第二节 小标题对应题制胜全攻略
一、小标题对应题的解题思路
（一）题型要求
文章由若干段落组成，要求为每个段落归纳段落大意，即找出该段的中心思想、主旨。
本题型不是让考生写出每个段落的段落大意，而是要求考生从选项列表中选择。在现在的考试中，备选项的数目往往多于文章中段落的数目，也就是说，有多个干扰选项。
（二）解题步骤
每个选项最多只能用一次，也就是说，两个段落的段落大意不可能是同一个选项。这是因为不同段落的主旨肯定是不同的，原文将它们分为不同的段落，就是要分别表达不同的内容。如果两段的主旨相同，即表达的中心思想一致，应该将它们合为一段，而没有必要分为两段。
1 先阅读备选项，寻找关键词，确定所考段落，然后读一段话，做一道题。
大家先想一下，下面的做题方法好吗？
先看第一个选项，读懂它的意思。然后读原文的各个段落，判断该选项是原文哪个段落的小标题。然后按照同样的方法处理其余的各选项。
显然，这样的做法不好，因为选项的数目多于原文段落的数目，这样做不仅要花费很多时间，而且极易受到干扰选项的误导。很可能第一个选项就是干扰选项，考生将这个选项与原文的各个段落相对照，结果发现没有与它相匹配的段落，这会浪费很多时间。
我们推荐的方法是：
先看选项，寻找关键词，确定所考段落。这样做的好处有两点：其一，寻找选项关键词，它有可能与某段的核心词汇重合，如果重合，那该选项可能是正确答案。其二，确定所考段落，未考段落可暂时不必阅读。读文章的时候，不要一下把文章全读完，而是读一段话，做一道题。假如原文第一段的小标题已找到，那么就读第二段，然后到选项列表中找该段的小标题。然后再读第三段，同样处理，直至完成。这样做不仅做题速度快，而且准确率高。
2 读每段话时，要抓住其主题句和核心词汇，正确答案常常是主题句的改写。
读每段话，并不是说该段话要全部仔细阅读。这样既浪费时间，也不容易抓住重点。考生应该抓住该段话的主题句，对其进行细读。
先读该段话的第一句，然后与选项列表中的各选项一一对应，确定正确答案，正确选项一般是该句话的改写。如果答案不能确定，应再读该段话的第二句，然后再与选项列表中的各选项一一对应。如果答案还是不能确定，应继续读该段话的最后一句，再与选项列表中的各选项一一对应。如果还是找不着正确的答案，就需要阅读整段话了。
根据我们的统计，段落的主题句在第一句的可能性超过50%，在第二句的可能性约为20%，在最后一句的可能性超过20%。也就是说，按照上述方法做这种题型，读完该段话的第一句，就能在选项列表中找出该段话的小标题，这种可能性超过50%。整段话都需要阅读的可能性不到10%。
这个做题方法不仅有统计数据的支持，还有理论基础。英文的段落展开方法比较简单，主要有两种：演绎法（Deductive Method）和归纳法（Inductive Method）。演绎法指的是由观点到例子和论据，所以主题句在该段话的前两句。凡主题句在第一句或第二句的段落都是以演绎法展开的。归纳法是指由例子和论据到观点，所以主题句在该段话的最后一句。70%左右的段落是用演绎法展开的，而且其中绝大部分主题句在第一句。20%左右的段落是用归纳法写的。
有的考生会问：“我怎么知道某段话是用演绎法写的，还是用归纳法写的？”是的，不读完整段话，是不知道的。但读完整段话很浪费时间，而且由于文章句子结构复杂，再加上有一些不熟悉的单词，很可能考生也读不太懂。所以，若读完整段话再来选择该段话的主题句，不仅时间不够用，而且往往正确率也不高。
我们介绍的这种抓主题句的方法，就是首先认为段落是用演绎法写的，而且主题句在第一句，按照第一句的意思，在选项列表中确定正确答案。如果选项列表中有一项与这句话的意思相同，即可认为其是正确答案。如果不能确定，再依次读该段话的第二句和最后一句，再与选项列表中的各选项一一对应，确定正确答案。实践证明，这种方法不仅节省时间，而且正确率很高。
3 某段话的答案确定后，将该答案从选项列表中划去。
我们在前面讲过，每个选项最多只能用一次，也就是说，不可能有两个段落的小标题是一个选项。所以，当一段话的答案确定后，应随即将它的选项从选项列表中划去，以免被误选为其他段落的小标题。而且在选其他段落的答案时，可以不看该选项，以节省时间。但如果某段话的答案不太确定，如第三段可能是C，也可能不是C，这时则不能将C从选项列表中划去，可在C处做一个标记，回过头来再看。
4 如果答案不确定，先将可能正确的选项全部选出。
如果一个段落的答案不确定，应先将可能的答案选出来，写在题目的旁边，再继续往下看其他段落。这样做的好处是，当下面某一段的答案确定后，上面段落的答案也就确定了。我们在前面讲过，每个选项最多只能用一次，也就是说，不可能有两个段落的小标题是一个选项。例如，第二段的答案可能是B或D，但如果你能够确定第四段的答案是D，那么，第二段的答案就是B了。即使第二段后面各段的主题句都不是B或D，最后在确定第二段的主题句时，也是从B和D中选择一个。
5 干扰选项的特点是，段落中未展开详细的说明。
干扰选项常常是段落中提到的细节，但我们要找的是段落的主旨。这更说明做这种题要抓住段落的主题句，而不是把整个段落读一遍，否则特别容易受到干扰选项的误导。
6 如果主题句比较复杂（如复合句），应重点看主句部分。
有时主题句是比较复杂的复合句，如果理解有困难，应集中精力看主句部分，正确答案应来自主句。
主题句中常常有如下句式：
例如某段话的主题句为：
However,despite the importance of the recruitment decision and the range of sophisticated and more objective selection techniques available,including the use of psychometric tests,assessment centres etc.,many organizations are still prepared to make this decision on the basis of a single 30 to 45 minutes'unstructured interview.
【译文】
然而，虽然招收新人的决定很重要，而且有很多成熟的和更加客观的选择技巧，包括心理测试和评估中心等，但很多单位仍然准备基于30~45分钟的非结构化的面试来作出决定。
【讲解】
这句话比较复杂，不好理解。应重点看主句部分many organizations are still prepared to make this decision on the basis of a single 30 to 45 minutes'unstructured interview。该段主旨为：The unstructured interview and its validity。
7 如果主题句中有show和suggest等词，应重点看其后的宾语从句。
例如某段话的主题句为：
Despite the significant increase in the number of women with dependent children who are in the paid workforce,Australian research studies over the last 15 years are consistent in showing that divisions of labour for family work are very rigid indeed.
【译文】
虽然有孩子需要抚养但仍参加带薪工作的妇女数量显著上升，但过去15年澳大利亚的研究一致表明，家庭工作的劳动分工实际上是非常固定的。
【讲解】
这句话比较复杂，不好理解。按照前面的注意事项，应重点看主句部分。主句部分中，有show的类似结构：showing that，所以其后的宾语从句是要说明的观点，是该段话的主旨。正确答案应是divisions of labour for family work are very rigid indeed的改写。其中，关键词是rigid，该词在本句中的意思是“固定不变的”。该段主旨为：The unchanged role of the female parent。
请注意：正确选项中的unchanged是原文主题句中的关键词rigid的同义词。
8 如果主题句是not only...but also...句型，应重点看but also后面的部分。
例如某段话的主题句为：
Diversity exists not only between cultures,but also within a single culture.
【译文】
多样性不仅存在于不同的文化之间，而且还存在于同一文化之中。
【讲解】
本句用来承上启下。not only后面的部分是“承上”，即上一段的主旨是“多样性存在于不同的文化之间”，but also后面的部分是“启下”，即本段话的主旨是“多样性存在于同一文化之中”。该段主旨为：Variation within cultures。
请注意：正确选项中的Variation是原文主题句中Diversity的同义词。这也说明，正确答案常常是主题句的改写。
9 问句不会是主题句。
问句通常作为引题，是过渡性的句子。所以，在做此类题时，如果某个段落的第一句、第二句或最后一句是问句，应该忽略，不用阅读，因为它肯定不是主题句。
例如某段话的第一句为：
Should police assume all the responsibility for ensuring a rapid response?
【译文】
警察应该承担快速反应的全部责任吗?
【讲解】
此句虽然是该段话的第一句，但问句肯定不是主题句，所以不用看，直接看该段话的第二句即可。
10 举例子的句子不会是主题句。
英文文章讲究以理服人，经常用例证即举例来论述自己的观点。所以，在阅读文章中，经常有以For example开始的句子。请考生注意，举例的句子是用来解释说明观点的，它不会是段落的主题句。所以，在做此类题时，如果某个段落的第一句、第二句或最后一句是举例的句子，应该忽略，不用阅读，肯定不是主题句。
例如某段的第一个句子是：
For example,it has been demonstrated that rapid response leads to a greater likelihood of arrest only if responses are in the order of 1~2 minutes after a call is received by the police.
【译文】
例如，已证实只有警察在接到电话1~2分钟之后作出快速反应，才更有可能抓住罪犯。
【讲解】
这是一个以For example开始的举例的句子，所以不用看，肯定不是主题句。
11 正确答案应是主题句的改写，与主题句特别一致的选项应引起怀疑。
正确答案应是主题句的改写，所以与主题句中的某些词特别一致的选项应不是正确答案。例如某段话的第一句（主题句）为：
Overall,female students outnumbered male students in the survey.
有一个选项为：Female Students。
原句的意思是：在调查中，女生的数目超过男生的数目。
上述选项只提到了女生。根据本条规律，你会发现它与主题句中的female students一模一样，所以也应该怀疑它不是正确选项。
正确选项为：Gender。
又例如某段话的第一句（主题句）为：
While student visa holders took either 10~29 week or 40 week courses,most students on working holiday and tourist visas took courses of less than 10 weeks,or from 10 to 19 weeks in length.
容易误选的选项为：Visas。
【译文】
虽然学生签证有效期为10~29周或40周，但大多持有工作假日签证和旅行签证的学生，期间使用了还不到10周，或10到19周不等。
正确选项为：Length of Courses。
12 如果需要阅读整个段落，应重点阅读该段落中的重点词句。
并不是每个段落都有主题句，有10%左右的主题句是必须阅读整段才能找出的。受英语水平的限制，如果阅读整个段落有困难，应重点阅读段落中的如下内容：
（1）反复出现的词；
（2）括号里的词；
（3）引号里的词；
（4）黑体词；
（5）斜体词。
二、小标题对应题的答题方式
1 主题暗示题
（1）分析主题句后归纳。
例1 ______
Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959.A president,elected to a four-year term,is head of state,and a prime minister is head of government.The president used to be elected by Parliament,but by a 1991 constitutional amendment（修正案）,the president is now elected directly by the people.The Parliament is the law-making body with its 81 members popularly elected.
（Answer: About State System of Singapore）
在做这一题型时，要学会在文章及段落中找到中心句，即作者要表达的思想。这种题型在整个考试中出现的频率是很高的。
主题句出现的位置往往在段首或段尾。在第一句中，可以看到新加坡是按照1959年修正后的宪法来治国的。在后面的叙述中，前两句主语都是总统，而最后一句的主语是议会。显然后面这几句是对主题句——第一句的详细说明。由此可以看出，小标题应该是新加坡的国家体制问题。
例2 ______
Certain phenomena have been observed which are believed to be the signs of imminent earthquakes.These include strange behaviours of some animals,the changes in the content of mineral water,etc.The magnetic properties of rocks may also display special pattern before major earthquakes happen.
（Answer: Indications of Possible Earthquakes）
本段的第一句即为主题句，讲的是人们观察到即将发生地震时一些可能出现的迹象，此后的内容讲的都是各种各样的预兆、迹象。因此可以判断该小标题是指可能发生地震时的种种“现象”和“征兆”。
例3 ______
Transport is one of the aids to trade.By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce,transport adds to their value.The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer,the better for trade.When there were no railways,no good roads,no canals,and only small sailing ships,trade was on a small scale.
（Answer: Role of Transport in Trade Development）
第一句话谈到了交通运输是对贸易发展的一大帮助，接下来的几句进一步补充说明了交通运输对贸易发展所起的作用，是对第一句主题句的详细说明，归纳起来本段小标题讲的是交通在贸易发展中所起的作用。
（2）理解段落主题句并用“原形复现”或“同（近）义替换法”。
例1 ______in Paris
Paris is the leading industrial center of France,with about one quarter of the nation's manu-facturing concentrated in the metropolitan areas.Industries of consumer goods have always been down to Paris by the enormous market of the big population,and modern,high-technology industries also have become numerous since World WarⅡ .Chief manufactures are machinery,automobiles,chemicals and electrical equipment.
（Answer: Industries）
该段主题句讲的是巴黎是法国的工业中心。“工业”一词以其复数形式“industries”出现了两次，其形容词形式“industrial”也出现了一次，可确定画线部分应为“工业”。
例2 ______
Women's rights are guarantees of political,social,and economic equality for women in a society that traditionally gives more power and freedom to men.Among these rights are control of property,equality of opportunity in education and employment,right of voting,and freedom of marriage.Today,complete political,economic,and social equality with men remains to be achieved.
（Answer: Rights of Women）
该段主题句讲的是在一个传统上男性比女性享有更多权利和自由的社会中，女性的权利是她们获得与男性政治、社会、经济平等的保障。
例3 ______
It is convenient to subdivide the study of anatomy in several different ways.One classification is based on the type of organisms studies,the major subdivisions being plant anatomy and animal anatomy.Animal anatomy is further subdivided into human anatomy and comparative anatomy,which seeks out similarities and differences among animal types.Anatomy can also be subdivided into biological processes,for example,developmental anatomy,the study of embryos,and pathological anatomy,the study of diseased organs.
（Answer: The Subdivision of Anatomy）
该段第一句即主题句，讲的是解剖学的细分，其中出现了关键词“subdivide”。后面是对主题句的扩展，说明了解剖学细分的内容：“major subdivisions”“further subdivided”“can also be subdiv-ided into”。显而易见，“细分”“分类”为答案。又因答案应为名词词性，所以用“原形复现”的方法可以得出答案。
（3）理解主题句并从试题中“of”或“by”后面的信息推断。
例1 _______of Receiving Adult Education
This kind of education may be in the form of self-study with proper guidance through the use of libraries,correspondence courses,or broadcasting.It may also be acquired collectively in schools and colleges,study groups,workshops,clubs,and professional associations.
（Answer: Ways）
这一段的小标题为“接受成人教育的……”。可参照介词 of后面的提示，从文章中寻找该小标题的核心词。该段共有两句话，作者用举例的方法提到了接受成人教育的不同途径与方法。第一句讲自学方式，包括函授课程、广播大学等，第二句讲集体学习方式，经过分析就可以得到答案。这是一种借助介词of 后面短语的帮助，到文章主题句中去找答案的方法。
例2 ______of Women's Rights Movement
The Age of Enlightenment（启蒙运动时期）and the Industrial Revolution,which caused economic and social progress,provided a favorable climate for the rise of women's rights movement in the late 18th and the 19th century.In 1848 more than 100 persons held the first women's rights convention in New York and the feminists（女权主义者）demanded equal rights,including the vote.
（Answer: Start）
这一段的小标题为“妇女权利运动的……”。参照介词of后面的提示，再看原文。第一句即主题句，主要讲的是引起经济、社会进步的启蒙运动和工业革命为18世纪末、19世纪初女权运动的兴起提供了一个有利的氛围。本段讲的是女权运动的“兴起”，本段第二句话里又出现了“first”一词，即“第一次”，令人联想到“开始”“开端”等词语。这样，含有start的答案就显而易见了。
例3 ______of Transport-related Industries and Trade
By moving fuel,raw materials,and even power,as,for example,through electric cables,transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before.Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another.The cheaper and quicker transport becomes,the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried.Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.
（Answer: Birth）
这一段的小标题为“与交通运输相关的工业和贸易的……”。第一句即主题句，讲的是交通运输使得一些地区工业和贸易的发展成为可能。小标题中的“工业”和“贸易”前出现了介词of，因此马上联想到主题句中of之前的词“establishment”与小标题of前要填的词有关。分析后得出该段是讲与交通运输相关的工业和贸易的“建立”“出现”，含有“birth”一词的选项是答案。
2 细节归纳题
（1）了解段落细节后用“原形重现”或“同（近）义替换法”。
例1 Check Your______
Obviously there is little point in increasing your reading speed if you do not understand what you are reading.If you find you have lost the thread of the story,or you cannot remember clearly the details of what was said,re-read the section or chapter.
（Answer: Comprehension）
这一类题型在考试中也经常出现。通过这部分的几个细节词汇如：understand，find，remember clearly the details等，稍加分析就可以得出“理解”这个主题。
例2 Choose the Appropriate______
Before you argue with your boss,check with the boss's secretary to determine his mood.If he ate nails for breakfast,it is not a good idea to ask him for something.Even without the boss's secretary,there are keys to timing: don't approach the boss when he's on deadline; don't go in right before lunch,when he is apt to be distracted and rushed; don't go in just before or after he has taken a vacation.
（Answer: Time）
在这一段细节描述中可以看到 timing这个词，这里的意思是“选择时机”，而这个词的名词形式恰恰就是我们所要的答案。从本文可以看出，有些答案就藏在所给段落的细节描述中，有些需要变形，有些就用原词。
例3 ______of AIDS
Most people recently infected by the AIDS virus look and feel healthy.In some people the virus may remain inactive,and these people act as carriers,remaining apparently healthy but still able to infect others.After a few years,some people may develop AIDS-related complex,or ARC.Its symptoms may include fever,fatigue,weight loss,skin rashes,a fungal infection of the mouth known as thrush,lack of resistance to infection,and swollen lymph nodes.
（Answer: Symptoms）
本段第一句讲的是大部分刚刚感染艾滋病病毒的人看上去是健康的，本人也感觉不到异常；第二句讲有些人身上的病毒可能一直不发作，成为病毒携带者；第三句讲的是过一段日子后，一些人开始产生与艾滋病相关的并发症；最后一句详细陈述了艾滋病的种种症状，出现了概括这些细节的词“symptoms”，由此确定了本题的答案。
（2）了解段落细节后，从试题中“and”前（或后）进行词义推断。
例1 _______and Climate
Low-lying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief（轮廓鲜明的）features.A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176m.The country has a wet tropical climate,with an average annual temperature of 27.2℃.The average annual rainfall is 2,413 mm; the wettest months are November through January.
（Answer: Land）
读完这段文字，我们就会发现该段没有主题句。但如果把细节归纳起来，就会发现前两句讲到新加坡岛的地势情况，接下来叙述的是该国的气候情况。根据小标题中and后面给出的Climate（气候）一词可以推断出前面应该填Land（地形）。
例2 Importance of______and Training
Not all skills are inborn,however.Some people have invested in training and schooling to improve their knowledge and skills.When we go to school,we are investing in human capital that we expect to yield dividends,partly in the form of higher wages,later on.Human capital is also produced through on-the-job training.
（Answer: Education）
这段文字似乎没有一句可以概括全段的中心内容。小标题中and后面给出提示词“Training”，第二句与training 并列的是“schooling”，用“and”连接，第三句中又出现“When we go to school”，与最后一句中“on-the-job training”遥相呼应，形成又一组并列。这样就可以轻而易举地确定小标题中“and”前应该是表示“教育”的名词，所以答案确定。
例3 Pronunciation and_______of Words
Pronunciation is settled by common agreement of the community or group speaking the particular language or dialect.For standard pronunciations of words,a dictionary is your best friend.The usage of words is somewhat the same as pronunciation.To be accurate in your use of words is very important in your conversation.Dictionaries usually provide the usage of words.So whenever you meet with new words,it is a good idea to look them up in the dictionary.
（Answer: Usage）
本段小标题中and之前出现的单词是“Pronunciation”，那么就要找出本段与pronunciation并列的单词的另一个方面。阅读段落内容后，可知段落前两句涉及的是单词的读音“pronunciation”，而后四句涉及的是单词的“usage”即用法。更重要的是文中第三句明确地把“usage”与“pronunciation”并列起来，因此确定为答案。
3 重要信息暗示题
这类题是指通过选取段落中多次出现的同义词的原形或同义异性、同义异形词解出答案的题目。
例1 ______of Adult Education
The earliest programs of organized adult education arose in Great Britain in the 1798,with the founding of an adult school in Nottingham and a mechanics'institute in Glasgow.The earliest adult education institution in the United States was founded by Benjamin Franklin and some friends in Philadelphia in 1740.
（Answer: Early Days）
本段中介绍了早期有组织的成人教育计划。文中earliest一词出现了两次，但都是指最早出现的某所学校。
例2 ______in the U.S.Airlines
During the 1970s the number of domestic passengers on U.S.airlines increased about 78%,and during the 1980s the figure was up about 58%.In 1990 there were 41.8 million international passengers; the figure was a 75% increase over 1980.The total cargo flown by U.S.airlines almost doubled during the 1980s,from 5.7 billion to 10.6 billion ton-miles in 1990.
（Answer: Rapid Growth）
本段主要陈述美国航空客运量和货运吨位的增长情况。全段并没有主题句，但每一句都出现了“增长”的字样：第一句里有“increased”和“was up”，第二句又出现“a...increase over”，第三句出现“doubled”（翻倍）的字样，这些都提示我们在小标题中要包含的名词是增长，即“Growth”。
例3 Earthquake______
Every year earthquakes are responsible for a large number of deaths and a vast amount of destruction in various parts of the world.Most of these damaging earthquakes occur either in a narrow belt which surrounds the Pacific Ocean or in a line which extends from Burma to the Alps in Europe.Some of the destruction is directly caused by the quake itself.An example of this is the collapse of buildings as a result of the quake itself.Other damage results from major fires which are initiated by the quake.
（Answer: Destruction）
本段主要讲了易发生地震的区域及地震所带来的破坏。文中表示“破坏”的词反复出现。第一句中就出现了答案“destruction”，第二句中有形容词“damaging”，第三句中又出现了答案“destruction”，第四句中有“collapse”（坍塌）一词，最后一句中有表示“破坏”的名词“damage”。由于“破坏”一词反复出现，便可找出以“de”开头的名词“destruction”。
三、大纲样题解析
Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A–F for each numbered paragraph (41~45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）
[A] What to do as a student?
[B] Various definitions of plagiarism
[C] Ideas should always be sourced
[D] Ignorance can be forgiven
[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
[F] The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars,writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person's ideas.In the English-speaking world,the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one's ideas.Simply stated,plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloining,and publication as one's own of the ideas,or the expression of ideas of another.”
41.______
The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation.In many universities,the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university.In the literary world,where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws,the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career.Protection of scholars and writers,through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities,is a relatively recent concept.Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
42.______
Students,as inexperienced scholars themselves,must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars'ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words,otherwise direct consequences may occur.There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students'inexactness in identifying sources properly.They are plagiarism by accident,by ignorance,and by intention.
43.______
Plagiarism by accident,or oversight,sometimes is the result of the writer's inability to decide or remember where the idea came from.He may have read it long ago,heard it in a lecture since forgotten,or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues.He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed.Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against,it is the least serious and,if lessons learned,can be exempt from being severely punished.
44.______
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources.The techniques for documentation—note-taking,quoting,footnoting,listing bibliography—are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references.Although there is no copyright in news,or in ideas,only in the expression of them,the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
45.______
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention.The writer,limited by his laziness and dullness,copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own.He not only steals,he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original.Such words as immoral,dishonest,offensive,and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement.All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources.Students,as developing scholars,writers,teachers,and professional leaders,should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed.Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship,they will admire the humility and honesty.
题解
答案