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(24)助动词用法

加在动词之前以补足其意的词就叫做助动词(Auxiliary Verb),其主要的动词,就称主动词(Principal Verb)。有些助动词是有过去的变化的,如 do-did,will-would,shall-should,may-might,can-could,dare-dared(durst),其他如 must,ought to,need,则只有一个形式没有任何变化。兹将各助动词分别举例说明如下:

1. Do(后接略去了 to 的不定词)

a. 在问句及否定句中通常要用 do。

Do you take exercise everyday?(问句)

你每天都要运动吗?

Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.(否定句)

鸡卵未孵勿先数雏。(格言)

但在 to be,to have 的时候,则不用 do,如:

Have you friends or relatives in this city?

你在本城有亲戚朋友吗?

②Life is not a picture.

人生并不如画。

b. who,what 等疑问词用作宾语时要 do,但用作主语时则不要 do,如:

Whom do you want to see?(宾语)

你要找谁?

Who knocked at the door?(主语)

有谁敲门啊?

(注意)如说“Who did knock at the door?”便错了。

c. 在用有疑问词的问句中要 do,但在从句中则不要 do,如:

Where did you buy it?

你在哪里买的?

②Will you tell me where you bought it

你可以告诉我你在哪里买的吗?

d. 加强动词的意思时要用 do,如:

①I do hope that you will succeed this time.

我真希望你这次会成功。

②When he does come,he is generally late.

他即令来,也总是到得很迟的。

e. 在倒装语句中要加用助动词:

①Not for a moment did he falter in his purpose.

他的志向坚定不移,一会儿都不动摇。

②He stood still,nor did I move.

他静立,我也不动。

f. 用 do 来做代动词(Pro-Verb),以避免重复使用动词:

①We need not be ashamed if others know more than we do(= know).

如果别人知道得比我们多,我们也用不着羞耻。

②The ostrich does not build a nest as most birds do,but lay its eggs in the sand.(do = build a nest)

鸵鸟和别的鸟不同,是不筑巢的,它把卵产在沙中。

2. May(后接略去了 to 的不定词)

a. 许可:

May I swim in this pool?

我可以在此池中游泳吗?

②You may take anything you like.

你喜欢什么就可以拿什么。

b. 可能:

①As it is very cold today,we may have rain tomorrow.

因为今天非常的冷,明天可能下雨。

②Young men may die;old men must.

年轻人也可能死,老年人则必死。

c. 可能不是(加否定用):

The news may not be true.

那新闻可能不是真的。

d. 祈愿:

May you succeed!

愿你成功!

②Long may live the Republic!

共和国万岁!

e. 目的(连 that 用):

He spoke very slowly that we might understand him better.

他说得很慢,好使我们听懂。

3. Can(后接略去了 to 的不定词)

a. 能够:

①What cannot be cured must be endured.(格言)

不能治好的病只好忍受。

②Never defer till tomorrow what you can do today.

今天能够做的事绝不要拖到明天。

b. 不可能:

①He cannot be over fifty.

他不可能有五十岁以上。

Can the report be true?

那传说不可能是真的。

c. 可以(= may):

You can go or not,as you like.

你或去或留一任尊便。

(注意)can 不能与 will 或 shall 连用,用时要得将 can 改为 be able to,如:

I shall be able to go abroad.

我将能出洋。

4. Will(后接略去了 to 的不定词)

a. 将来(第二、三人称):

①You will hear from me in a day or two.

一两天之内,你就会接到我的信的。

②He will succeed in his enterprise.

他将在事业上成功。

b. 许诺(第一人称):

I will do exactly as you wish.

我会完全照你的意思做的。

c. 决心(第一、二、三人称):

①I will go,whatever you may say.

不管你怎样说我都要去。

②If you will behave like that,what can you expect?

如果你行为如此,你还期望什么呢?

③He will have things done in the right way.

他一定会把事情做好。

5. Shall(后接略去了 to 的不定词)

a. 将来(第一人称):

I shall be returning to town on Tuesday.

我礼拜二就回到城里来。

b. 许诺(第二、三人称):

①You shall have the goods at once.

你定的货立刻送上。

②He shall not be kept waiting very long.

不会让他久等的。

c. 强迫(第一、二、三人称):

①They say that we shall agree to their terms.

他们说我们非同意他们的条件不可。

②You shall do as I say.

你非得照我说的做不可。

③He shall pay you every cent he owes you.

他借你的钱每个子儿都得还你。

6. Would(后接略去了 to 的不定词)

a. 过去的习惯:

Passers-by would often take pity on this blind beggar and drop coppers into the basket.

路人常要同情这瞎叫花,而丢铜板在篮子里。

b. 坚强的意志(= wish to):

Men who would succeed must be abreast of the times.

想要成功的人必得与时代并进。

c. 愿望(= I wish):

Would that I were young again.(= I wish I were young again.)但愿青春可再。

Would I were a bird.(= I wish I were a bird.)我愿做一个小鸟。

d. 选择(加 rather 用):

I would rather die than live without you.

我宁死也不愿失掉你。

e. 过去的决心:

He said he would do his best.(= He said,“I will do my best. ”)他说他一定尽力。

f. 过去的拒绝:

I offered him some money,but he would not take it. 我给他钱,他绝对不受。

7. Should(后接略去了 to 的不定词)

a. 应当(义务):

You should obey your parents.

你应当服从你的父母。

b. 在 lest 之后,无论主句是现在或过去均可:

He works(又 worked)hard lest he should fail.

他很用功,以免失败。

c. 在假定与现在或过去事实相反的条件句的主句中叙述现在所存留的那种结果:

I should not be alive at this moment,if it were not for him.

如果不是他的话,我这时早已没有命了。

d. 在条件句文将前提分句省略,只留下一个归结分句(即主句)时;这常表示客气的说法:

①I should like to ask you to do me a favor.

我想请你帮我一个忙。

②You find her rather troublesome to teach,I should be afraid.——Gissing,Life’s Morning

我恐怕你教她,会感到很麻烦的吧。

③The apple-woman is a hundred,I should think,and yet she is out there when it rains even.

那卖苹果的老太婆恐怕有一百岁了,但是甚至天下着雨她还是要跑出外面来的。

④I should suppose any one would be proud of such a fine thing.

我想任何人对于这样一件好东西,都会觉得骄傲的。

⑤We are pretty good companions,I should say.

我想我们是很好的朋友吧。

e. 在 that 引导的,内容并非事实而全出于想象的从句中,三个人称皆用 should,并无别特意义:

①It is very surprising to me that you should know so little about it.

你对于那事竟不知道,真使我大吃一惊。

②It is better for him that the boy should not be told until he is much older.

等那孩子长大了再告诉他,对他更好。

③After the excitement of the last few days it was natural he should be tired.

在过去几天那般兴奋之后,他当然要感到疲倦的。

④It was right that these problems should have the first consideration.

这个问题要先考虑是对的。

⑤What a pity that a man with so good a heart should be so weak in the head.

那样一个好心肠的人会有这样迟钝的头脑,真是一件遗憾的事。

f. 在表示“决定”“意向”“命令”“建议”等主要从句后所接的 that-clause 中,不论任何人称都用 should:

①It was decided that the wretched hovels should be pulled down and new houses should be built.

决定把破房子拆掉而建筑新房子。

②He was anxious that his son should have a good education.

他切望他的儿子能受到良好的教育。

③The girl made a sign that he should come to her.

那女郎做个手势要他到她跟前去。

④He had ordered that the child should be sent alone into his room.

他命令将孩子一人送回房间去。

⑤After dinner,he proposed that we should smoke in the garden.

饭后他提议我们到花园里去抽烟。

g. 接在过去的主句后的形容词从句中,三个人称都用 should,表示从过去来看未来的:

①He longed for the morning to come,when he should see her again.

他期待着再见到她的早晨到临。

②Alexander hoped to make one mighty empire of the world,in which men of every race should be as brothers.

亚历山大希望把世界做成各民族亲如兄弟一般的一大帝国。

③Napoleon set to work to build a huge fleet which should be able to defeat the British fleet.

拿破仑着手建立一个足以击破英国舰队的强力的舰队。

h. 接在过去的主句后的副词从句中,三个人称都用 should,表示从过去来看未来的:

①She wanted to keep a little shop while her husband should be away.

她打算在丈夫不在家的时候,经营一个小店。

②It was necessary to live his days somehow until death should come.

到死为止总得想办法度日。

③She had to look nice and fresh for her patient;when the next day should start.

在第二天开始的时候,她必得为她的病人们做出新鲜活泼的样子来。

④He ran down lest rain should begin to fall.

他怕下雨匆匆跑下去了。

⑤Hester would not set him free,lest he should look her sternly in the face.——Hawthorne,Scarlet Letter

赫斯脱讨厌他严厉地望着她的脸,所以不放他走。

8. Must(后接略去了 to 的不定词)

a. 强烈的意志:

I must finish this before I go.

在走之前我一定要把这个做完。

b. 推思:

He must be crazy to talk like that.

他一定发了癫,竟说出那样的话。

c. 禁止(与否定连用):

You may look at it,but you must not touch it.

你可以看,但不许动手。

(注意)must 的否定,是 need not,而不是 must not(这是 prohibition 禁止之意)。如 You must pay the money,but you need not do so at once.(你必得还钱,但你不必马上就还)。

9. Ought(后接不略去 to 的不定词)

a. Ought to + 意志动词 = 应当:

You ought to pay back your debts.

你应当偿还你的债务。

b. Ought to + 无意志动词 = 当然:

Such an able man ought to succeed.

那样有能力的人成功是当然的。

10. Need(后接略去了 to 的不定词)

在问句及否定句中作为助动词,用第三人称单数也不加 s(但作为一般动词用时要加 s):

①Why need I hurry?

我为什么要赶紧呢?

②You need not hurry like that.

你用不着那么急。

(注意)He need not work.(助动词)He needs no money.(一般动词)又 need not 的过去,要用 had not to,如:I had not to do it.

11. Dare(后接略去了 to 的不定词)

用法与 need 相同:

①How dare you do such a thing?(问句)

你怎敢做这样的事?

②He dare not speak.(否定句)

他不敢说话。

③I dare say there are mistakes.

大概有错误。(I dare say = probably)

12. BeHave 也可以作助动词用,be 后接现在分词或过去分词,have 后接过去分词。

比较:

He is reading a certain novel.(助动词)

He is respected by all.(助动词)

He says that there is a god.(is = exists)(一般动词)

比较:

School has begun.(助动词)

We have two dogs.(have = possess)(一般动词)

13. Used 在问句中也可作助动词用。

Used you to have this sort of thing in your young days?——Galsworthy,Swan Song

你在年轻的时候常做这样的事吗?

14. Come 在问句中也可作助动词用。

 ①How come you to be rambling about and lose yourself?——Eliot,The Mill on the Floss

你怎样会散步而迷了路的?

 ②How comes he in such a pickle?

他怎样会遭遇这种困难的?

 ③But how comes it that such a great gentleman walks?——Fielding,Tom Jones

这样一位伟大的人,怎样会要走路的呢?