第一章 概论 Chapter One Introduction
绿道的发展史 Development History of Green
世界上第一条真正意义的绿道始建于1867年，是Frederick Law Olmsted设计的美国波士顿公园绿道。而1996年制定完成的《泛欧生态和景观多样性战略》，为欧洲各国协调绿道规划建设提供了基础性框架。经过一个多世纪的理论探索与建设实践，特别是20世纪80年代绿道得名以来，建设绿道成为一个国际运动，在全世界蓬勃发展，世界上有数千个国际、国家和区域层次的绿道项目。绿道系统的规划建设也逐渐成熟和完善，并成为世界各国解决生态环保问题和提高居民生活质量的重要手段。目前，主要发达国家基本上都进行了城市绿道系统建设。
The world's first greenway was constructed in 1867. It was the Boston Public Garden greenway in the United States, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted.The Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy,made in 1996 provided a fundamental framework for the greenway construction in various European countries. After one century's theoretical research and constructive practice, especially after the definition of greenway in 1980s, greenway has become an international movement and is developed in fast speed. The world has thousands international, national and regional greenways. The construction of greenway system gradually become mature and improved. It has become a significant measure to enhance civilian's living standard and to solve the ecological and environmental issues.
中国的绿道建设起步较晚。2010年，广东省批准《珠江三角洲绿道网总体规划纲要》，在此规划里国内第一次出现了绿道的定义，开始了中国绿道的建设步伐。广东省最早的绿道建设主要为景观类绿道的建设，大部分绿道设置在实施条件较好的城市外围地区。这些绿道在投入使用后出现了一个难以回避的问题：尽管拥有高质量的绿道，但是由于绿道距离社区过远，居民到达不便，导致绿道使用率偏低。而在市区内部距离社区较近的绿道却很受市民欢迎。
The greenway construction in China was carried out in a late start. In China, the construction of greenway started after The Pearl River Delta Greenway Network Master Plan Outline, which was sanctioned by Guangdong province in 2010. The beginning of greenway construction in Guangdong province was mainly constructions inside landscapes. Most of the greenways were implemented in the outer areas of cities where is easier for the construction. There is an inevitable task following the openning of the greenways. Despite the high quality of greenways, they are not convenient for civilians to access, thus causes low frequency of usage. However, the greenways located inside the cities near the neighborhoods are very popular among the civilians.
2010年后，越来越多的城市开始意识到绿道对城市发展有着巨大的正面影响，绿道也逐渐成为城市建设的宠儿，在中国快速发展起来。截止到2014年底，中国绿道建设总里程已达到10950公里，规划建设总里程5万余公里，兴建绿道的城市从最初广东省珠三角9个城市到现在广东、北京、河北、福建等数省的六十几个城市。尽管国内绿道、省内绿道建设取得了非凡成绩，但是与国外优秀绿道系统相比，普遍在“连通、连续、隔离、可达、服务”等几个人性化设计方面存在问题，这五个方面是一个良好绿道系统的关键因素，也是未来中国绿道需要着重完善和努力的方向。
After 2010, more and more cities started to realize that greenway has great positive influence on cities' development. Greenway has gradually become the favor of city construction, and has been developing rapidly in China. By the end of 2014, the total greenway construction has reached almost 10,950 km. The expected total length is 50,000 km. The cities have newly constructed greenway from the earliest 9 cities in Pearl River Delta in Guangdong to Beijing, Hebei, Fujian and over 60 cities in other provinces. Although the provincial greenway construction in domestic greenway has gained remarkable results, however, there are still some problems compared with the greenway system overseas, such as the issues of connectivity, continuity, accessibility, services and other problems about human-oriented design. These are key elements for constructing a good greenway system, and are also the important points that should be enhanced in the future greenway in China.
国内外目前在绿道理论研究方面，涌现出了大量的研究成果，出版了大量的研究专著，但是绿道关于使用者的需求和人性化的设计方面的绿道文献却并不多见，因而具体的技术细节也并不为国内多数人知晓。本书所介绍的设计方法，主要基于ITDP的国内外绿道规划建设经验和对国外绿道设计细节的研究，这些方法未必覆盖绿道设计的所有方法，但却是国内较为少见的方式，既简单易行、成本低，又针对国内现状，效果显著。对于提高绿道安全性，建设便捷和易于使用的绿道，有着重要的现实意义。希望这些设计手法能够广泛应用于中国的绿道建设之中，建设更有吸引力的中国绿道。
Currently, there are a large number of research achievement and publishment on theoretical analysis of greenway in China and other countries. However, research on users' needs and human-oriented designs in greenway are not sufficient, thus, specific technologies and detail designs are not widely known in China. This book introduces the design measures, which are mainly based on ITDP's greenway planning and constructing experience domestically and internationally, and researches on international detail designing. These measures do not fully cover all design methods of greenway, but those are relatively rare in China. They are easy for implementation and cost-saving. They also fit the current situation in China and have effective results. Therefore, they have realistic significance on enhancing the safety, convenience and accessibility of greenway. We hope that these design measures can be widely utilized on the greenway construction in China, and help our country to make greenway more attractive.
