局部晚期鼻咽癌的化疗
史琪 胡超苏
复旦大学附属肿瘤医院
一、概述
鼻咽癌在我国东南沿海、东南亚及地中海等地区高发,具有显著地方性。随着诊断技术和多学科综合治疗的发展,鼻咽癌疗效大幅提高,5年生存率达80%以上,而早期患者5年生存率达90%以上。然而在局部晚期患者中,虽然放疗技术的进步显著改善局部控制,远处转移的控制仍不理想并已是影响患者生存的主要问题。因此,寻求更有效的放疗与化疗结合模式势在必行。
二、化疗在鼻咽癌综合治疗中的地位
对于局部晚期鼻咽癌而言,放化疗结合的综合治疗是基本治疗原则。一项综合了10项随机临床研究2450例鼻咽癌患者的荟萃分析显示:加用化疗后死亡风险比为0.82,5年生存率(OS)绝对增加4%;同期放化疗组OS提高最多,达20%,同时还提高局控和无瘤生存率,降低远处转移率;辅助化疗是否提高生存率未能定论;而新辅助化疗虽能降低局部复发率和远处转移率,但未能提高总生存 [1]。MAC-NPC协作组荟萃分析4806例鼻咽癌患者发现:化疗显著提高局部区域控制、无进展生存、肿瘤特异生存并降低远处转移,并可转化为生存获益,加用化疗后死亡风险比为0.79,5年OS绝对增加6.3%,而这一获益来自同期加辅助化疗(HR 0.65,0.56~0.76)或同期放化疗(0.80,0.70~0.93),单纯辅助化疗或诱导化疗无显著生存获益[2]。可见,化疗已确立了在鼻咽癌综合治疗中的重要价值。而鼻咽癌综合治疗的模式,主要取决于放疗与化疗的不同联合模式,可分为新辅助化疗、同期放化疗和辅助化疗。
(一)同期放化疗
同期放化疗因能提高鼻咽癌患者生存而成为最早受到肯定的一种治疗模式。临床研究及荟萃分析均证实,同期放化疗较单纯放疗带来明显生存获益,尤其对局部晚期患者。一项Ⅲ期临床研究入组284名Ⅲ、Ⅳ期无远处转移鼻咽癌患者,随机分为单纯放疗组和PF方案同期放化疗组。结果同期组的局部失败率、远处转移率均显著低于放疗组,且同期组5年鼻咽无进展生存率(89.3%)、无进展生存率(PFS)(71.6%)、总生存率(72.3%)均显著高于后者,仅伴有Ⅲ、Ⅳ级急性毒副作用的轻度增高[3]。Chan等进行的Ⅲ期研究得到类似结论即同期组5年OS显著高于单纯放疗组;同期组较放疗组死亡风险比为0.71,在T3-4的亚组分析中,死亡风险比进一步降至0.51[4]。一项比较同期放化疗(CCRT)和单纯放疗的荟萃分析纳入1608名患者,2、3、5年CCRT较单纯放疗死亡相对危险度分别为:0.63(95%CI 0.50~0.80),0.76(95%CI 0.61~0.93),0.74(95%CI 0.62~0.89)[5]。因此,同期放化疗如今已成为局部晚期鼻咽癌的标准治疗模式。
(二)新辅助化疗
新辅助化疗又称为诱导化疗。由于其应用时机在放射治疗前,故具有如下优点:①肿瘤血供好,利于化疗药物分布至肿瘤局部并发挥抗肿瘤作用;②及早杀灭可能存在的全身亚临床转移灶;③对于局部晚期患者,可较早地减轻肿瘤负荷,同时提高对后续放疗的敏感性;④此时患者一般状况较好,对化疗的耐受性高。Ouyang等发表一篇荟萃分析(共1418名患者)发现加用新辅助化疗后(NACT)死亡风险、远处转移风险显著降低(HR 0.82,P=0.03;RR 0.69,P=0.0002),局控无明显改善(P=0.49;RR 0.90)[6]。另一前瞻性研究5年随访结果则提示CCRT组无病生存率(65.1%)、OS(74.3%)未优于NACT组(无病生存率51.5%、OS 71.7%);但亚组分析治疗结束2年内无复发患者,CCRT组局部区域控制优于NACT组[7]。Xu等比较NACT和CCRT在局部晚期鼻咽癌的疗效,Ⅲ期临床研究初步结果提示:①5年随访结果未显示CCRT在OS、无复发生存率、无病生存率方面优于NACT;②CCRT提高了5年无远处转移生存率(MFS)(79.0% vs 86.9%,P=0.05,HR=0.59);③亚组分析显示MFS提高来自T3-4N0-1患者;④NACT在急性毒副作用方面略优于CCRT[8]。尽管新辅助化疗可能降低远处转移风险,但由于较同期放化疗的优势并不明显,且未带来更多生存获益,故诱导化疗联合放疗的模式仍颇有争议。
对于局部晚期鼻咽癌化疗策略的制定,诱导化疗与同期放化疗的叠加能否带来更多获益也一直备受关注。尽管Ⅱ期研究表明患者对这种高强度的化疗策略可耐受且可获得较满意的生存和疾病控制率[9,10],但既往的Ⅲ期临床研究可能由于诱导化疗方案的选择、诱导化疗后同期化疗剂量强度相对不足等因素使诱导加同期化疗组未能显示更多生存获益[11,12]。荟萃分析也多提示诱导联合同期化疗在控制远处转移方面较同期化疗有优势,但总生存没有明显获益[13-15]。然而去年,由中山大学肿瘤防治中心的马骏教授团队发起多中心临床研究证实,对于局部晚期鼻咽癌患者,多西他赛、顺铂联合氟尿嘧啶(TPF)方案的诱导化疗联合同期顺铂放化疗,相比于同期放化疗,显著地降低了治疗失败率(3年无失败生存率 80%vs. 72%,P=0.034),改善了总生存(3年总生存率 92% vs. 86%,P=0.029)[16]。这是第一项在局部晚期鼻咽癌中证实诱导化疗联合同期放化疗优于同期放化疗的前瞻性Ⅲ期研究,有望改写目前的诊疗规范。
(三)辅助化疗
尽管研究表明同期放化疗加辅助化疗相比单纯放疗可带来生存获益[17-19],但生存获益更多来自同期放化疗,辅助化疗价值并不确切。Chen等进行的多中心Ⅲ期临床研究首次证实对局部晚期鼻咽癌,同期放化疗基础上的辅助化疗未进一步提高疗效(2年FFS 86.0% vs 84.0%,P=0.13),且明显增加3~4级毒副作用[20]。2013年的一篇荟萃分析中,辅助化疗仅降低局部复发风险(P=0.03;RR 0.71),而总生存和远处转移风险无获益。[6]另有荟萃分析总结8个随机临床研究、2144例患者,发现同期加辅助化疗较同期放化疗并未显著降低死亡风险 [HR=0.86(0.6~1.16)][21]。
对于在接受诱导化疗后不能耐受足够剂量强度同期化疗的局部晚期鼻咽癌患者,复旦大学附属肿瘤医院何霞云前瞻性Ⅱ期研究,通过诱导化疗与辅助化疗结合的模式也提供了一种很好的选择[22]。该研究对于局部晚期鼻咽癌患者,先给予2疗程吉西他滨联合顺铂(GP)诱导化疗,然后给予调强放射治疗,再给予2疗程GP方案辅助化疗。最终97%的患者完成了诱导化疗,84%完成了2疗程辅助化疗。经过5年多的随访,5年总生存率达82.1%,5年局控和远处控制率达92.2%、89.0%。总体上取得了喜人的疗效且患者依从性良好,这为无法耐受同期放化疗的局部晚期鼻咽癌患者提供了一个很好的治疗选择。
(四)调强放疗时代化疗模式的新思考
尽管同步放化疗因其所能带来的生存获益已在局部晚期鼻咽癌治疗中占据重要地位,然而随着调强放疗(IMRT)时代的全面到来,同步放化疗的地位开始面临质疑和挑战。Sun等分析了868例接受调强放疗的鼻咽癌患者远期随访结果,发现局部晚期患者中接受CCRT组和未接受CCRT组在疾病特异性生存率(78.4% vs. 79.1%,P=0.340)、无局部复发生存率(89.7% vs. 89.1%,P=0.197)、无区域复发生存率(96.6%vs. 96.0%,P=0.280)、无远处转移生存率(79.0% vs. 80.8%,P=0.998)以及无进展生存方面(70.5% vs. 68.8%,P=0.48)并无明显差异[23]。Yi等对比局部晚期患者接受IMRT同步整合加量和接受同步放化疗的预后,发现在局部控制率(80.6% vs.90.8%,P=0.10)、远处转移率(79.6% vs. 86.0%,P=0.27)、总生存率(71.7% vs. 83.2%,P=0.201)方面无显著差异[24]。Zhang等回顾性分析了120例分别接受TP方案(多西他赛+顺铂)诱导化疗联合单纯调强放疗和接受TP方案诱导化疗、奈达铂同期化疗联合调强放疗的局部晚期鼻咽癌,同样发现加用同期化疗组在局部区域控制(86% vs 92.3%,P=0.92)、远处转移控制(81.7% vs 79.6%,P=0.596)、总生存(83.3% vs 87.4%,P=0.516)无优势[25]。复旦大学附属肿瘤医院的胡超苏、区晓敏报道了本院采用调强放疗治疗的869例无远处转移鼻咽癌5年生存情况,也发现局部晚期患者中CCRT并不是影响生存的独立预后因素(仅对远处转移的控制造成临界差异,83.6%vs 75.7%,P=0.05)。但单因素生存分析发现采用诱导化疗联合CCRT、诱导结合辅助化疗、CCRT+/-辅助化疗在5年OS上较诱导化疗联合单纯调强放疗取得明显优势(83.0% vs 83.1%vs 80.0% vs 62.6%,P=0.03)。此外,经单因素和多因素分析明确顺铂总剂量≥300mg/m2是总生存[HR 0.554(0.350~0.879),P=0.012]、无病生存[HR 0.688(0.486~0.976),P=0.036]、无远处转移生存[HR 0.501(0.313~0.800),P=0.004]的独立预后因素[26]。尽管目前尚缺乏足够的大规模前瞻性研究证据,但上述研究仍提示我们去思考和探索,IMRT时代同步放化疗的地位是否已被悄悄撼动?是否能为新的治疗模式的组合所替代?目前有数项正在进行的前瞻性随机临床研究在使用IMRT技术前提下,比较采用CCRT的治疗模式与其他不采用CCRT的综合治疗模式的疗效,结果令人期待。
三、结语
对局部晚期鼻咽癌而言,放疗与化疗结合的综合治疗是基本治疗原则。两者结合模式多种多样,临床医师和研究者正不断寻找能带来最大程度生存获益且患者可耐受的综合治疗模式。同期放化疗是目前局部晚期鼻咽癌的标准治疗模式,但在IMRT时代,其地位也可能受到挑战。新辅助化疗联合同期放化疗有望为局部晚期鼻咽癌带来更多生存获益。在同期放化疗的基础上联用辅助化疗未能带来进一步生存获益,但对无法耐受新辅助化疗联合同期放化疗的局部晚期患者,新辅助化疗和辅助化疗结合的模式也是一个很好的治疗选择。
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