第三节 研究设计
一 研究思路
本书将首先建立起一个适应性治理的理论框架。该理论框架的基本使命在于弄清楚适应性治理的影响因素,以及适应性治理的基本类型。其次,适应性治理的影响因素是本书要重点研究的自变量。如果这些自变量跟适应性治理间的因果关系能够成立,那么,它们将构成适应性治理一般性的生成结构。探究适应性治理的基本生成结构是本书的重要内容。
除了探寻适应性治理是如何生成之外,本书另一个基本研究旨趣就在于,探讨适应性治理是如何运行的。对该问题的探讨将建立在对适应性治理进行分类的基础上,进而言之,每种适应性治理将被处理成单独的章节,这就构成了文章的主体部分。在此基础上,本书将对每种适应性治理的特征、过程和结果进行研究。如韩博天和裴宜理所言,“中国的政治体系受一些特殊政策机制的驱动,而这些机制目前无法归类”[176]。因此,本人将小心地对待这些内容。
不难发现,上述研究内容对研究方法的要求是不一样的。对适应性治理生成结构的探讨宜用定量研究方法,因为这部分所探讨的对象是一般性的。只有用大量样本才能满足这种要求。而对每种适应性治理的表现等内容的探讨,则需要展示政府环境治理“鲜活”的一面。在这种情况下,案例研究法明显更为有效。因此,在研究策略上,本书将用“量的研究”来探讨适应性治理的生成,而用“质的研究”来探讨适应性治理的表现、过程和结果等内容(关于研究方法具体见下文)。
图1-1 研究思路
二 研究方法
为了尽可能地让理论建构与经验层面达成较好的融合,本书将在行文上尽量克制规范性表达(Normative Narrative),而尽可能采用的描述性的或者经验性的表达(Descriptive or Empirical Narrative)。具体而言,本书将使用以下几种研究方法。
(1)定量研究法。由于中国环境治理的实权是掌握在地方政府手中的,因此,通过对地方政府的研究,能够展示中国环境治理的大体面貌。基于此,本书将建立一个中国地方政府环境治理的数据库,具体而言,将把县级以上地方政府环境治理的典型案例进行编码,以便进行计量分析。在样本的分布上,争取能够覆盖全国范围;在问题类型上,也争取能够涵盖环境问题的主要方面,如环境污染、生态与资源保护,以及环境争端等。这种定量研究方法,在国外已有先例,比如Jens Newig 和Oliver Fritsch对环境治理绩效影响因素的研究,便是建立在对世界各地典型案例进行编码的基础上。[177]
(2)案例研究法。由于定量研究只能用数据抽象地描述事物状态,以及揭示事物间的联系。因此,定量研究法缺乏“触感”,也难以揭示一些深入性的问题。更何况,还有很多事物是难以被量化的。而案例研究正好可以弥补定量研究的这些不足。为了提高案例资料的信度,本书将尽可能地使用报纸、杂志等纸质媒介;对于网络媒介,本书将严格采用那些标注有明确作者或编辑责任者,并且出自于权威或者主流门户网站的资料。
(3)文献研究法。本书的研究会涉及不少理论方面的文献,特别是国外的文献。由于译者的误解以及引文“偷懒”等方面的原因,一些理论的传播在国内存在一些讹误。为了尽可能地避免这些问题,本书需要引用国外文献时,都尽量去寻找原文。特别是,本书对现实经验的表述,特别是宏观层面问题时,需要翻阅《中华人民共和国环境保护法》、《环境统计公报》、《中国统计年鉴》等资料,也需要查询地方政府的政策文件、工作报告、新闻报道、统计年鉴等文献资料。这些都需要借助文献研究的方法。
三 核心概念
在回顾学术界现有研究的基础上,这里将对本书的核心概念进行如下界定与说明:
(1)环境治理。本书对治理的理解取的是“元治理”的路径。也就是说,政府在治理中居于核心位置,[178]其职能在于提出议题、提供制度和领导(促进、推动)等;环境治理并不完全依赖科层制下的命令—控制机制,它也依赖参与、协商和契约等机制来推动治理过程。[179]而环境问题(Environmental Issues)又包括污染防治、生态保护、节约资源和解决环境纠纷等范畴。[180]因此,本书将环境治理界定为,在以政府为中心的组织网络中,通过命令、参与和协商等方式来管理和保护环境与自然资源、防治污染和解决环境纠纷的过程。
(2)适应性治理。本书基本认同韩博天和裴宜理对适应性治理的理解,其核心是政府“采用弹性方式来处理公共事务”。[181]但是,需要将适应性治理放到环境治理的具体语境中;也需要根据有限理性和复杂性的前提假设,特别是有限理性的行为逻辑来考虑其含义。基于以上考虑,本书将适应性治理定义为,政府采取富有弹性的方式来处理眼前的环境问题,该处理方式与其当下的情境是最恰切的。该概念有以下三大内涵:第一,政府的行为方式是富有弹性的,也就是说,它是富于变化的,且不僵化或者硬套规则;第二,适应性治理只考虑眼前的情况,这是有限理性作用的结果;第三,所谓“适应”就是与当下情境取得最佳恰适。
(3)治理风格。在行政学的文献中,管理风格(Management Style)[182]或行政风格(Administrative Style)[183]是出现频率颇高的概念。其中的风格大致相当于“独特的、整体性的特征”这一含义。在相同的学科领域中,还存在政策风格(Policy Style)这一概念[184],根据Howlett与Ramesh的观点,政策风格是指政府为完成政治任务所运用的一套指导方法。[185]当然治理风格(Governance Style)也有被学者们用到,比如克里斯托弗·胡德(Christopher Hood)[186]。根据上述观点,本书将治理风格界定为,政府为解决公共问题而采用的一套指导方法,并由此形成了特定的、整体性的行事特征。这一概念与治理模式(Governance Mode)非常相近,但也存在差别。它们的相近之处在于,都代表了某种治理的、稳定的特征;其差别在于治理模式往往是由法律规则固定下来的,而治理风格则往往是经验积淀的产物,具有额外的“内在属性”的意涵。
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[3] 这些思想在贝克的《风险社会》中有较多的讨论,请参见[德]贝克《风险社会》,何博闻译,译林出版社2004年版。
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[151] 当然,这并不妨碍用理性方法来研究组织。[美]詹姆斯·马奇和[美]赫伯特·西蒙的合著《组织》便是典型,该书宣告组织作为一个独立研究领域得以产生。参见[美]詹姆斯·马奇、[美]赫伯特·西蒙:《组织》,邵冲译,机械工业出版社2013年版。
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