界杯作为体育盛事和文化体验也成了热门搜索项。
3.当动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物时使用被动语态
例:He was delivered from ignorance by education.
教育把他从无知中解救出来。
(四)没有被动语态的动词
1.表示状态或特征的及物动词没有被动形式
如cost, fit, have, suit等。另外,诸如happen=take place(发生), break out(爆发), break down(坏了)等不及物动词或短语以及诸如result from(缘于), belong to(属于), consist of(构成)等只用主动语态,而不用被动语态。
2.不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态
如:appear, die, disappear, end(vi.结束), fail, last, lie, remain, sit, spread(传播), stand, come true, fall asleep。
3.大多数系动词无被动语态
如:be, feel(摸起来), sound(听起来), look(看起来), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来)等词,它们的主动形式表示被动意义。
例:The skirt feels very soft.这件裙子摸起来很柔软。
(五)被动语态与系表结构的区别
有的过去分词用作形容词,作be的表语,形式上很容易与被动语态混淆,两者的区别如下:
1.被动语态一般会带by短语,而系表结构不带by短语
例1:The old bridge has been condemned by the government.
这座旧桥已被政府宣告不能使用。
例2:His remark was calculated to hurt her.
他的话是故意要伤她的。
2. be+过去分词,若是一般现在时,且句中有时间状语说明动作的反复性,则该句为被动语态,否则就是系表结构
例1:The bank is usually closed at six.银行通常六点关门。(被动)
例2:The bank is closed.银行关门了。(系表)
3.被动语态表示一个动作,而系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态
例1:I was suddenly aroused by a slight noise.
我突然被一个细小的声音惊醒。(被动)
例2:This species of butterfly is widely distributed over our country.
这种蝴蝶在我国分布很广。(系表)
例3:Our population is concentrated in the big cities.
我国人口集中在大城市里。(系表)
4.表示“使……引起某种感情”的动词过去分词是系表结构;同样,be+不及物动词的过去分词也是系表结构
例1:His mother was annoyed with him for being so rude to their neighbors.
他母亲因为他对邻居如此粗暴无礼而生他的气。(be+及物动词过去分词)
例2:American families are deeply worried about how their personal information is being used by technology and online companies, yet the companies appear to be keeping their heads deep in the sand.(be+不及物动词过去分词)
美国家庭对于他们的个人信息被技术公司和网络公司利用而深感忧虑,然而企业们似乎一直在回避这一问题。