Conditions of Medical Care 医疗保健

医疗保健是直接、负责地提供与药物治疗相关的服务，其目的是达到改善病人生命质量的确切效果。在中国，每千人口拥有医生1.5人，病床2.4张。北京、上海、天津、重庆等大城市中均设有高水平的肿瘤、心脑血管、眼科、牙科、中医以及传染病等各种专科医院和众多综合医院；各省、自治区的中等城市中均设有现代化设施完备的综合医院和专科医院。县、乡、村三级医疗预防保健网在广大农村具有一定基础，县有中心医院，乡镇有卫生院，行政村设有医疗点。由于医疗保健机构的建立健全以及人们卫生习惯的逐渐养成，中国人口死亡原因由过去的以传染病、寄生虫病为主转变为现在的以恶性肿瘤、脑血管病和心脏病为主，死因构成已接近发达国家水平。城乡居民的健康水平有较大提高，全国人口平均预期寿命达到73岁。

What is medical care

什么是医疗保健

In 2010 China had 920,000 medical, health-care and epidemic prevention institutions (including clinics), with 3.19 million beds, and 4.49 million medical personnel. In Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing and other large cities, various high-level specialized hospitals of tumor, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, ophthalmological and dental diseases, traditional Chinese medicine and infectious diseases can be found, in addition to a large number of general hospitals. Medium-sized cities in all the provinces and autonomous regions have general and specialized hospitals equipped with modern facilities. Now medical, prevention, and health-care networks at the county, township and village levels have taken shape in the countryside. At present, there are more than 2,000 hospitals at the county level, and more than 50,000 hospitals at the township and town levels. Of the 730,000 administrative villages, 89.8 percent have medical centers. China has a total of 1.28 million rural doctors and paramedics. Thanks to the founding and perfection of the medical and health care institutions and the fact that the people have gradually cultivated the habit of paying attention to personal hygiene, the Chinese people mainly die of malignant tumors, or cerebrovascular or heart diseases now instead of infectious and parasitic diseases in the past. The death causes for the Chinese people are very close to those of the developed countries. The urban and rural people’s health has greatly improved. The average life expectancy of the Chinese people increased from 35 years old on the eve of Liberation in 1949, to 70.9 years old in 1995, and to 73 years old in 2009.

“Putting prevention first” is an important experience of China’s health care work. Government health departments at all levels have always followed this principle, and have worked hard to prevent and control infectious, local and parasitic diseases that are detrimental to the people’s health. The administrative areas at all levels have formed a national health care anti-epidemic network with anti-epidemic stations and other prevention institutions as the mainstay. In the early 1960s, China had already eliminated smallpox, more than 10 years earlier than in the world as a whole.

To concentrate efforts on eliminating or controlling infectious and local diseases gravely threatening the people’s health, the Chinese government promulgated the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, the National Action Plan for Eliminating Poliomyelitis in 1995, the China Outline of the Program for Eliminating Iodine Deficiency Diseases in 2000 and other legal documents, thus further strengthening the prevention and Control of diseases. Thanks to China’s remarkable achievements in preventing and controlling diseases, the Department of Disease Control of the Ministry of Health has been awarded a special achievement prize by the World Health Organization.

“预防为主”是中国卫生工作的重要经验之一，各级行政区域(administrative region)均建立以卫生防疫站(health and epidemic prevention station)等预防保健机构(prevention and health care institution)为主、具有卫生监督管理(hygiene supervision)和防病职能的机构，形成了全国性的卫生监督和防疫网络(health monitoring and prevention network)。以为居民提供预防为主、综合治疗与保健(comprehension treatment and care)为基本特征的社区卫生服务(community health service)，近几年在城市医药卫生体制改革和社区建设的推动下，已由个别城市逐步扩展到大多数城市，并越来越受居民的欢迎。社区卫生服务的发展，适应了城市化(urbanization)、人口老龄化(aging population)、疾病普遍化及社会阶层的变化，为改善卫生服务提供了切实的方案。现在，一个以社区卫生服务中心(站) (community health center)为主体，其他基层医疗机构(primary health care institution)为补充的社区卫生服务网络正在全国各大中城市逐步形成。

Key words & Sentences

关键词句全知道

Health care has to be accessible and affordable.

医疗保健应该既要大众化又要支付得起。

Health care system makes up an important part in China’s social economic reform.

中国医疗体制改革是社会主义经济体制改革的重要部分。

Beijing will increase medical reimbursement rate for retires by 10% next year.

北京退休人员医疗报销增加10%。

Between 70 and 80 percent of the rural population has no health insurance.

70%～80%之间的农村人口没有医疗保险。

All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by 2020.

到2020年要建立一个人人享有基本医疗卫生服务的制度。

The current health care system is dominated by pay-for –service care.

医疗保健体系目前主要还是自己掏钱看病。

Public health service and labor insurance has contributed much to ensuring people’s health over the past years.

中国的公费和劳保医疗制度为保障人民健康做出了巨大的贡献。

The Chinese social security system has been established and improved through continuous health insurance system reform.

中国医疗保险制度改革是近年来中国社会保障体系建立和完善的重要内容。

But at least 47 percent of those surveyed in all countries think there are some good things in their systems but they need to be improved.

但在各国受访者中，至少有47%的人认为本国的医疗体制中有一些不错的方面，不过仍需要改进。

Health planners must look beyond the cold calculus of economics and into the core of the human values embedded in the very concept of health care, if they are to develop a truly healthy country.

如果要建立一个真正健康的国家，健康计划人员应该调查嵌入卫生保健意义上人类价值的核心，而非只看冷冰冰的经济数字。

In China, some cities and districts grope for the new rural medical care system and have accumulated quite a few successful experiences, which are worthy of our reference.

在中国，一些城市和地区在探索农村医疗保障制度中积累了不少成功的经验，值得鉴赏。

While increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the sector.

充分发挥政府在投入和监管方面的作用，同时也鼓励和欢迎国内外的社会资金进入医疗卫生领域，发展和繁荣中国的医疗卫生事业。

The reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical management.

坚持统筹兼顾，做到医疗卫生服务体系、医疗保险体系和药品供应保障体系同步发展、同步改革。

In order to better promote reform and development of health programs, the State Council has begun formulating a plan for deepening the reform of the Medicine and medical and heal care systems in order to resolve the difficulty of obtaining medical service, an issue of common concern.

为了更好地推进卫生事业改革发展，国务院已经组织力量抓紧制定深化医疗卫生体制改革方案，努力解决好广大群众关心的看病就医问题。

However, it has also proved that this practice cannot go with the current socialist market economic reform, and consequent problems are inevitable, such as: increasing cost in medical treatment, unsatisfied health care service, unreasonable distribution of medical facilities, and waste of medical resources, etc.

然而，40多年的实践证明，这种公费医疗体制不适合社会主义市场经济体制改革的趋势，所以导致了一系列的问题，如：医疗费用激增，医疗服务质量下降，医疗机构配置不合理以及医疗资源的浪费等。

As China’s socioeconomic system moves increasingly market-oriented and the role of the government as a provider of public services diminishes, the country’s health care system, traditionally one of core elements of Chinese socialism, is suffering.

当中国社会逐渐以市场为导向前进时，当政府作为工作服务提供者的角色逐渐消减时，社会主义传统上的一个核心部分，国家医疗保健体系正处于不利地位。

When China began its economic reform in early 1980s, the old medical system was dismantled as China attempted to switch to a market-oriented health system. But the government has failed to establish a viable substitute.

当中国在20世纪80年代早期进行经济改革时，旧的医疗制度就被摧毁了，因为中国试图转向以市场为导向的卫生体制。但是政府并没有建立起来一个可实施的替代品。

Let’s Talk！

开始交流吧！

Emma: Oh, I don’t feel very good.

艾玛：唔，我觉得不大舒服。

Lucy: You look sick. You should go to the hospital.

露西：你看上去气色不好，应该去医院看看。

Emma: Are the hospitals in Beijing very good?

艾玛：北京的医院好吗？

Lucy: You can go to the Beijing United Family Hospital. It has excellent inpatient wards where many expatriates receive medical care.

露西：你可以去北京联合家庭医院，那里的病房很好，许多外国人都在那里接受治疗。

Emma: I’ve heard that it is a nice hospital. Do many Chinese people use it?

艾玛：我听说那是一家很好的医院。很多中国人到那里看病吗？

Lucy: Not many. It’s extremely expensive. But the Chinese government is taking many steps to improve the medical treatment for lower-income Chinese people.

露西：不是很多，因为那里收费很高。但是中国政府正在采取许多措施为低收入者改善医疗条件。

Emma: I have heard about barefoot doctors who go door-to-door to treat people in rural areas.

艾玛：我听说农村地区有赤脚医生挨家挨户地为人们治病。

Lucy: That’s true. They have also set up round-the-clock clinics to treat ordinary symptoms. For serious diseases, people go to larger hospitals. Improving healthcare is an important part of the overall reform process for China.

露西：是的。农村地区也设立了全天候的诊所，医治普通病症。如果有了急病、重病，人们会去较大的医院。改进医疗保健是中国全面改革进程的重要内容。

Emma: I read the other day that in the past 50 years, the infant mortality rate in China has greatly reduced while the average life increased a lot.

艾玛：前不久我了解到，在过去的50年中，中国的婴儿死亡率大幅下降而平均寿命延长了很多。

Lucy: That’s true. They are getting a handle on communicable or infectious diseases, but because people are living longer, non-communicable diseases have become a primary cause of death.

露西：不错。传染性疾病正逐步得到控制，不过，随着人们寿命的延长，非传染性疾病成为主要的死亡原因。

Emma: But all countries have that problem.

艾玛：但是所有国家都有这个问题。

Lucy: Yes, but non-communicable diseases require expensive curative care and more sophisticated technology.

露西：是的。但非传染性疾病需要费用昂贵的医疗护理和更复杂的治疗技术。

Emma: I guess China has a lot of health issues to address. How qualified are the medical personnel?

艾玛：我想中国有很多保健问题需要解决。医务人员素质怎么样？

Lucy: They are very qualified, but the government still needs to stay involved in quality control and health supervision.

露西：他们都很称职。但是政府仍需要在质量控制和监督方面发挥作用。

Emma: With such a large country, I can imagine that the biggest problem is the healthcare infrastructure. How do they ensure access to healthcare in the rural areas?

艾玛：我可以想象，对于这么大的一个国家来说，最大的问题是卫生保健基础设施。他们如何确保农村地区的人们获得医疗保健服务？

Lucy: They are looking for methods to involve villagers in the governance of cooperatives, improve management transparency, and possibly use private insurance where possible.

露西：他们在探索让村民参与管理的合作医疗的办法，提高管理工作的透明度并在可能的情况下使用个人保险。

Emma: Is the international community involved in assisting them?

艾玛：国际上是否为他们提供帮助？

Lucy: Yes. International involvement is an important way of ensuring quality healthcare for Chinese citizens.

露西： 是的。国际力量的参与是确保中国公民得到高质量卫生保健的重要途径。