参考文献

[1]　Tang C W，Vanslyke S A. Organic electrolumi-nescent diodes. Applied Physics Letters，1987，51（12）：913-915.

[2]　Tsumura A，Koezuka H，Ando T. Macromolecul-ar electronic device-field-effect transi-stor with a polythiophene thin-film. Applied Physics Letters，1986，49（18）：1210-1212.

[3]　Yoshikawa K，Kawasaki H，Yoshida W，et al. Silicon heterojunction solar cell with interdigitated back contacts for a photoconversion efficiency over 26%. Nature Energy，2017，2（5）：8.

[4]　Weinberger B R，Ehrenfreund E，Pron A，et al. Electron-spin resonance studies of magnetic soliton defects in polyacetylene. Journal of Chemical Physics，1980，72（9）：4749-4755.

[5]　Glenis S，Tourillon G，Garnier F. Photoelectroc-hemical properties of thin-films of poly-thiophene and derivatives-doping level and structure effects. Thin Solid Films，1984，122（1）：9-17.

[6]　Tang C W. 2-LAYER Organic photovoltaic cell. Applied Physics Letters，1986，48（2）：183-185.

[7]　Padinger F，Rittberger R S，Sariciftci N S. Effects of postproduction treatment on plastic solar cells. Advanced Functional Materials，2003，13（1）：85-88.

[8]　Lin Y Z，Wang J Y，Zhang Z G，et al. An Electron Acceptor Challenging Fullerenes for Efficient Polymer Solar Cells. Advanced Materials，2015，27（7）：1170-1174.

[9]　Cui Y，Yao H F，Zhang J Q，et al. Single-Junction Organic Photovoltaic Cells with Approaching 18% Efficiency. Advanced Materials，2020，32（19）：7.

[10]　Baibich M N，Broto J M，Fert A，et al. giant magnetoresistance of（001）fe/（001）cr magnetic superlattices. physical Review Letters，1988，61（21）：2472-2475.

[11]　Binasch G，Grunberg P，Saurenbach F，et al. Enhancedmagnetoresistance in layered magnetic-structures with antiferromagnetic in-terlayer exchange. Physical Review B，1989，39（7）：4828-4830.

[12]　Xiong Z H，Wu D，Vardeny Z V，et al. Giant magnetoresistance in organic spin-valves. Nature，2004，427（6977）：821-824.

[13]　Li X Y，Zhang J Y，Zhao Z F，et al. Bluish-Green Cu（I）Dimers Chelated with Thiophene Ring-Introduced Diphosphine Ligands for Both Singlet and Triplet Harvesting in OLEDs. Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces，2019，11（3）：3262-3270.

[14]　Cheng Z，Li Z Q，Xu Y C，et al. Achieving Efficient Blue Delayed Electrofluorescence by Shielding Acceptors with Carbazole Units. Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces，2019，11（31）：28096-28105.

[15]　Gan L，Gao K，Cai X Y，et al. Achieving Efficient Triplet Exciton Utilization with Large Delta E-ST and Nonobvious Delayed Fluorescence by Adjusting Excited State Energy Levels. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters，2018，9（16）：4725-4731.

[16]　Liang X，Yan Z P，Han H B，et al. Peripheral Amplification of Multi-Resonance Induced Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence for Highly Efficient OLEDs. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition，2018，57（35）：11316-11320.

[17]　Ke Y，Wang N N，Kong D C，et al. Defect Passivation for Red Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes with Improved Brightness and Stability. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters，2019，10（3）：380-385.

[18]　Yersin H，Mataranga-Popa L，Czerwieniec R，et al. Design of a New Mechanism beyond Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence toward Fourth Generation Organic Light Emitting Diodes. Chemistry of Materials，2019，31（16）：6110-6116.

[19]　Ai X，Chen Y X，Feng Y T，et al. A Stable Room-Temperature Luminescent Biphenylmethyl Radical. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition，2018，57（11）：2869-2873.

[20]　Peng Q M，Obolda A，Zhang M，et al. Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using a Neutral pi Radical as Emitter：The Emission from a Doublet. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition，2015，54（24）：7091-7095.

[21]　Guo H Q，Peng Q M，Chen X K，et al. High stability and luminescence efficiency in donor-acceptor neutral radicals not following the Aufbau principle. Nature Materials，2019，18（9）：977.

[22]　Lei T，Cao Y，Fan Y L，et al. High-Performance Air-Stable Organic Field-Effect Transistors：Isoindigo-Based Conjugated Polymers. Journal of the American Chemical Society，2011，133（16）：6099-6101.

[23]　Luo H W，Yu C M，Liu Z T，et al. Remarkable enhancement of charge carrier mobility of conjugated polymer field-effect transistors upon incorporating an ionic additive. Science Advances，2016，2（5）：10.

[24]　Quinn J T E，Zhu J，Li X，et al. Recent progress in the development of n-type organic semiconductors for organic field effect transistors. Journal of Materials Chemistry C，2017，5（34）：8654-8681.

[25]　Gao Y，Zhang X J，Tian H K，et al. High Mobility Ambipolar Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Polymer Synthesized Via Direct Arylation Polycondensation. Advanced Materials，2015，27（42）：6753.

[26]　Wang Y F，Guo H，Harbuzaru A，et al. （Semi）ladder-Type Bithiophene Imide-Based All-Acceptor Semiconductors：Synthesis，Structure-Property Correlations，and Unipolar n-Type Transistor Performance. Journal of the American Chemical Society，2018，140（19）：6095-6108.

[27]　Chen F Z，Jiang Y，Sui Y，et al. Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers Based on Bisisoindigo：Energy Level Modulation toward Unipolar n-Type Semiconductors. Macromolecules，2018，51（21）：8652-8661.

[28]　Ni Z J，Wang H L，Zhao Q，et al. Ambipolar Conjugated Polymers with Ultrahigh Balanced Hole and Electron Mobility for Printed Organic Complementary Logic via a Two-Step C-H Activation Strategy. Advanced Materials，2019，31（10）：8.

[29]　Pan G X，Chen F，Hu L，et al. Effective Controlling of Film Texture and Carrier Transport of a High-Performance Polymeric Semiconductor by Magnetic Alignment. Advanced Functional Materials，2015，25（32）：5126-5133.

[30]　Lin F J，Guo C，Chuang W T，et al. Directional Solution Coating by the Chinese Brush：A Facile Approach to Improving Molecular Alignment for High-Performance Polymer TFTs. Advanced Materials，2017，29（34）：7.

[31]　Bai J H，Jiang Y，Wang Z L，et al. Bar-Coated Organic Thin-Film Transistors with Reliable Electron Mobility Approaching 10 cm（2）V-1 s（-1）. Advanced Electronic Materials，2020，6（1）：8.

[32]　Wang Z L，Song X N，Jiang Y，et al. A Simple Structure Conjugated Polymer for High Mobility Organic Thin Film Transistors Processed from Nonchlorinated Solvent. Advanced Science，2019，6（24）：7.

[33]　Fan B B，Zhong W K，Ying L，et al. Surpassing the 10% efficiency milestone for 1-cm（2）all-polymer solar cells. Nature Communications，2019，10 8.

[34]　Li Z Y，Ying L，Zhu P，et al. A generic green solvent concept boosting the power conversion efficiency of all-polymer solar cells to 11%. Energy & Environmental Science，2019，12（1）：157-163.

[35]　Fan B B，Zeng Z M Y，Zhong W K，et al. Optimizing Microstructure Morphology and Reducing Electronic Losses in 1 cm（2）Polymer Solar Cells to Achieve Efficiency over 15%. Acs Energy Letters，2019，4（10）：2466-2472.

[36]　Chen H Y，Hu D Q，Yang Q G，et al. All-Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells with an Ordered Liquid Crystalline Donor. Joule，2019，3（12）：3034-3047.

[37]　Qin J Z，An C B，Zhang J Q，et al. 15.3% efficiency all-small-molecule organic solar cells enabled by symmetric phenyl substitution. Science China-Materials，2020，63（7）：1142-1150.

[38]　Hummelen J C，Knight B W，Lepeq F，et al. Preparation and characterization of fulleroid and methanofullerene derivatives. Journal of Organic Chemistry，1995，60（3）：532-538.

[39]　Zhong Y，Trinh M T，Chen R S，et al. Efficient Organic Solar Cells with Helical Perylene Diimide Electron Acceptors. Journal of the American Chemical Society，2014，136（43）：15215-15221.

[40]　Qin Y，Ye L，Fan H，et al. Manipulating the nanoscale morphology in the active layers of polymer solar cells. Scientia Sinica Chimica，2016，46（2）：195-207.

[41]　Cui C H，Li Y W，et al. Fullerene Derivatives for the Applications as Acceptor and Cathode Buffer Layer Materials for Organic and Perovskite Solar Cells. Advanced Energy Materials，2017，7（10）：21.

[42]　Zhang J Q，Li Y K，Huang J C，et al. Ring-Fusion of Perylene Diimide Acceptor Enabling Efficient Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells with a Small Voltage Loss. Journal of the American Chemical Society，2017，139（45）：16092-16095.

[43]　Yao H F，Cui Y，Yu R N，et al. Design，Synthesis，and Photovoltaic Characterization of a Small Molecular Acceptor with an Ultra-Narrow Band Gap. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition，2017，56（11）：3045-3049.

[44]　Dai S X，Zhao F W，Zhang Q Q，et al. Fused Nonacyclic Electron Acceptors for Efficient Polymer Solar Cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society，2017，139（3）：1336-1343.

[45]　Chang Y，Lau T K，Pan M A，et al. The synergy of host-guest nonfullerene acceptors enables 16%-efficiency polymer solar cells with increased open-circuit voltage and fill-factor. Materials Horizons，2019，6（10）：2094-2102.

[46]　Liu Q S，Jiang Y F，Jin K，et al. 18% Efficiency organic solar cells. Science Bulletin，2020，65（4）：272-275.

[47]　Germs W C，Guo K，Janssen R A. J，et al. Unusual Thermoelectric Behavior Indicating a Hopping to Bandlike Transport Transition in Pentacene. Physical Review Letters，2012，109（1）：5.

[48]　Sumino M，Harada K，Ikeda M，et al. Thermoelectric properties of n-type C-60 thin films and their application in organic thermovoltaic devices. Applied Physics Letters，2011，99（9）：3.

[49]　Sun Y N，Wei Z M，Xu W，et al. A three-in-one improvement in thermoelectric properties of polyaniline brought by nanostructures. Synthetic Metals，2010，160（21-22）：2371-2376.

[50]　Pukacki W，Plocharski J，et al. Anisotropy of thermoelectric-power of stretch-oriented new polyacetylene. Synthetic Metals，1994，62（3）：253-256.

[51]　Xuan Y，Liu X，Desbief S，et al. Thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers：The case of poly（3-hexylthiophene）. Physical Review B，2010，82（11）：9.

[52]　Lu B Y，Liu C C，Lu S，et al. Thermoelectric Performances of Free-Standing Polythiophene and Poly（3-Methylthiophene）Nanofilms. Chinese Physics Letters，2010，27（5）：4.

[53]　Lu G H，Bu L J，Li S J，et al. Bulk Interpenetration Network of Thermoelectric Polymer in Insulating Supporting Matrix. Advanced Materials，2014，26（15）：2359-2364.

[54]　Kemp N T，Kaiser A B，Liu C J，et al. Thermoelectric power and conductivity of different types of polypyrrole. Journal of Polymer Science Part B-Polymer Physics，1999，37（9）：953-960.

[55]　Aich R B，Blouin N，Bouchard A，et al. Electrical and Thermoelectric Properties of Poly（2，7-Carbazole）Derivatives. Chemistry of Materials，2009，21（4）：751-757.

[56]　Meng Q F，Jiang Q L，Cai K F，et al. Preparation and thermoelectric properties of PEDOT：PSS coated Te nanorod/PEDOT：PSS composite films. Organic Electronics，2019，64：79-85.

[57]　Ding J M，Liu Z T，Zhao W R，et al. Selenium-Substituted Diketopyrrolopyrrole Polymer for High-Performance p-Type Organic Thermoelectric Materials. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition，2019，58（52）：18994-18999.

[58]　Sun Y H，Qiu L，Tang L P，et al. Flexible n-Type High-Performance Thermoelectric Thin Films of Poly（nickel-ethylenetetrathiolate）Prepared by an Electrochemical Method. Advanced Materials，2016，28（17）：3351-3358.

[59]　Sun Y M，Sheng P，Di C A，et al. Organic Thermoelectric Materials and Devices Based on p- and n-Type Poly（metal 1，1，2，2-ethenetetrathiolate）s. Advanced Materials，2012，24（7）：932.

[60]　Shi K，Zhang F J，Di C A，et al. Toward High Performance n-Type Thermoelectric Materials by Rational Modification of BDPPV Backbones. Journal of the American Chemical Society，2015，137（22）：6979-6982.

[61]　Huang D Z，Yao H Y，Cui Y T，et al. Conjugated-Backbone Effect of Organic Small Molecules for n-Type Thermoelectric Materials with ZT over 0.2. Journal of the American Chemical Society，2017，139（37）：13013-13023.

[62]　Zhang F J，Zang Y P，Huang D Z，et al. Flexible and self-powered temperature-pressure dual-parameter sensors using microstructure-frame-supported organic thermoelectric materials. Nature Communications，2015，6：10.

[63]　Chen B B，Zhou Y，Wang S，et al. Giant magnetoresistance enhancement at room-temperature in organic spin valves based on La0.67Sr0.33MnO₃ electrodes. Applied Physics Letters，2013，103（7）：4.

[64]　Sun X N，Bedoya-Pinto A，Mao Z P，et al. Atxabal A.，Llopis R.，Yu G.，Liu Y Q.，Chuvilin A.，Casanova F. and Hveso L. E.，Active Morphology Control for Concomitant Long Distance Spin Transport and Photoresponse in a Single Organic Device. Advanced Materials，2016，28（13）：2609.

[65]　Sun X N，Velez S，Atxabal A，et al. A molecular spin-photovoltaic device. Science，2017，357（6352）：677.

[66]　Ma Y G，Zhang H Y，Shen J C，et al. Electrolu-minescence from triplet metal-ligand charge-transfer excited state of transition metal complexes. Synthetic Metals，1998，94（3）：245-248.

[67]　Ge F，Liu Z，Lee S B，et al. Bar-Coated Ultrathin Semiconductors from Polymer Blend for One-Step Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces，2018，10（25）：21510-21517.

[68]　Fang Y，Wu X，Lan S，et al. Inkjet-Printed Vertical Organic Field-Effect Transistor Arrays and Their Image Sensors. Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces，2018，10（36）：30587-30595.

[69]　Oh J Y，Rondeau-Gagne S，Chiu Y C，et al. Intrinsically stretchable and healable semiconducting polymer for organic transistors. Nature，2016，539（7629）：411-415.

[70]　Oh J Y，Son D，Katsumata T，et al. Stretchable self-healable semiconducting polymer film for active-matrix strain-sensing array. Science Advances，2019，5（11）：9.

[71]　Son D，Kang J，Vardoulis O，et al. An integrated self-healable electronic skin system fabricated via dynamic reconstruction of a nanostructured conducting network. Nature Nanotechnology，2018，13（11）：1057.

[72]　Chen H J，Guo Y L，Yu G，et al. Highly p-Extended Copolymers with Diketopyrrolopyrrole Moieties for High-Performance Field-Effect Transistors. Advanced Materials，2012，24（34）：4618-4622.

[73]　Liu X T，Guo Y L，Ma Y Q，et al. Flexible，Low-Voltage and High-Performance Polymer Thin-Film Transistors and Their Application in Photo/Thermal Detectors. Advanced Materials，2014，26（22）：3631-3636.

[74]　Yang J，Zhao Z，Geng H，et al. Isoindigo-Based Polymers with Small Effective Masses for High-Mobility Ambipolar Field-Effect Transistors. Advanced Materials，2017，29（36）.

[75]　Yang J，Jiang Y Q，Tu Z Y，et al. High-Performance Ambipolar Polymers Based on Electron-Withdrawing Group Substituted Bay-Annulated Indigo. Advanced Functional Materials，2019，29（7）：10.

[76]　Zhu C G，Zhao Z Y，Chen H J，et al. Regioregular Bis-Pyridal 2，1，3 thiadiazole-Based Semiconducting Polymer for High-Performance Ambipolar Transistors. Journal of the American Chemical Society，2017，139（49）：17735-17738.

[77]　Zhang L，Liu H T，Zhao Y，et al. Inkjet Printing High-Resolution，Large-Area Graphene Patterns by Coffee-Ring Lithography. Advanced Materials，2012，24（3）：436.

[78]　Wang H L，Cheng C，Zhang L，et al. Inkjet Printing Short-Channel Polymer Transistors with High-Performance and Ultrahigh Photoresponsivity. Advanced Materials，2014，26（27）：4683.

[79]　Jiang Y Y，Chen J Y，Sun Y L，et al. Fast Deposition of Aligning Edge-On Polymers for High-Mobility Ambipolar Transistors. Advanced Materials，2019，31（2）：7.

[80]　Wang H L，Liu H T，Zhao Q，et al. Three-Component Integrated Ultrathin Organic Photosensors for Plastic Optoelectronics. Advanced Materials，2016，28（4）：624-630.

[81]　Wang H L，Liu H T，Zhao Q，et al. A Retina-Like Dual Band Organic Photosensor Array for Filter-Free Near-Infrared-to-Memory Operations. Advanced Materials，2017，29（32）：9.

作者简介

郭云龙，研究员，博士生导师。2010年于中国科学院化学研究所获博士学位，2019 年获国家优秀青年科学基金资助。主要从事有机聚合物光电材料与器件以及有机-无机杂化材料与器件的研究工作。已在Adv. Mater.、J. Am. Chem. Soc.、Chem.等国际学术期刊上发表 SCI 收录论文130余篇。目前为Adv. Electron. Mater.国际顾问委员会成员。

赵志远，中国科学院化学研究所博士后。2017年于东北师范大学获博士学位。研究方向为高性能有机场效应晶体管的制备及大面积OFET驱动OLED电路。

刘云圻，中国科学院院士，第三世界科学院院士。现为科技部国家重点基础研究发展计划（973计划）重大科学前沿领域第四届专家咨询组副组长、中国化学会理事、有机固体专业委员会副主任。长期从事分子材料与器件的研究，发表SCI论文700余篇，他人引用4万余次。三次获国家自然科学二等奖，获北京市自然科学一等奖一项。2014年至今，连续入选汤森路透全球“高被引科学家”目录。