▷▷▷第一节 新经济的内涵与定义
Section One Connotation and Definition of New Economy

一、新经济的内涵

1. Connotation of New Economy

第一阶段：“新经济”一词最早是由美国《时代周刊》1983年在一篇封面文章中提出的。13年后，1996年12月30日出版的美国《商业周刊》发表了一组文章，对新经济首次进行了定义：新经济是指借由经济全球化浪潮所产生的，由信息技术革命驱动，以高科技产业为龙头的经济体系。其特征是实际 GDP 大幅增长，公司运营利润上升，失业率降低，通货膨胀率降低，进出口之和占 GDP 的比例上升，GDP 增长中高科技的贡献度比重上升①。这个定义是为20世纪90年代初到2001年互联网泡沫期间的美国经济量身定制的。它有两大背景：一是以互联网大规模商用为代表的信息技术革命；二是以产业分工向纵深推进、产业链急剧跨国延伸和国际贸易突飞猛进为主要特征的全球化。

The first stage: The term“new economy”was first put forward in a cover article of Time in 1983. Thirteen years later, Business Week published a series of articles on December 30,1996, which defined the new economy for the first time: the new economy refers to the economic system generated by the tide of economic globalization, driven by the information technology revolution and led by high-tech industries. It is characterized by the substantial growth of real GDP, the increase of company operating profit, the decrease of unemployment rate and inflation rate, the rise of the proportion of the sum of import and export in GDP, and the increase of the contribution of high technology in GDP growth.This definition is customized for the US economy during Internet Bubble from early 1990s to the 2001. It has two backgrounds: one is the information technology revolution represented by the large-scale commercial use of the Internet; the other is the globalization characterized by the deepening of industrial division, the rapid transnational extension of industrial chain and the rapid development of international trade.

第二阶段：理论界对“新经济”概念的宽泛化阐释。根据党中央提纲挈领式的描述，理论界开始对新经济展开研究。学者们普遍认为，在中国经济新常态的背景下，“新经济”的内涵较为广泛，是各项高科技迅速发展所引起的衍生产业的发展、经济动力来源的转换等现象。国内对“新经济”的理解经历了几个阶段。首先，党中央对“新经济”的战略部署。习近平总书记2014年在国际工程科技大会的讲话中提到当前世界正处于新经济发展阶段，2015年又再次提到世界新一轮产业与科技革命正在催生当下的新技术、新经济、新业态，为中国的经济发展创造发展机遇。2016年李克强总理在十二届全国人大四次会议上提出“要培育新动能、发展新经济，促进新技术、新产业、新业态成长”，同年将“新经济”写入政府工作报告中。2016年全国人大十二届四次会议，李克强总理首次详解“新经济”的内涵：“新经济”涉及一、二、三产业，不仅仅是指三产中的“互联网+”、物联网、云计算、电子商务等新兴产业和业态，也包括工业制造当中的智能制造、大规模的定制化生产等，还涉及第一产业当中像有利于推进适度规模经营的家庭农场、股份合作制，农村一、二、三产融合发展，等等①。

The second stage: extensive interpretation of the concept“new economy”in the theoretical circle. According to the description of the Party Central Committee, theorists began to study the new economy. Scholars generally believe that under the background of“new normal”of China's economy, the connotation of“new economy”is more extensive, which means the phenomena such as the development of derivative industries and the transformation of economic power sources caused by the rapid development of various high technologies. Domestic understanding of“new economy”has gone through several stages. The first stage: the Central Committee of CPC strategic plan for the“new economy”. General Secretary Xi Jinping said in his speech at the International Conference on Engineering Technology in 2014 that the world is entering a new stage of economic development. In 2015, it was mentioned again that the new round of industrial and technological revolution in the world was giving birth to new technology, new economy and new form of business, creating opportunities for China's economic development. In 2016, Premier Li Keqiang proposed at the fourth session of the 12th National People's Congress that“we should cultivate new growth driver, develop new economy, and promote the growth of new technologies, new industries, and new form of business”. In the same year, he wrote“new economy”into the government work report. In the same time, Premier Li Keqiang first expounded the connotation of the new economy: the new economy involves the primary, the secondary and tertiary industry, not only referring to the new tertiary industries such as“Internet plus”, Internet of things, cloud computing, e-commerce, but also including intelligent manufacturing in industrial manufacturing, large-scale customized production. It also involves family farms conducive to promoting moderate scale operation, joint-stock cooperative system, and the integration of three industries.

“新经济”的兴起是由于新一轮科技和产业革命带动新的生产、交换、消费、分配活动，这些活动表现为人类生产方式进步和经济结构变迁、新经济模式对旧经济模式的替代①。“新经济”的实质是通过升级经济结构从而创造新的生产关系，挖掘新增长点，推动中国的经济发展。上述对新经济概念的认识，边界过于宽泛，内涵过于笼统，标准过于模糊，使得人们难以精准地开展政策设计。

The rise of“new economy”is due to a new round of scientific and technological and industrial revolution, which leads to new activities of production, exchange, consumption and distribution. These activities are manifested in the progress of the human mode of production, the change of economic structure, and the replacement of the old economic model by the new economic model. The essence of“new economy”is to create new production relations, to tap new growth points and to promote China's economic development by upgrading economic structure. The above understanding of the concept of new economy is too broad in boundary, too general in connotation and too vague in standard to carry out accurate policy design.

第三阶段：实践界对“新经济”的具体化描述。目前，不少城市都展开了对新经济的相关部署。如上海提出发展新技术、新产业、新业态、新模式“四新”经济；深圳构建世界级的电子信息产业生态圈；杭州打造“互联网+”创新创业中心。由于各地发展新经济的侧重点不同，人们对新经济的理解呈现具体化倾向：有人认为，所谓“新经济”，就是知识经济、信息经济、虚拟经济；有学者用互联网经济、物联网经济、大数据经济概括新经济；也有地方政府工作人员将“新经济”理解为数字经济、智能经济、共享经济；等等①。以上关于新经济的认识，都是“管中窥豹”式的碎片化描述，并没有形成新经济的整体性、系统性观点。

The third stage: the concrete description of“new economy”in practice. At present, many cities have made the relevant plan of the new economy. For example, Shanghai proposes the development of“Four New”economy － new technologies, new industries, new form of business and new models; Shenzhen builds a world-class electronic information industry ecosystem; Hangzhou creates“Internet plus”innovation and entrepreneurship center. Due to the different emphases of developing new economy in different regions, scholars'understanding of new economy tends to be specific: some people think that the so-called“new economy”is knowledge economy, information economy and virtual economy; some scholars summarize new economy as Internet economy, Internet of things economy and big data economy; some local government staff understand“new economy”as digital economy and intelligent economy, sharing economy and so on. The above understanding of new economy does not form a holistic and systematic view of new economy due to their one-sided description.

第四阶段：关于新经济的“成都定义”。近年来，成都立足自身实际，结合国际国内先进城市发展经验，决定聚焦数字经济、智能经济、绿色经济、创意经济、流量经济、共享经济“六大形态”，着力构建服务实体经济、智慧城市建设、科技创新创业、人力资本协同、消费提档升级、绿色低碳建设、现代供应链创新“七大应用场景”，致力于打造新经济话语引领者、场景培育地、生态创新区，建设最适宜新经济发展的城市。目前，“新经济”已成为成都高质量发展的强力推动者、高品质生活的重要创造者和高效能治理的有力参与者①。随着实践的展开，成都对“新经济”的认识将逐步系统化和深化。

The fourth stage: “Chengdu's Definition”of new economy. In recent years, based on its own reality and combined with the development experience of international and domestic advanced cities, Chengdu has decided to focus on the“six major forms”of digital economy, intelligent economy, green economy, creative economy, flow economy and sharing economy, and strive to build a real service economy, smart city construction, scientific and technological innovation and entrepreneurship, human capital collaboration, consumption upgrading, green and low-carbon construction and modern supply chain innovation, the“seven application scenescapes”. Chengdu is committed to lead new economic discourse, build scenescapes cultivation places, ecological innovation zones, and construct the most suitable city for new economic development. At present，“new economy”has become a strong promoter of high-quality development, an essential creator of high-quality life and a strong participant in Chengdu's efficient governance. With the development of practice, Chengdu's understanding of“new economy”is gradually systematic and deepened.

二、新经济的定义

2. Definition of New Economy

一是“新经济”是一个动态性的迭代概念。新经济是一个动态的概念——新经济总是相对于传统经济而言的，属于历史的范畴，在不同的历史阶段，新经济有不同的具体内涵。与以往历次工业革命相比，第四次工业革命是以指数级而非线性速度展开。在这一时期，技术更替迅速、种类繁多，新技术与专利几乎每天都在形成，经济形态总是处于永不停息的升级状态。我们现在看到的绝大多数产品/服务都曾经是新经济，但随着大规模生产、同类商品和竞争者的涌现以及更新的产品/服务出现，它们便逐渐沦为传统经济的一部分。因此，新经济要“代表前沿、代表方向、代表趋势、代表未来”。

First, “new economy”is a dynamic and iterative concept. New economy is a dynamic concept — new economy is always relative to the traditional economy. In different historical stages, new economy has different specific connotations. Compared with the previous industrial revolution, the fourth industrial revolution was carried out at an exponential and nonlinear speed. During this period, technology changed rapidly in varieties. New technologies and patents were formed almost every day, and the economic form was always in a constant state of upgrading. Most of the products / services used to be new economy, but with the emergence of large-scale production, similar goods and competitors, and of newer products / services, they gradually become part of the traditional economy. Therefore, the new economy should“represent the frontier, direction, trend and future”.

二是“新经济”是一种经济形态。经济形态存在于一个经济体的部分产业、部分领域之中，而非整个经济体。新经济只是整体经济的一部分而不是全部——新经济必须以传统经济为支撑、为基础、为配套，而不可能完全脱离传统经济单独存在。新经济既存在于第三产业，也存在于第二产业乃至第一产业，并且使三次产业之间界限趋于模糊。凡是能满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要的、自带需求的新供给都可以属于新经济，它可能表现为产品，也可能表现为服务，更可能表现为产品和服务的融合状态。

Second, “new economy”is an economic form. Economic form exists in some industries and fields, not in the whole economies. New economy is only a part, but not the whole of economy － it must be supported, based on supported by the traditional economy, and it cannot completely separate from the traditional economy. The new economy exists not only in the tertiary industry, but also in the secondary industry and even in the primary industry and makes the boundaries between the three industries tend to be blurred. Any new supply that can meet the people's growing needs for a better life and bring its own demand can belong to new economy. It may be manifested as products or services, and more likely to integrate products and services.

三是“新经济”的核心是融合创新。与传统经济相比，新经济的突出特征就是将科学技术转化为高效的生产力，使社会生产力出现革命性的发展。数字革命通过融合应用数字化、智能化的新型技术对传统经济加以改造升级，这一革命在全球产业变革中的影响最为广泛，它在各个领域催生了如电子商务、云计算、人工智能、新能源、物联网等新产业。受益于信息技术的迅速发展，使得新技术在各个行业领域中的应用频率加速提高，并在其中不断渗透深入，形成了技术与产业、行业跨界融合的新型组织形态，即新业态。

Third, the core of“new economy”is integration and innovation. Compared with the traditional economy, the prominent feature of new economy is to transform science and technology into efficient productive forces, which will lead to the revolutionary development of social productive forces. The digital revolution transforms and upgrades the traditional economy by integrating and applying new digital and intelligent technologies, which has the most extensive influence on the global industrial transformation. It has spawned new industries in various fields, such as e-commerce, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, new energy, Internet of things, etc. Benefiting from the rapid development of information technology, the application frequency of new technology in various industries has been accelerated, and the penetration of new technology has been deepened, forming a new organizational form of integration of technology, industry and trade.

四是“新经济”的目标是创造需求。“创造需求”实际上是满足潜在的、客观存在而没有被既有产品/服务满足的需求。新经济能够主动发现，并使用打破常规的办法满足这类需求，或解决产品/服务应用中的痛点和难点。新经济的本质，就是进一步满足人们对美好生活的向往。只要科技在进步，人类社会的行为路径就会按照人性的特点不断优化升级，进而导致商业逻辑的改进、社会秩序的不断重组——也意味着新经济的不断涌现。

Fourth, the goal of“new economy”is to create demand. “Creating demand”is actually to meet the latent and objective needs that are not met by the existing products / services. New economy can actively discover and use unconventional methods to meet such needs or solve the difficulties in the application of products / services. The essence of new economy is to further satisfy people's yearning for a better life. As long as science and technology progress, human society's behavior will continue to optimize and upgrade according to the characteristics of human nature, which will lead to the improvement of business logic and the continuous reorganization of social order and mean the continuous emergence of new economy.

基于上述共识，本书将新经济定义为：新经济既不仅仅是一种经济现象，也不完全是一种技术现象，而是一种由技术到经济的演进范式、虚拟经济到实体经济的生成连接、资本与技术的深度黏合、科技创新与制度创新相互作用的经济形态。

Based on the above consensus, this book defines the term as: the new economy is an economic phenomenon and not entirely a technological phenomenon. It is an economic form with the evolution paradigm from technology to economy, the generation and connection from virtual economy to real economy, the deep bonding between capital and technology, and the interaction between scientific and technological innovation and institutional innovation.

① 季正松．论新经济的特点及其与传统经济的联系［J］．镇江高专学报，2003（1）: 13－16.

① 任保平，何苗．我国新经济高质量发展的困境及路径选择［J］．西北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）, 2020（1）: 40－48.

① 周跃辉．经济新动能重塑发展新优势［N］．成都日报，2019－05－29（007）.

① “新经济”与产业的颠覆性变革［EB/OL］. （2018－06－29）［2021－03－01］. http://finance.ccy.com.cn/c/2018062969624.html.

① 李克强：中国经济不会“硬着陆”［J/OL］．人民网，中国商务新闻网．中国经贸，2016（6）:14－15.

① 大财酉已资管家．国内新经济发展的主要特点及国际对比［EB/OL］. （2020－08－15） ［2021－01－10］. https://xueqiu.com/2703057174/156721961.

① 每日经济新闻．从三个关键词看成都的新经济“内胆”［EB/OL］. （2018－05－18）［2021－01－10］. https://www.sohu.com/a/232115640＿115362.

① 钟华林，刘畅．看成都如何“最适宜新经济成长”［N］．经济日报，2018－04－26（007）.