9 Ipilimumab治疗期间和之后的严重血液毒性的系列病例报告(血液系统)
【附】ESTER SIMEONE, ANTONIO MARIA GRIMALDI, ASSUNTA ESPOSITO, et al. Serious haematological toxicity during and after Ipilimumab treatment a case series[J]. J Med Case Rep, 2014, 8: 240.
Ester Simeone等报道了3例黑色素瘤患者接受Ipilimumab治疗后发生了各种等级的血液系统不良反应,表现为贫血和(或)白细胞减少症(中性粒细胞减少症)。第1例为使用4周期Ipilimumab后出现了疲乏和轻度呼吸困难。血液学检查提示血红蛋白水平明显偏低(60g/L)。血常规示白细胞及血小板正常,血细胞比容16%,网织红细胞升高(相对计数0.2%,绝对计数1.9K/μL);血清铁正常(215μg/mL),血清铁蛋白升高(900ng/mL),总胆红素升高(2.5mg/dL,间接胆红素也升高,为1.5mg/dL)和乳酸脱氢酶升高(580U/L);外周血涂片:存在球形红细胞,白细胞和血小板正常;直接库姆斯(Coombs)试验阳性。诊断自身免疫性溶血性贫血。停用Ipilimumab,输注洗涤红细胞,并在输血之前使用大剂量甲泼尼龙(一次125mg,每天2次)。患者血红蛋白迅速恢复并维持稳定。第2例为恶性黑色素瘤患者接受3周期Ipilimumab后,出现了严重的白细胞减少症和中性粒细胞减少症(白细胞计数1.0×109/L,中性粒细胞比例1%)伴发热(39℃)。血液学检查提示无感染,并未见其他异常。予抗生素、粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和高剂量甲泼尼龙(静脉注射,2mg/kg,每天2次)治疗,10天后症状出现好转和消退。甲泼尼龙8周内减停。血常规维持稳定。第3例为接受4个疗程Ipilimumab后出现严重贫血(血红蛋白70g/L)和白细胞减少症(白细胞0.9×109/L,中性粒细胞32%),不伴发热。骨髓活检示淋巴细胞浸润,未见黑色素瘤细胞或其他瘤细胞。外周血涂片未见幼稚细胞、纤维化或正常的细胞构成。尽管CD4和CD8淋巴细胞在骨髓和外周血中升高,白细胞和红细胞计数尚正常。实验室检查未见细胞学改变,也未见溶血。予口服皮质醇[1mg/(kg·d),剂量根据不良反应治疗算法得出]1周,并予GM-CSF治疗。血液学检查恢复正常,甲泼尼龙4周内减停,血液学指标稳定。
【精评】ICIs引起的血液相关不良反应与自身免疫相关,其毒性谱可能涉及所有的血细胞类型。对于ICIs治疗期间或治疗后出现血液相关不良反应的患者,第一步是通过骨髓活检、自身免疫试验(抗核抗体、抗心磷脂抗体、抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体)、溶血试验(网织红细胞、Coombs试验)、CT扫描和粪隐血分析排除其他可能原因,包括转移性受累、其他原发肿瘤等。具体复查流程如图9-1所示。血红蛋白(Hb)急剧减少,血细胞比容和红细胞水平降低,网织红细胞增加,间接胆红素升高和直接Coombs试验阳性等临床表现均提示自身免疫性贫血。治疗方面推荐用皮质醇,在4级或严重毒性的情况下予静脉注射高剂量甲泼尼龙1~2mg/kg,每天2次,在3级毒性的情况下予每天1mg/kg口服甲泼尼龙。皮质醇还可与抗生素、GM-CSF和输血联用。
图9-1 疑似自身免疫性贫血和白细胞减少的检查
EGDS:食管十二指肠镜检查;ANA:抗核抗体;pANCA:抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体;抗ASMA抗体:抗平滑肌抗体。
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(邸明一 倪 军 张 力)