第三节
临床用药与防治
肥胖相关慢性疾病的防治要在各种相关疾病指南或专家共识的理论指导下,谨守疾病发病机制(或中医病机)进行,其防治策略主要包括:行为干预、药物干预以及手术和器械干预等[10]。行为干预包括饮食、体育活动调整以及行为咨询。行为干预是所有肥胖相关慢性疾病防治方式中不可或缺的一环。针对疾病的发病机制,可采取相应的药物干预方式。手术和器械干预可适当用于一些严重肥胖症或其他相关疾病。肥胖患者表现出葡萄糖和脂质代谢的功能障碍,它们通常具有脂肪组织和(或)小肠低氧及慢性低度炎症,且易于发生胰岛素抵抗。干预药物主要包括调节脂质代谢的药物,如过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor,PPAR)α/δ激动剂、PPARγ激动剂、抗炎药、抗氧化剂、法尼醇X受体激动剂,以及调节肠道菌群药物、抑制二酰甘油和神经酰胺生成药物,或减少糖异生/糖原分解的药物等[22]。
中医治未病理论的核心思想是“未病先防、既病防变”,在肥胖相关慢性疾病防治方面具有整体调节优势。中医药防治肥胖相关慢性疾病主要采取药物治疗(如单味中药、复方中药)和非药物治疗(如针灸、穴位埋线、穴位敷贴等)。例如,防治肥胖相关慢性疾病可采用清热袪湿中药,亦可采用抗炎或改善胰岛素抵抗的中药[20]。另外,临床前研究和临床试验表明,间歇性禁食对许多健康状况有广泛的益处,如肥胖、糖尿病、心血管疾病、癌症和神经系统疾病[23],但也有研究表明,间歇性禁食不能有效改善关键的代谢健康指标[24]。
然而,生活方式干预、减重药物、减重手术、中医药辅助减肥在内的中国肥胖临床管理体制并不完善,主要表现为:尽管拥有指南共识,但临床执行度不足;生活方式干预缺乏公认方案;可用于肥胖治疗的药物较少,以及减重手术尚缺乏长期结果数据。针对这一问题的健康管理体系也亟需健全[25]。
中国是世界上肥胖人口最多的国家之一,中国成人整体越来越胖,特别是农村地区人群和部分男性[5],肥胖相关慢性疾病已成为我国医疗保健系统的主要挑战。
中国人的BMI达到多少时需要进行体重干预?研究发现,包括中国人在内的东亚人群,其健康的BMI上限应低于当前规定的正常值上限[26]。为促进健康生活方式和强身健体,2016年,中国启动了“健康中国2030”计划,全民减重已经是大势所趋。通过使用包括健康管理中心、综合生活方式干预和医疗、加强教育和培训以及使用先进的电子健康技术的分层系统[25],通过管理和控制肥胖,可防治肥胖相关慢性疾病。
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