2.1.2 代词指代题 Pronoun(★★★★)
出题频率约4%,每套题目中出现1~3题。
考点速递
常见代词表
典型题例:
Although deforestation can provide economic benefits, they have negative effects on the biodiversity of an ecosystem.(Khan Academy language use: Pronoun Agreement 8)
A. NO CHANGE
B. those have
C. it has
D. these have
当画线部分或者选项中出现前面“常见代词表”中的代词时,要注意可能会考查代词的指代问题。
做题步骤:
1. 找到画线部分或选项中的代词,按照句意,判断代词指代的内容,或者为指代内容确定相应的代词。
2. 选择正确的代词单复数、人称和形式。
Although deforestation can provide economic benefits, they have negative effects on the biodiversity of an ecosystem.(Khan Academy language use: Pronoun Agreement 8)
A. NO CHANGE
B. those have
C. it has
D. these have
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,画线代词they指代的名词应该是deforestation(采伐森林)。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:deforestation一词是抽象名词,应该用单数的代词指代,所以排除A、B、D选项。
答案:C
代词的单复数一致
代词和它所指代的词在单复数上应该是一致的,单数代词代替单数名词,复数代词代替复数名词。
误:A student should always do their assignments.
正:A student should always do his or her assignments.
解析:分析句子可以看出,画线部分指代的是前面的a student,所以应该使用单数代词his or her。
另外在单复数指代部分常考到的是不定代词的指代问题,要注意的是,下面的不定代词都是单数,在指代的时候要用第三人称单数代词,指代人用he or she,指代事物用it。
不定代词(单数)
误:Everyone should be careful to keep their hands and feet in the vehicle at all times.
正:Everyone should be careful to keep his or her hands and feet in the vehicle at alltimes.
解析:everyone虽然在意思上是“每个人”,但是在被代词指代时为单数,用his or her指代。
真题解析:
Just as travelers taking road trips today may need to take a break for food at a rest area along the highway, settlers traversing the American West by train in the mid-1800s often found themselves in need of refreshment.(OG Test 3-12)
A. NO CHANGE
B. himself or herself
C. their selves
D. oneself
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“……那些19世纪乘火车横穿美国西部的定居者们经常发现自己需要吃点东西提神”,本题中画线部分themselves指代前面的复数名词settlers。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:himself/herself/oneself都是单数名词。their selves是错误的反身代词形式。
答案:A
代词的人称
原则上,人称中第一人称为表达型人称,第二人称为对话型人称,第三人称为论述型人称。一般来说,SAT中的文章中,文学类的文章可能会出现第一人称或第三人称,论述类文章基本都是采用第三人称,如果文章中出现直接引语的对话,可能会引入第二人称,但这种情况并不多见。通常来说,第二人称会作为重点考查对象,切记第二人称在指代的时候一般用在对话中,不能在叙述性的文章中指代前面的名词。
误:For people in ancient societies, work was only a means of survival rather than a way to improve your standard of living.
正:For people in ancient societies, work was only a means of survival rather than a way to improve their standard of living.
译文:对于生活在古代的人来说,劳动只是生存手段,而不是提高生活水平的途径。
解析:原句中不是对话形式,不能用your这样的第二人称代词去指代people,应该使用第三人称their来指代。
真题解析:
Because today's students can expect to hold multiple jobs—some of which may not even exist yet—during our lifetime, studying philosophy allows them to be flexible and adaptable.(OG Test 1-44)
A. NO CHANGE
B. one's
C. his or her
D. their
解析:1)弄清指代:句意:“因为人们期望现代学生能在他们的一生中应对多种工作……”,本题中画线部分our应该指代前面的复数名词students。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:就单复数而言,students是复数名词,不能使用one's、his or her来指代;就人称而言,是第三人称,所以选择their来指代。
答案:D
形近代词辨析
代词辨析主要是分清楚以下三类词汇:形容词性物主代词,代词的主谓形式,相近似的副词。
its/their——形容词性物主代词,意思是“……的”,后面接名词构成一个名词短语。其中its用于单数名词,their用于复数名词。
it's/they're——代词的主谓形式。意思是“它是……,它们/他们/她们是……”,后面接名词构成一个句子。其中it's用于单数名词,they're用于复数名词。
there——相近似的副词。后面不能接名词,通常接be构成there be句型,或者放在动词后面,没有指代作用。
误:Within they're policy that's plenty of room for discussion, and editors have to be ready to argue spiritedly for their choices.
正:Within their policy there is plenty of room for discussion, and editors have to be ready to argue spiritedly for their choices.
译文:在政策内还有很大的讨论空间,编辑们要做好准备为自己的选择来积极地辩论。
解析:这个句子有两个考查点,第一个是they're,由于they're policy是一个句子,而within是介词,介词后面不能连接句子,所以判断they're错误,改为their。第二个考点是that's,虽然语法上没有问题,但是意思是“那是”,按照句意最好使用there be句型表示“有”的意思。
真题解析:
Scientists have long known that soot particles facilitate melting by darkening snow and ice, limiting it's ability to reflect the sun's rays.(OG Test 1-19)
A. NO CHANGE
B. its
C. there
D. their
解析:1)弄清指代:句意:“科学家们早就知道,烟灰会使雪和冰变黑,限制它们反射太阳光的能力,加速融化。”本题中画线部分it's指代的是snow and ice。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:就单复数而言,snow and ice是复数名词,不能使用it's或its来指代;就形式而言,因为意思中缺少“它们的”的意思,所以要选择形容词性物主代词their,不能使用there。
答案:D
代词指代不明
在SAT语法中,一个代词应该有且只有一处明显的指代,没有指代和多处指代都是不可以的。所以代词指代不明可能会出现两类情况,一类叫无指代,也就是代词前面没有可以指代的名词;另一类是多指代,也就是代词前面有两个或者多个可以指代的名词。如果句子中出现了指代不明,就不要再试图用别的代词来继续指代,正确的改正方法应该是使用具有确切意思的名词或名词短语来代替。我们通过下面两道题来看一下指代不明的两个错误及改正方法。
无指代——也就是根据句意,代词试图去指代前面的句子或者动词短语,而不是指代名词的情况。这种情况不符合代词的基本用法。通常这一部分常常考到的是指示代词this、that、these、those,人称代词it,关系代词which。考生在做题的时候要注意,上面提到的六个词都不能指代前面的句子或动词短语,只能指代名词。
真题解析:Which choice best reduces the ambiguity of the sentence?
When future degree seekers hear that flexible, online college programs are proliferating, and that they are more affordable than traditional, four-year schools, they are pleased by this.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun clarity 37)
A. NO CHANGE
B. both facts
C. the good news
D. it
解析:1)弄清指代:句意:“当求学的人听说大量灵活的线上大学课程正涌现出来,并且比传统的四年制大学更加经济,他们非常开心。”本题中画线部分this试图指代的是前面两个从句“大量灵活的线上大学课程正涌现出来,并且比传统的四年制大学更加经济”,但是this不能指代句子,所以排除A选项。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:就单复数而言,前面两个从句应该是复数形式,所以选择B最合适。
答案:B
多指代——是指在句子中出现代词的时候,名词中有两个或多个都可以被指代。也就是说代词指代两个或多个名词中的任何一个,都可以使句子通顺,句意合理。这种情况通常就无法继续使用代词,只能使用名词明确指出对象。
真题解析:Which choice best reduces the ambiguity of the sentence?
Diego admired the works of both Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dali, though his works appealed more to Diego's political sensibilities.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun clarity 37)
A. NO CHANGE
B. one's
C. the former's
D. the other painter's
解析:1)弄清指代:句意为“迭戈对巴勃罗·毕加索和萨尔瓦多·达利的作品都很喜爱,尽管他的作品更符合迭戈的政治倾向”。根据以上句意无法判断此处的his指代的是前面的Pablo Picasso还是Salvador Dali,两个人都可以使本句意思合理,所以本句有指代不明中多指代的问题。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:鉴于one's在人称上不能具体指代前面的某个名词,所以排除B选项。其他三项中只有C项能够将前面两人区分开,所以选择C。
答案:C
综合上面两道真题可以看出,要解决指代不明的问题,重要的是去掉笼统的、不能明白指代的代词(前一个例题中的this,后一个例题中的his),使用具有明确意思的名词(前一题中的both facts,后一题中的the former's)。
知己知彼
考题速递
1. Like their terrestrial plant cousins, kelp removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, turning it into sugar fuel through photosynthesis, and releases oxygen back into the air.(OG Test 2-29)
A. NO CHANGE
B. they're
C. its
D. it's
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“就和它们的陆地近亲植物一样,巨藻……”,画线代词指代的名词为kelp(巨藻)。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:kelp是单数,应该使用单数代词。由于like是介词,后面不能加句子,所以不能选择they're和it's这种形式。应该选择its。
答案:C
2. While 1-MCP keeps apples firm and crisp for months, it also limits their scent production.(OG Test 3-26)
A. NO CHANGE
B. there
C. its
D. it's
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“1-MCP……也限制了苹果的香气”,画线代词指代前面的名词apples。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:apples是复数,应该选择复数代词,排除its和it's,画线部分缺少意思“它们的”,所以排除there。
答案:A
3. At the same time, a social and civil rights movement for Mexican Americans was working to raise awareness of Mexican American cultural identity. Artists associated with this began to rediscover and promote the work of the Mexican muralists, particularly Siqueiros.(Test 4-7)
A. NO CHANGE
B. it
C. them
D. this movement
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“人们发起一项社会和民权运动来提高对墨西哥裔美国人的文化身份的重视。与这项活动相关的艺术家都开始……”,画线部分指代前面的名词a social and civil rights movement。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:由于指代a social and civil rights movement,此处应该选择单数代词,排除them。it和this两个代词较笼统,除了指代a social and civil rights movement之外,也可能指代后面的单数名词Mexican American cultural identity,不能明确表达句子的意思。所以本题要使用名词this movement来明确句子意思。
答案:D
4. Proponents of organic food, of course, are quick to add that their are numerous other reasons to buy organic food, such as a desire to protect the environment from potentially damaging pesticides or a preference for the taste of organically grown foods.(OG Test 4-21)
A. NO CHANGE
B. there are
C. there is
D. their is
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“当然,支持有机食品的人很快增加了要买有机食品的其他原因,比如说……”,画线部分并不缺少代词或名词的意义,所以不能选择A。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:此处应该选择there be结构,表示“有”的意思。根据后面复数名词numerous other reasons来判断前面应该选择there are。
答案:B
5. As interesting as Russ's findings are, though, they're true value lies in their reminder that the Internet is not merely a sophisticated tool for collecting data but is also itself a rich source of data.(OG Test 4-32)
A. NO CHANGE
B. their true value lies in their
C. there true value lies in they're
D. their true value lies in there
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“罗斯的发现虽然有趣,但是它们真正的价值在于它们的提示作用”,画线部分的两个代词都指代前面的名词Russ's findings。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:findings为复数,应该选择复数代词。仅观察they're true value lies in their reminder这个分句,句中已经有一个谓语动词lies,不应该再出现其他的谓语动词,所以they're形式不对。另外,句子意思是“它们真正的价值在于它们的提示作用”,两个代词意思都是“它们的”,所以排除含有there的D选项。
答案:B
6. Despite this, mudskippers thrive in intertidal regions that are marked by regular, cyclical changes in water levels, adjusting its respiration depending on how much water is available.(2016. 3-10)
A. NO CHANGE
B. it's
C. there
D. their
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“跳跳鱼……根据可用水量的多少调整它的呼吸”,画线代词指代前面的名词mudskippers。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:mudskippers为复数,应该选择复数代词,排除its和it's。画线部分缺少意思“它们的”,所以排除there。
答案:D
7. Which choice best reduces the ambiguity of the sentence?
When I clipped the top of my drinking glass with my plate, it broke.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun clarity 29)
A. NO CHANGE
B. the glass
C. part of it
D. the tableware
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“我把碟子砸到玻璃水杯的上方,它破了”,我们无法确定画线代词指代前面的“碟子”还是“水杯”,所以本题是指代不明错误。
2)对于指代不明的问题不能再使用笼统的代词,所以排除A、C选项。另外tableware也包括前面的杯子和碟子,属于笼统的名词,不能清楚地表明指代的对象,所以也不能选。
答案:B
8. Which choice best reduces the ambiguity of the sentence?(Khan Academy language use: pronoun clarity 33)
David told Walter that Dr. Phillips, their business professor, suggested he raise his own funds for his IT consultation business because of the increased freedom in operations.
A. NO CHANGE
B. Walter
C. the student
D. the other
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“大卫告诉沃尔特说,他们的商业教授菲利普斯博士建议他自己筹钱建立信息咨询公司,因为运营越来越自由了”,我们无法确定画线代词he指代前面的大卫还是沃尔特,所以本题是指代不明错误。
2)对于指代不明的问题不能再使用笼统的代词,所以排除A、C、D选项。
答案:B
9. Which choice best reduces the ambiguity of the sentence?(Khan Academy language use: pronoun clarity 42)
Before the beginning of theThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, it states that Mark Twain painstakingly studied the multiple dialects used in the novel.
A. NO CHANGE
B. An explanatory note before the beginning of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn states that
C. It states in an explanatory note before the beginning of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn that
D. They say in an explanatory note before the beginning of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn that
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“在开始写《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》之前,它表明马克·吐温努力学习过小说里用到的方言”,我们无法确定画线代词it指代的是前面的哪一内容,所以本题属于指代不明问题中无指代的情况。
2)对于指代不明的问题不能再使用笼统的代词,A、C选项中保留了原句中的it,所以不对。D选项虽然去掉了it,使用an explanatory note来替代,但是引入了同样无可指代的they一词,所以也被排除。
答案:B
10. Which choice best reduces the ambiguity of the sentence?(Khan Academy language use: pronoun clarity 48)
Some people argue that horror films are a healthy psychological experience, since they provide an opportunity to experience catharsis: a release of negative emotion which is enabled by temporary investment in a believable fictional world. However, a 1990 research study suggested that it has relatively minimal effects, since exposure to violence is statistically related to increased aggression.
A. NO CHANGE
B. this
C. something of this sort
D. such a release
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“有人说恐怖电影有好的心理影响,因为它能让人们的情绪得以发泄,释放负面情绪……,但是1990年的一个研究表明它没什么用”,我们无法确定画线代词it指代前面的horror movies还是catharsis或release,所以本题是指代不明错误。
2)要解决指代不明的问题,不能再使用笼统的代词,所以排除A、B、C选项。
答案:D
11. Which choice best reduces the ambiguity of the sentence?(Khan Academy language use: pronoun clarity 51)
Amazingly, even though the satellite bumped into the International Space Station, it didn't need to be repaired.
A. NO CHANGE
B. the former
C. the technological wonder
D. one
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“神奇的是,即便卫星撞上国际空间站,它也不需要修理”,我们无法确定画线代词it指代前面的卫星还是国际空间站,所以本题是指代不明错误。
2)要解决指代不明的问题不能再使用笼统的代词,所以排除A、C、D选项。
答案:B
12. The brothers, who were accountants, always said the most important thing they mother taught was how to balance a checkbook.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun agreement 9)
A. NO CHANGE
B. his mother taught
C. their mother taught them
D. they mother taught them
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“两兄弟都是会计,他们经常说妈妈教过他们的最重要的事情就是平衡收支”,画线部分是从句,意思应该是“他们的妈妈教过他们的”。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:这里应该指的是两兄弟,所以用复数,排除B选项。形式上,“他们的”应该使用their,而“教他们”应该使用宾格them。
答案:C
13. Training dolphins requires a deep appreciation for its friendly nature and human-like intelligence.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun agreement 10)
A. NO CHANGE
B. their
C. his
D. her
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“训练海豚需要深入理解它的友好天性和像人类一样的智商”,画线代词指代前面的名词dolphins。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:dolphins为复数,应该选择复数代词,排除A、C、D选项。
答案:B
14. Aside from humans, only higher primates, dolphins, killer whales, and elephants are able to recognize them in a mirror.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun agreement 12)
A. NO CHANGE
B. itself
C. himself or herself
D. themselves
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“除了人类以外,只有高级灵长类动物、海豚、虎鲸和大象能从镜子中认出它们自己”,画线代词指代前面的名词higher primates、dolphins、killer whales、elephants。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:所指代名词为复数,应该选择复数代词,排除B、C选项。画线部分缺少意思“它们自己”,所以选择themselves。
答案:D
15. The study abroad advisor asked the students to protect themselves in Africa by taking malaria medication.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun agreement 13)
A. NO CHANGE
B. herself
C. itself
D. ourselves
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“留学顾问要学生们在非洲保护自己,携带抗疟疾药物”,画线代词指代前面的名词students。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:students为复数,应该选择复数代词,排除B、C选项。本句叙事是第三人称口吻,不能用第一人称ourselves。
答案:A
16. Winston and Halli put distinct stickers on their black suitcase so that they could spot it at the airport.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun agreement 14)
A. NO CHANGE
B. his and her
C. one's
D. they're
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“温斯顿和哈里在他们的黑色行李箱子上贴上了显眼的标签……”,画线代词指代前面的名词Winston and Halli。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:Winston and Halli为复数,应该选择复数代词,排除B、C选项。画线部分缺少意思“它们的”,所以不能用they're(意为“他们是”)。
答案:A
17. In some isolated parts of the world where educational resources are scarce, nonprofits are setting up computer kiosks that provide children with the opportunity to enrich their learning.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun agreement 15)
A. NO CHANGE
B. they're
C. its
D. them
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“……非营利组织建起电脑房让学生们扩展他们的学习”,画线代词指代前面的名词students。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:students为复数,应该选择复数代词,排除C。画线部分缺少意思“他们的”,所以选择A。
答案:A
18. Motorcyclists should inspect their helmets and check the motorcycle's tires before you ride.(Khan Academy language use: pronoun agreement 22)
A. NO CHANGE
B. he rides
C. it rides
D. they ride
解析:1)弄清指代:按照句意,“在骑摩托车之前,骑车者要检查头盔和车胎”,画线代词指代前面的名词motorcyclists。
2)注意单复数、人称和形式:本句是以第三人称陈述motorcyclists的做法,并且motorcyclists为复数,所以使用they作为代词最合适。
答案:D