序一

This book is a fascinating account of government-led efforts to revive the historical heritage of ten ancient cities in Shandong province. The revival of tradition in China has been widely discussed，but less well known is that these efforts concretize in the form of decisions to rebuild parts of ancient cities. Shandong province，richly endowed with culture and history，has been leading these efforts. As this book shows，however，reviving traditional cities is not a simple matter of copying and reimplementing the past. History does matter: each chapter includes a detailed discussion of each city's historical context and how it can and should inform redevelopment efforts. But so do contemporary needs，including the need to provide decent living spaces for city-zens and to make each city attractive for tourists who help to revitalize local economies. What's clear from this book is that there is no one-size-fits-all solution to the question of how to balance often conflicting requirements for successful revitalization of cities. Each city，in consultation with city-zens and advised by outside experts，has taken its own unique path to reviving ancient buildings，roads，and infrastructure.

What these efforts have in common is precisely the effort to affirm each city's unique spirit. Why does this matter? It seems obvious that modern-day “city-zens” take special pride not just in the fact that they live in an urban environment with material benefits that make urban life desirable compared to rural life，but also in the fact that they live in an urban environment that is special relative to other cities. This urban pride—we can call it “civicism” （爱城主义）—is rooted in the feeling that a city is particular; it's hard to feel proud of a city that only expresses the homogeneity of globalization，just as it's hard to feel proud of a neighborhood McDonald's. A sense of community—something that seems as deeply rooted in human nature as the quest for personal freedom—typically needs to be attached to a community that expresses particular characteristics. Those special characteristics can be expressed in the way of life and values of city-zens—think of the residents of Qufu who are often inspired by Confucian values—but they also need to take concrete forms in distinctive urban environments. And the challenge might seem particularly daunting in Chinese cities that often seem to smother difference; the drab，uniform look of Chinese cities appear to have erased the diversity that provides a sense of community grounded in local particularity.

Chinese cities were subject to decades of Soviet-style modernization，followed by decades of American-style modernization. From the architectural point of view，it may be the worst of both worlds. But it's not too late to rebuild cities so that they express a particular spirit grounded in each city's distinctive culture and history. It is an immense challenge，but it's a hugely important challenge，worth striving for. There may be costs in the short term，but the long term benefits are immense，both for local city-zens who can derive a sense of belonging grounded in particularity and for tourists who can benefit from new and unique cultural experiences. This book shows how the challenge of reviving historical cities can be done with sensitivity to both history and to the present and future needs of the people. Of course，the challenge of reviving ancient cities is an unfinished and sometimes flawed project，and the book's critical perspective provides valuable suggestions for how cities in Shandong province might revitalize their ancient cores with even more sensitivity，thus providing guidance for not just other cities in China，but cities in the rest of the world too.

08/2018

【附本序的中译本】

本书对山东省内十个由政府所主导的古城历史遗迹复兴项目作出了精彩的评述。虽然现在中国传统文化复兴这一话题广受关注，但是却较少有人将其与古城更新的一系列决策联系在一起。山东省有深厚的文化与历史底蕴，也引领着中国传统文化复兴与古城更新的尝试与努力。然而，正如本书所展现的那样，古城更新并不是对过去的简单复制与重现。历史传统的确很重要，书中的每一个章节都详述了一个城市的历史背景及其对于古城更新的意义。但与此同时，现下的需求也十分重要，包括为居民提供舒适的居住空间的需求，也包括回应游客偏好从而激活地方经济的需求。本书向我们清晰地展现了这样一种观点：在如何平衡不同需求之间的矛盾与冲突，从而实现古城更新这一问题上，并没有放之四海而皆准的方法。通过引入居民协商与咨询专家等方式，每个案例城市在历史建筑的保护和修复、道路系统和基础设施的改造和完善中走出了具有自身特色的道路。

这些城市更新的尝试具有一个共同的特征，即明确城市自身的独特精神。为什么它如此重要？显而易见的是，现代城市居民的自豪感不仅仅来源于城乡比较之下物质条件更加丰裕、生活更加舒适的城市环境，也来源于城城相较中城市环境所具有的独特性。我们将这种城市自豪感称为“爱城主义”（civicism），其根植于对于城市特殊性的感受；而那些在全球化浪潮下同质化的城市空间却很难唤起人们的自豪感，正如人们不会为麦当劳周边的社区感到自豪一样。社区归属感深深根植于人的本性中，也体现了人们对于个人自由的渴求，它的存在依附于社区所体现的独特性。这些独特性可以表现为市民的生活方式与价值观——正如时常受到儒家价值观所感染的曲阜的居民——但是，独一无二的实体性的城市环境也十分重要。然而，中国城市由于差异性的消弭而面临尤为严峻的挑战；中国城市单调而统一化的外表抹杀了多样性，而正是在这种多样性基础之上才产生了根植于地方独特性的社区归属感。

中国城市曾走过几十年的苏联模式的现代化之路，在随后几十年中又追求美国模式的现代化。然而，从建筑学的视角来看，这两种城市发展模式非议颇多。虽然走过一些弯路，但从现在开始重建城市，从而寻求根植于城市独特的文化与历史中的城市精神为时未晚。这是一项艰巨的挑战，但却十分重要，值得我们为之努力。虽然短期内难见收益，但是长期的增益可观，这既包括通过打造地方特殊性来重塑地方居民的归属感，也包括为游客带来新奇和独特的文化体验。本书向我们展现了在应对古城更新这一挑战时，如何处理人们对于历史的、当下的与未来的需求。当然，古城更新这一任务尚未完成，实践中也出现了很多问题。本书以其批判性的视角为山东省城市历史内核复兴提供了珍贵的建议，极具敏锐的洞察力，也因此为中国其他地方的城市乃至世界其他国家和地区的城市提供了指导和借鉴意义。

山东大学政治学与公共管理学院

（翻译　黄晴）
2018年8月