(2018)全国硕士研究生招生考试管理类专业学位联考:英语考前辅导教程
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2.2 核心词汇汇总

有关词汇的基础知识:词类(parts of speech)

英语的词通常分为十大类:

(1)名词(noun,缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称,如pen(钢笔), English(英语), life(生活)。

(2)代词(pronoun,缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词,如we(我们), his(他的), all(全部)。

(3)形容词(adjective,缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词的词,如great(伟大的), honest(诚实的), difficult(困难的)。

(4)数词(numeral,缩写为num.)是表示“多少”和“第几”的词,如four(四), eighteen(十八), first(第一), eighth(十八), hundred(一百)。

(5)动词(verb,缩写为v.)表示动作和状态的词,如write(写), walk(行走), think(想)。

(6)副词(adverb,缩写为adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词,如quickly(快), often(经常), very(很)。

(7)冠词(article,缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词,如a, an(一个,一种), the(这,那)。

(8)介词(preposition,缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其他词的关系的词,如from(从), in(在……内), between(在……之间)。

(9)连词(conjunction,缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词,如and(和), because(因为), if(假如)。

(10)感叹词(interjection,缩写为int.)表示感情的词,如:oh(噢), aha(啊哈), hush(嘘)。

词汇复习技巧:

这里给考生提供按照中文意群整合起来的高频核心词汇。一个意群可以带动一批意思相关的词汇的记忆,便于考生采用联想式的记忆方法,事半功倍,短期内达到好的复习效果。

2.2.1 复习动词

英语中有大量的动词,而且对句子和段落的理解起决定性的作用,因此记忆核心动词是成功备考的关键。以下为考生按照重点意群(中文从A到Z)归纳、汇总了核心动词,按照这个方法复习,能够更为有效地使用联想功能,达到事半功倍的效果。

A.

啊,(好的感叹)喝彩

applaud, clap, commend, praise这一组动词都有“鼓掌,喝彩”的意思。

applaud v.鼓掌,赞扬,指因精湛表演或某种行为得到别人的赞许,大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。

The audience applauded the singer's performance.观众为这位歌手的表演拍手喝彩。

clap v.拍打;鼓掌,拍手,clap one's hands=applaud,不能说applaud one's hands。

clap sb(on the back/shoulder)轻拍某人(的背或肩膀), give sb a clap鼓掌。

commend v.为正式用词,用于对具体功绩或成就表示嘉奖,通常指上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的赞赏。

The teacher commended the students for doing well on the exam.老师表扬过学生们考试成绩优异。

praise v.为一般用词,用于对某人的优秀品质表示钦佩羡慕;赞颂,赞美。

Survivors of the crash praised God for saving them.坠机事件的幸存者赞颂了上帝使他们得救。

(applause n.喝彩,夸奖;plausible adj.貌似有道理的,似乎可信的)


啊,(不好的感叹)残忍的

Fierce, cruel, brutal, savage, barbarian


Savage野蛮的,残忍的The war became increasingly savage.战争变得日益野蛮残忍。

(brutality n.野蛮)

B.

颁发,授予

award, reward, grant这一组动词都有“颁发,授予,准予”的意思。

award v.指正式或官方颁发、授予、给予。后面可跟双宾语。

The school principal awarded a prize in literature to the best student.学校校长将文学奖授予了这位最优秀的学生。

reward v.酬劳,奖赏,回报,通常指因做了某一件事或提供了某种服务而应得到报酬或酬谢。后跟with用来说明以何物作为报酬。

I will reward with USD 50 to the person who returns my lost dog.我将拿出50美元,酬谢把我丢失的狗送回的人。

grant v.授予,(法律上地或正式地)准予,允许

The bank finally granted a USD 5,000 loan to John.银行最后给予约翰5000美元的贷款。

保存

conserve, preserve, reserve这是一组形近易混词,且都有“保存”的意思。

conserve v.保存,保藏,保护(强调节约)。In winter, some people conserve energy by lowing the heat at night.冬天,有些人为节能夜里把暖气调小。

preserve v.保护;维持;保养;防止(食物)腐败(强调使不受破坏)。

The government preserves the rights of the individual person.政府保护个人权利不受侵犯。

reserve v.保留,储备(强调为某一特殊目的);订(座位),预定。

We are reserving these seats for my parents.我们把这些座位留给我的父母。

C.

承认,坦白

admit, confess, concede

admit v.指由于说服、再三追问而“承认”某一事实或过错。

I admit that you have a point.我承认你有理。

confess v.供认(罪行、过错等),含有“坦白、招认”的意思。

He confessed his crimes to the judge.他向法官供认了他的罪行。

concede v.指曾想隐瞒或不愿意承认某一错误,但由于证据确凿而不得不勉强承认,还可以指“以退为进”的承认。

The man who caused the accident finally conceded to the police that he had done it.造成这次交通事故的人最终向警察承认自己是肇事者。

成分

component, element, factor, ingredient这一组名词都有“组成成分”的意思。

component n.零部件;(某事物的)组成部分;成分。

Tires, the engine, the body, and the seats are component of a car.轮胎,引擎,车身以及座椅都是汽车的零部件。

element n.元素;组成部分,方面;某特定类型的人或群体,分子。

The elements hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.氢元素和氧元素化合成水。

He belongs to a bad element in this city.他属于这座城市的坏分子。

factor n.因素,要素,侧重指原因。

Endurance is an important factor in success in sports.耐力是体育比赛中获胜的一个重要因素。

ingredient n.原料,成分,要素。Flour, milk, butter and yeast are some ingredients in bread.面粉、牛奶、黄油和酵母是做面包的几种成分。

comprise, compose, consist, constitute这一组动词都有“组成,包含”的意思。

comprise v.包含,包括,由……组成(整体);构成。

Our company's product line comprises 2,500 different items.我们公司的生产线是由2500种不同组件构成。

compose v.构成(整体),组成;由……组成(后接of,常用于被动语态);创作(作曲、诗歌等)。

The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.该委员会过去主要由教师和学生家长组成。

consist v.组成,构成,由……组成(后接of,常用于主动语态);(后接in)在于,存在于。

The problem consists of two parts.此问题由两部分组成。

The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.这计划的优点就在于简单明了。

constitute v.构成,组成(整体)。Crime and illegal drugs constitute the city's major problems.犯罪和非法毒品买卖是这个城市面临的两大问题。

exceed, surpass, transcend这一组动词都有“超过”的意思。

exceed v.多于,大于,超过,多指数量或允许的限度。

Sales of the new product exceeded our estimates.新产品的销售额超出了我们的预计。

surpass v.优于或超过某人(某物)。

The runner surpassed his old record by 10 seconds.这位赛跑步者比他过去的纪录提高了10秒。

transcend v.超出或超越,一般指超越经验、常识、普通能力等,强调难以为大众理解。

The nature of God transcends of human comprehension.上帝的本质超乎人的理解。

D.

对等的

equal, equivalent, identical这一组形容词都有“相同的,相等的”的意思。

equal a.(数字、数量、权力、价值)相等的;(指人)胜任的。

Those two tables are of equal length.这两张桌子一样长。

It is a big responsibility to take on, so I hope he's equal to the task.要担负的责任很大,我希望他能够胜任这项任务。

equivalent a.相等的,等效的,与equal基本可以互换使用。

The two computers are equivalent in speed.这两台计算机运算速度相当。

identical a.同一的,完全相同的。

The boys are identical twins.这俩男孩是一模一样的双胞胎。

E.

遏制,抑制

refrain, restrain, restrict这一组词都有“遏制,抑制,限定”的意思。

refrain v.抑制,禁止,强调抑制一种冲动,是正式用语,为不及物动词,后接介词from。

Students refrain from smoking in the classroom.学生们克制住不在教室抽烟。

restrain v.抑制,约束,指通过管束阻止某事发生,是及物动词,其习惯用法是restrain sb(sth)from doing。

The doctor had to restrain her from hitting out at passers-by.那位医生不得不阻止她打到路人。

restrict v.限制,限定,是及物动词,用于结构restrict...to...

In Britain speed is restricted to 30 m.p.h.in towns.在英国,城市里的车速限制到每小时30英里。

We restrict the number of students per class to 35.我们将每班学生限定在35人。

F.

愤怒,生气

anger, fury, rage, indignation, irritation, resentment这一组名词都有“愤怒、生气”的意思。

anger n.气愤,生气,是一般用语。

After their argument, he expressed his anger by punching the other man in the face.争吵之后,他一拳打在那个人的脸上以发泄怒气。

fury n.暴怒,大怒,狂怒,程度较anger要强。

rage n.暴怒

indignation n.义愤,尤其指出于道义上的激愤。

Arise/arouse/attract general indignation at the sudden steep rise in train fares火车票价突然猛涨而激起公愤。

irritation n.恼怒;生气;令人恼火的事。

I felt a sudden irritation against Darren.我突然对达伦感到气恼。

resentment n.愤恨,怨恨,不满,是正式用语,尤指由于受侮辱或自尊心受到伤害后而产生的愤慨。

There was a feeling of resentment in the office after everyone's pay was lowered.大家的工资降低后,办公室里怨声载道。

(形容词:angry, furious, indignant, irritated)

非仿照的

initial, original, primitive这一组动词都有“初始的,原始的”的意思。

initial a.开始的,最初的,强调处于事物的起始阶段,也可以指位于开头地方的。

My initial good opinion of him changed with time.时间一长,我对他最初的好印象改变了。

original a.最初的,最早的;原版的,原物的。指按顺序是首位的,在此前不再有更为原始的同类的东西;也指原件的,原物的,非仿造的东西。

This is the original piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.就是在这架原先的钢琴上,这位作曲家创作了他最伟大的几首作品。

primitive a.原始的,上古的,早期的,指处于人类生命或事物发展的早期阶段,也可以指自然的或简朴的。

Primitive tribes live in the Amazon River basin.原始部落居住在亚马逊河盆地。

废除,废止

abolish, abandon, remove这一组动词都有“废除,废止,抛弃”的意思。

The bank robbers abandoned the car outside the city.银行劫匪把车抛弃在城外了。

(abolition名词,the abolition of slavery in US在美国废奴)

G.

鼓励,激励,刺激

encourage, excite, inspire, motivate, stimulate这一组动词都有“鼓励、刺激”的意思。

encourage v.鼓励,促进,含有“使增强勇气或给予希望”的意味。

He encouraged his son to go to good college.他鼓励他的儿子上名牌大学。

excite v.指使人感到激动、兴奋;煽动,鼓动。

The band played louder and excited the audience.乐队演奏得更响亮,让观众兴奋起来了。

inspire v.鼓舞,激发,影响,常常带有“启迪,启发”的意思。

My mother inspires us with stories of her difficult childhood.我妈妈通过许多艰苦童年故事来激励我们。

motivate v.激发,促动,强调激起动机去做某事。

A desire to go to medical school motivates her to study hard everyday.她想上医学院,这成了她每天努力学习的动力。

stimulate v.刺激,激发,促进,强调刺激反应的结果。

Cold air stimulates me.冷空气让我兴奋起来。

hasten v.促使,促进

[同义词]speed up, accelerate

估计,评估

assessment, estimate, evaluation这一组名词都有“评估”的意思。

assessment n.评估,估价,常常表示对于财产、价值的评估。

We have a low assessment on our property.我们对拥有的资产评估很低。

estimate n.估计,强调评估得出的结果,常与动词give搭配。

The mechanic gave me a rough estimate of two or three hundred dollars for the repairs to my car.机械师给我修车的费用粗略估计200到300美元。

evaluation n.(对于能力,价值、工作业绩的)评价,估价,常带有肯定的、正确的含义。

He gave a positive evaluation of our scientific research.他对我们的科学研究给予了积极的评价。

appraise v.Managers must appraise all staff.经理们必须对全体员工做出评价。

appraisal n.

改变

convert, invert, revert, transform这一组动词都有“转变”的意思。

convert v.转变,变换,含有“使某人改变观点”的意思。

He wants to convert to Catholicism.他要皈依天主教。

invert v.使颠倒,使倒转,使反向。常常表示位置、顺序、方向等的颠倒。

The baby inverted the cup and spilled her orange juice.婴儿把杯子打翻,弄洒了里面的橙汁。

revert v.归还,恢复原状。指回到原来的状态或情形。

John gave his brother a house, and when his brother died, ownership reverted back to John.约翰送给他哥哥一所房子,哥哥去世后,房子的所有权重归约翰了。

transform v.改变,转变,指形状、颜色、大小、性质等的改变。

A little paint will soon transform the old house.刷点油漆会使这所旧房子立即改头换面。

(形近易混)

transaction, transition, transmission, transformation, transfer

这是一组在考试中经常出现的形近易混词。

transaction n.交易行为,处理。

Transactions of shares on the stock exchange were up today.今天证券交易所的股票成交额上升了。

transition n.(从一种情况到另一种的)过渡,更替。

The transition from high school to college can be difficult for students.对于学生来说,从中学到大学的过渡会有困难。

transmission n.传播(比如疾病);广播。

The transmission of germs can occur by contact, breathing, and eating.细菌可通过接触、呼吸和饮食来传播。

transformation n.(外观或性质的)改变,改观,转变。

His character seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marriage.他婚后看似判若两人。

transfer n.转移,转让;(工作)调动;(旅途中)换乘,改变路线。

The club's goalkeeper isn't happy here, and has asked for a transfer.这个足球俱乐部的守门员在此过得不愉快,已经要求转会。

H.

缓和,减轻

alleviate, diminish, reduce, decrease, decline这一组动词都有“减少,减轻”的意思。

alleviate v.在痛苦方面的减轻,缓和

The painkiller alleviated the pain.这种止疼药缓解了疼痛。

diminish v.指因不断消耗而在数量上缓慢减少,也指素质或价值的下降。

The supply of oil has diminished because of the war.由于战争,石油的供应减少了。

reduce v.指人为地使某物在数量或重量上减少或降低。

He reduced the amount of money they could spend.他削减了他们开销。

decrease v.指数量上减少;力量或强度减弱。

The population decreased a lot last year.去年人口数量大幅下降。

Decline v.(数目、价格、比率)下降;谢绝,婉言推辞;衰退,衰落。

Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.去年芝加哥的犯罪率急剧下降。

He declined our invitation to dinner.他婉拒了与我们共进晚餐的邀请。

核实

certify, rectify, testify, verify这是一组形近易混词。

certify v.证明,证实。

He certified it was his wife's handwriting.他证实了那是他妻子的手迹。

rectify v.改正,纠正;整顿。

He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里错误。

testify v.(在法庭上)宣誓作证;表明。

He is the only person who can testify in this case, because the other witnesses were killed mysteriously.由于其他证人已经神秘遇害,他就成为该案例中唯一可作证的人。

verify v.(用事实)证实或核实。

I verified the store's address by calling to check it.我通过电话查对,核实了这家商店的地址。

I.

碍事,阻碍,干扰

interfere, interrupt, disturb, hinder, obstruct, block, handicap这一组词都有“干扰,阻碍”的意思。

interfere v.干涉,妨碍。常指干涉或妨碍他人(的事),着重指有影响。当意思为“干涉”时,后多接in;当意思为“妨碍,打扰”时,后多接with。

It's unwise to interfere between husband and wife.干涉人家夫妇之间的事是不明智的。

interrupt v.打扰,打断,阻碍。常有“使……停止(中断)”的意思。

His speech was constantly interrupted by applause.他的讲话频频被掌声打断。

disturb v.打扰,妨碍。常指失去了正常的状态或导致困难产生。

Nightmares disturbed her sleep.噩梦妨碍了她的睡眠。

hinder阻碍。

The child's crying hindered the doctor from completing the examination.

同义词:obstruct妨碍,block阻塞,handicap妨碍,hamper, impede妨碍,阻挠。

They were charged with obstructing the police in the course of their duty.他们被指控妨碍警察执行公务。

After today's heavy snow, many roads are still blocked.今天大雪过后,许多道路依然被阻塞。

British exports have been handicapped by the strong pounds.英镑坚挺已经妨碍了英国的出口。

hold back阻碍,阻止。

The police were unable to hold back the protesting crowd.警察未能阻止抗议的人群。

hamper further development阻碍进一步发展。

限制

confinement, limitation, restraint这一组名词都有“限制,局限”的意思。

confinement n.限制,囚禁(于某地或某种境地)。The prisoner was sentenced to three months'solitary confinement.那犯人被判处单独囚禁三个月。

limitation n.限制,局限;(能力的)缺点,弱点。

That employee has limitations on what work he can do.那位员工能做的工作有限。

restraint n.克制,抑制;约束措施。

Even though the mother was very angry, she acted with restraint and didn't yell at her child.母亲即使很生气,仍然克制自己不对孩子大吼大叫。

J.

景色;观点

scenery, scene, view, landscape这一组名词都有“景色”的意思。

scenery n.风景,景色,舞台布景,强调从美的角度看,某个国家或地区的总体外貌。

Each year, we spend our vacation in the mountains and enjoy the scenery.我们每年到山区度假,并欣赏那里的风景。

scene n.指从远处看到的某一具体景色、景象,也可以指人物的活动场面;(犯罪的)地点,现场。

They stood gazing the happy scene of children playing in the park.他们曾站在那里,凝视着孩子们在公园玩耍的情景。

view n.指从远处或透过窗户看到的视野范围内的风景;观点,看法。

Our house has a view of the park.我们房子具有公园景观。

landscape n.(自然的)风景,景色;风景画。

The landscape seen from the mountains is green and beautiful.从群山望去是一派绿色的美景。

集合,集会;研讨

assembly, conference, congress, rally, seminar, session, summit, symposium这一组名词都表示“会议”的意思。

assembly n.集合,集会。

The assembly of students takes place in the auditorium.学生们的集会在大礼堂举行。

conference n.(专门性的)会议,讨论会。

The conference on international economic problems was held in Geneva.关于世界经济问题的会议在日内瓦召开了。

congress n.代表大会,(美国的)国会。

Congress passes laws that must be obeyed by the people.(美国)国会通过的法律,人民必须遵守。

rally n.(鼓舞士气的)集会;群众性集会。

The football coach called a rally to build up the team's excitement for the next game.这位足球教练召开了动员会,鼓舞士气打好下一场比赛。

seminar n.(大学的)研究班,研讨会。

During summer vacations some teachers attend seminars at college.每逢暑假里,都有教师参加学院里的研究班。

session n.(一届)会议,回合。the autumn session of Parliament议会的秋季会议。

summit n.最高级会议,峰会(通常为领导人参加)。

Next year, the summit will be held in Vienna.明年峰会将在维也纳举行。

Symposium n.(学术、科研方面的)座谈会,专题报告会。

The symposium on SARS research lasted two days.“非典”研究研讨会持续了两天。

集中,专注于

concentrate, focus这两个动词都有“集中”的意思。

concentrate v.集中,集中精力(后接on,宾语可以是具体或抽象的东西);浓缩,压缩。

During exams, students concentrate hard on answering the questions.考试期间,同学们集中精力回答问题。

focus v.集中(于某事物);将(注意力等)集中于……(后接on,宾语一般不是具体的东西)。

Please focus your minds on the following problem.请集中考虑以下问题。

decline, refuse, reject, deny这组动词都有“拒绝”的意思。

decline v.婉言拒绝,谢绝,相当于refuse politely,主要用于拒绝有关社交活动的邀请或要求帮助的请求,后接名词或动词不定式,主语只能是人。

I invited her to join us, but she declined.我邀请她和我们在一起,可是她婉言谢绝了。

refuse v.是比较普通的用词,表示“拒绝”,含有非常坚决地、不客气地拒绝的意思。

reject v.抛弃,不采纳,主语可以是人或物,后接名词,不能接动词不定式。

He asked her to go to the movies three times, and each time she rejected him.他三次约她去看电影,但每次都被拒绝。

deny v.否认,否定,其后可接名词,代词或that从句。

The defendant denied the accusations made against him in court.被告在法庭上否认了对他的指控。

K.

扩大,发扬

amplify, enlarge, stretch, magnify, reinforce, expand

amplify v.扩大,增加,尤其指通过增强电压或电流使声音放大;补充叙述(故事、事件等)。

We must ask you to amplify your statement.我们得请你对你的说法作进一步说明。

enlarge v.扩大,多指具体物品如相片的放大。

enlarge photograph放大照片;enlarge a house扩建房屋。

stretch v.(有弹性地)伸展,延伸,并有可能超过限度;伸长、伸出(身体某部位)并绷紧肌肉(尤指在放松后或为了够着某物)。

The pullover stretched after I had worn it a few times.这件套头毛衣我穿过几次就撑大了。

Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, stretching themselves.完成了早班工作后,职员们站到各自桌后伸伸懒腰。

magnify v.放大,指用透镜或显微镜使物体看上去大一些。

His eyeglasses magnify words so he can read them.他借助眼镜把字放大以便能够阅读。

reinforce v.增援,加固。

expand v.指范围、体积的扩大、增大,也可以指内容或细节的充实。

The balloon expanded, then exploded.气球先是膨胀,然后就爆了。

amply v.放大(amplification n.)

(使)困惑,茫然

bewilder, puzzle, confuse, embarrass这一组词都有“迷惑”的意思。

bewilder v.使困惑,使茫然,强调非常困惑,通常表现为心理和智力的紊乱,语气最重。

He was fired without warning and is completely bewildered about the reason.他没有得到事先提醒就遭解雇了,茫然不知何故。

When the farmers visited the city for the first time, they were bewildered by its complicated traffic system.这些农民初次进城时,对城中复杂交通系统迷惑不解。

puzzle v.使迷惑,感到不解,强调不理解或解决不了。

Where the sunken treasure is puzzles explorers.沉没宝藏的下落令探险家们大惑不解。

confuse v.一般用语,使混乱,使糊涂,强调因混淆而使人产生迷乱。

He sent the wrong reports because he confused them with other ones.他发错了报告,因为他把它们同另外一些报告混淆在一起了。

embarrass v.使窘迫,使为难,使困惑,有令人不快、难为情和内心混乱的意味。

Her boyfriend embarrassed her by teasing her about her new hairstyle in front of others.她男友在别人面前嘲笑过她新发型,这让她难堪。

L.

联合

associate v.交往,结交;联系,联想。多指平等友好的合作,后接with,表示与某人交往或合作,后接in表示在某个方面合作。

We associate with our neighbors at church.在教堂里,我们同邻居交往。

ally v.使结盟,使联姻,多与with搭配。

Several political parties allied with each other against higher taxes.几个政治党派联合起来反对提高税收。

combine v.联合,化合,混合,多指为了某个目的将不同的人或物混合而成一个整体。

The girl combined sugar, butter, and flour to make the dough.小姑娘把糖、黄油和面粉混到一起做成面团。

unite v.联合,合并,团结,尤指不同的事物或人组成统一体,强调结果的一致性。

The nation united against its enemy.国民团结一致共同对敌。

劣势

minor, inferior, secondary, subordinate这一组形容词都有“次等”的意思。

minor adj.较少的,较小的,较次要的,常含有轻微的但并非不重要的意思。

We agreed on everything in the contract, even minor points.我们对合同中的一切问题,甚至是细枝末节都达成了一致。

inferior adj.次等的,较劣的,下级的,差的,当意思为“下级”时,强调职位的高低;当意思为“次等”时,指素质、质量等的低劣。

Most wine from Switzerland is inferior to wine from France.瑞士产葡萄酒大多比法国产的差。

secondary adj.第二等的,次要的,强调在重要性或顺序上处于第二位。

My job is of secondary importance to my health.我的工作比起身体来说不那么重要。

subordinate adj.次要的,从属的,下级的,强调主次地位或支配与隶属的关系。

He was always friendly to his subordinate officers.她对下级官员一向和蔼可亲。


Inferior to...(superior to...)

Disadvantage

Flaw, fallacy

M.

明显的,容易观察到或认识到的

apparent, evident, manifest, obvious, distinct这一组形容词都有“明显的”之意。

apparent adj.明显的,显而易见的,尤其指容易观察到或认识到的事物。

He is very unhappy, and it is apparent that he wants to leave now.他很不高兴,显然现在就想走了。

evident adj.明白的,明显的,与apparent基本同义,多用于推理或由事实证明的事物。

It is evident that he is guilty; his fingerprints were found at the crime scene.他显然有罪,犯罪现场发现了他指纹。

manifest adj.清楚的,明显的,多指根据外部特征或迹象便能看出或了解其意义,常作表语。

Her ability is manifest, but she is not attractive.她能力是明摆着的,但长相并不动人。

obvious adj.明显的,显而易见的,含有无可辩白,不需证明之意。

It is obvious that woman has had too much to drink.很显然,那位妇女酒喝得太多了。

distinct adj.清楚的,明显的;不同的,独特的。修饰性质明显不同的东西。

Medical care has made a distinct improvement in his health.医疗已使他健康状况明显好转。

Distinction n.差别,不同;辨别

distinguish v.辨别,区别

It is easy to distinguish between gold and silver.辨别金银很容易。

没过,淹没

dip, immerse, submerge这几个词都有“浸,浸入”的意思。

dip v.浸,浸染,蘸。多指短时地将某物部分地浸到液体中,有小心翼翼的意思。

The artist dipped his brush in the paint.那位艺术家拿画笔蘸了蘸颜料。

immerse v.沉浸,使沉浸于。指全部浸泡在液体中一段时间,也可指一种氛围。

Students immerse themselves in their studies.同学们在专心致志地学习。

submerge v.浸没,淹没。多指全部浸没在水下达一定深度。

The girl was submerged in the shallow end of the pool.那女孩泡在水池的浅水端。

N.

能实施的

feasible adj.可行的,行得通的,用来表示实施后可以成功的。

Your work plan is feasible, so we can build the bridge immediately.你的工作计划是可行的,所以我们可以马上修建那座桥。

practicable adj.能实施的,可行的,只表示一种可能性,实施后的效果不一定理想。

Their marriage was so bad that divorce seemed the only practicable solution.他们的婚姻是如此糟糕以至于离婚似乎成了唯一可行的解决办法。

practical adj.实践的,实用的,实际的,指未经过实践检验的事物,如计划、项目等。

She felt that most of what she learned in the course was of no practical use.她感到从这课堂上学到的大部分不实用。

pragmatic adj.讲究实际的,实用的,务实的,强调用常识解决实际问题,不追求不切实际的目标。

He would like to be a doctor, but he has a pragmatic attitude and realizes that he cannot afford medical school.他想成为医生,但又很实际,知道自己上不起医学院。

O.

欧元区euro zone

zone n.区域,指特定的地方、地带。

area, district, region, zone这一组名词都有“区域”的意思。

area n.泛指面积较大的地区;面积;专业领域。

The New York area has high rents.纽约地区房租很高。

district n.行政区划的小范围地区,如Xicheng District(北京)西城区。

region n.行政区划上更大的地区,如“自治区”;身体部位。

The northeast region of the USA includes New York and the six New England states.美国东北部包括纽约和新英格兰地区的六个州。

The city passed a law to create a business zone on some empty land.该市政府通过了法律,要在一些空旷地带开辟商业区。

boundary, border, frontier, rim, verge这几个名词都有“边界”的意思。

boundary n.边界;界线。多指作为界线的标识物等。

The fence marks the boundary between my land and hers.这道栅栏是我与她的土地的分界线。

border n.较宽的边缘,边界,多指两国或两地之间的分界处附近的边缘地区、边界地带;也可以指物体的边缘等。

We crossed the Mexican borders into the USA.我们穿过墨西哥边界进入美国境内。

frontier n.边界,边境,边疆,指靠近边界(boundary)的区域;也可引申为“未开发的领域”“(学术的)前沿”等。

The American West was still a frontier a century ago.一个世纪以前美国西部还处于边疆地带。

She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of biology.她是生化学家,从事生物学前沿研究。

rim n.边,边缘,尤指圆形或近似圆形的物体的边缘。

Verge n.(道路、花坛等长草的)边缘,引申为“某事即将发生之际”。

on the verge of war战争爆发之际

P.

迫使

compel, constrain, force, oblige这一组动词都有“强迫”的意思。

compel v.强迫,迫使,常表示运用权利、实力迫使对方做某事;有时也表示“别无他法,不得不做”。

His illness compelled him to stay in bed.他的病迫使他卧床不起。

constrain v.力劝,强迫,与compel意思相近,但更多强调内心情感(道德、怜悯等)的强迫和限制作用,一般用于正式场合。

As an artist he didn't consider himself constrained by the same rules of social conduct as other people.作为艺术家,他认为自己不必像别人那样要受同样的社会行为准则的约束。

force v.强迫,迫使,暴力威胁的意味较浓,常用于被动语态。

The thief forced her to hand over the money.强盗逼迫她把钱交出来。

oblige v.(因法律、习俗等)强迫,迫使,常常用于被动语态。

We are obliged to stop the car at a red light.我们遇到红灯时必须停车。

compulsion n.强迫,逼迫to act under compulsion在逼迫下采取行动

compulsory adj.必需的,强制的compulsory education义务教育;compulsory subjects必修课

Q.

强调,着重;加重

aggravate, reinforce, strengthen, intensify, emphasize这一组动词都有“加强”的意思。

aggravate v.加重(负担、罪行、病情等),使之恶化。

I hurt my foot, then aggravated it by trying to walk too soon.我脚受伤了,过早下地行走又加重了伤情。

reinforce v.增援(一般用于军队或警察的行动);使更强烈;(以添加材料等)加固。

A police officer saw three thieves robbing a bank and radioed to reinforce him.一位警察看到三个盗贼抢劫银行,便用无线电话呼叫增援。

The climate of political confusion has only reinforced the country's economic decline.政局混乱的环境只能并已经加剧了该国经济的衰退。

increase v.指数量上的增加。

The number of people has increased.人数增加了。

strengthen v.加强,巩固,增强,相当于to become stronger。

Exercising every day strengthens the heart.每天锻炼让心脏功能增强。

Competition, they believe, strengthens the national character rather than corrupt it.人们认为竞争使民族性得到加强而不是受到破坏。

intensify v.使变得更强烈、剧烈,加剧,相当于to become more intense or intensive。

intensify colors加深色彩;intensify hatred加深仇恨

emphasize v.强调;加强语气

She emphasized that their plan would mean sacrifices and hard work.她曾强调说,他们的计划就意味着牺牲和辛勤工作。

(emphasis n.强调emphasis on sth; stress n.强调stress on sth

We provide all types of information, with an emphasis on legal advice.我们提供各种信息,尤其在法律咨询方面。

She lays great stress on punctuality.她十分看重守时。)

缺点

blunder, error, mistake这一组词都表示“错误”。

blunder n.(因为无知、疏忽犯下的)大错,愚蠢的错误。

I think that I committed a blunder in asking her because she seemed very upset by my question.这位女士由于我提的问题看来很苦恼,我感觉犯了个大错。

error n.指判断、计算或行为上的错误,也可指智力或道义上的错误。

The accident was the result of human error.这事故是人为错误造成的。

mistake n.误会,误解;(粗心、遗忘所导致的)错误。

I took your bag instead of mine by mistake.我错拿了你的手提包。

S.

说明

demonstrate, illustrate这两个词都有“说明”的意思。

demonstrate v.多指通过具体动作或物体进行演示、示范、表演、展示等以达到说明或解释的目的。

This salesman demonstrated how to cook with a pressure cooker.这位推销员演示了如何用压力锅做饭。

illustrate v.强调通过举例、插图或比较等方式来说明道理。

The teacher illustrated the history lesson by telling a story about George Washington.那位老师通过讲述乔治·华盛顿的故事来上历史课。

设备,设施

equipment, facility, instrument这一组动词都有“设备,装置,设施”的意思。

equipment n.指生产、研究所需要的设备、装置,如各种机器和器材,是不可数名词。

a factory with modern equipment一家具有现代设备的工厂。

facility n.指较大的设施、设备,尤指公用的、为大众带来便利的设备。

The facility at that club includes tennis courts and a swimming pool.那家俱乐部的体育设施包括网球场地和一个游泳池。

instrument n.乐器,仪器,为某个用途而使用的工具。

As a flexible actor, he can perform, sing, dance and play several kinds of musical instruments.作为一位多才多艺的演员,他既会表演、唱歌、跳舞,又能演奏不同种类的乐器。

(容许)释放,散发,发射

emit, release这一组动词都有“释放,散发”的意思。

emit v.散发,发射(send out)

emission n.排放、散发、发出(气体、光、热);排放物

The policy aims at cutting down exhaust emissions.这项政策旨在控制废气排放。

omit省略,删节(leave out, neglect)

He omitted reading this paragraph.他漏掉了阅读这一段。

omission省略,遗漏

release v.释放;发布,发行;宣泄(情绪等)

Firefighters took two hours to release the driver from the wreckage.消防队员花了两个小时将司机从汽车残骸中解救出来。

She burst into tears, releasing all her depressed emotions。她放声大哭起来,宣泄出受压抑的全部情绪。

release n.释放,排放,解除;公映的新影片,发布的新闻

cut down the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere降低二氧化碳向大气排放。

The new album is planned for release in April.新唱片计划于四月发行。

submit v.1)提交,呈送:submit this assignment to the professor把作业交给教授

2)(vt.及物动词)(=put forward for option, discussion, decision ect.)提出(供评论、讨论决定等)You must submit your request to the committee.你须将请求提交委员会。

3)(vi.不及物动词)(=surrender(to), give in)屈服,投降:After being defeated, they submitted to the enemy.(战败后,他们向敌人投降了。)

submission n.呈送,提交;服从,屈从

transmit v.播送,发射transmit a message by radio通过电台发送信息

The ceremony was transmitted live by satellite to over fifty countries.典礼通过卫星向五十多个国家进行了实况转播。

transmission n.(电视节目的)播送,发射;传递

We interrupt our normal transmissions to bring you a piece of breaking news.

我们中断正常节目,插播一条突发新闻。

T.

推断

deduce, induce, reduce

deduce v.推断,推理,演绎。

My friend becomes quiet when his girlfriend is angry with him; today he is quiet and so I deduce she is angry.我的那位朋友在他女朋友生他气的时候就变得沉默,今天他默不作声,我推断她生气了。

induce v.引诱,劝;引起,导致。

reduce v.减轻,减小;降低。

imply, infer

imply v.(从言语或态度中)暗示,暗指(某种事情)。

The Secretary of the Treasury implied that interest rates would go down.这位财政大臣暗示利率会下降。

infer v.(根据已知事实)推断,推理。

I infer from your smile that you are happy.我从你笑容断定你很高兴。

推迟,延缓

delay, postpone

delay v.延期,延缓,耽搁,常指由于不可避免的障碍等原因而延期。

Her late arrival delayed the start of the meeting.她的迟到使会议延迟了。

postpone v.耽搁,暂缓,常指将某事放置一边,等到另一事发生或过一段时间再做。

Our meeting for today was postponed until next week.我们今天的会议已推迟到下周。

提供

accommodate, afford, furnish

accommodate v.提供住宿、房间;适应,迎合,迁就。

This hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.这家饭店可接待500位来宾。

The company accommodated the customer's wish and sent the delivery overnight.公司满足了顾客的愿望,连夜将货物发送出去。

afford v.负担,支付;当意思为“提供”时,多用于指抽象事物的提供。

We can't afford that expensive sports car.我们承受不起那款昂贵跑车。

The tall building affords a beautiful view of the ocean.这幢高楼天赐有美丽海景。

furnish v.指提供生活或某种用途所需要的东西。

Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours.阅读只是将知识素材装进头脑,思考才能将读过的东西变成自己的。

W.

忘记,遗漏

ignore, neglect, omit, overlook这一组动词都有“忽略”的意思。

ignore v.忽视,不理睬,指有意识地拒绝。

She saw him coming but she ignored him.她看到他走来却不理不睬。

neglect v.忽视,忽略,疏忽,指无意识地忽视或忘记。

He neglected to make repairs in his house.他忘了维修自己的房子。

omit v.遗漏,忽略,忘记,指由于疏忽而忘记,也可以表示因不利或不好而被忽略等。

She omitted several steps in the experiment and it failed.她在这项实验中遗漏了几个步骤,实验就失败了。

overlook v.忽略,疏漏,指有意识地遗漏,也可以指无意识地忽略。

The mother overlooked her little boy's bad behavior.那位母亲疏忽了她小儿子的不良行为。

X.

下降,减少

decline, decrease, diminish, reduce这一组动词都有“减少”的意思。

decline v.(数量、数字、价格、比率)下降,下落。

Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.去年芝加哥的犯罪率还急剧下降。

decrease v.减少,减小,强调逐渐地下降或减少的过程。

diminish v.(力量、势力)减弱,减少,强调由于某种原因而减少,这种减少可以造成人们所能察觉的后果或损失。

The need to take action has diminished.已经不再需要采取行动了。

reduce v.是及物动词,指通过人为方法在数量、规模、范围等方面减少,也可以指在地位、重要性方面降低等级。He reduced his weight by 20 pounds by eating less and exercising.他通过节食和运动,体重减轻了20磅。

Y.

萦绕(心头),鬼魂出没

haunt v.

The house is said to be haunted bya ghost.

His unhappy face has haunted Jane for years.

与……一致

abide, adhere, conform, comply这一组动词都有“遵守,符合;顺应”的意思。

abide v.后接by表示“遵守,同意”。

I will abide by the director's decision.我将遵从主任的决定。

adhere v.后接to表示“遵守”。(当然adhere一词的其他意思如“坚持;粘附”也经常被考到。)

Car drivers must adhere to the rules of driving.汽车司机必须遵守驾驶规则。

conform v.遵守,符合;顺应,一致,后接to表示“遵守,符合”,强调主观上的遵守、顺从。

All individuals are required to conform to the laws made by their governments.要求人人遵守政府制订的各项法律。

comply v.后接with表示“遵守,服从”,用于正式的场合。

They refused to comply with the UN resolution.他们曾拒绝遵守联合国的决议。

Our company complies with governmental regulations on paying taxes.我们公司遵守政府有关纳税的规定。


意识

aware, conscious这一组动词都有“意识,感知”的意思

aware a.知道的,意识到的,强调感官对外界事物的意识。

He was aware of his mistake.他意识到了自己的错误。

conscious a.有意识的,意识到的,一般指内心所意识到的。

The salesman is conscious of the fact that he must increase sales.这位销售员意识到必须增加销售额。

awareness n.意识,认识

an awareness of following a healthy diet.一种遵守健康饮食的意识。

to raise/heighten/increase public awareness of sth加强、提高、增强公众对某事物的认识。

to develop environmental awareness培养环保意识。

consciousness n.意识,观念,觉悟;强调“社会或道德意识”。

The experience helped to change her social consciousness.这种经验有助于改变她的社会意识。


(可)感知的

sensible, sensitive, sentimental, sensational这是一组形近易混词。

sensible a.有知觉的,可感知的;明智的。

The patient was speechless but still sensible.这位病人不能说话但仍有知觉。

sensitive a.敏感的,灵敏的。

This film is sensitive to light.这种胶片对光很敏感。

sentimental a.多愁善感的,感伤的。

The novel has scenes full of love and loss; it is so sentimental!这部小说充满爱情悲欢离合的情节,多么感伤啊!

sensational a.耸人听闻的,令人激动的。

I read a sensational story about a ten-year-old mother.我读到一则关于十岁妈妈的轰动故事。

Z.

摘要,要点

abstract, digest, outline, summary这一组名词都有“要点,摘要”的意思。

abstract n.概要,摘要,尤其指对学术论文或法律论据作的简述。

I have read the abstract of his book.我已经读了他的那部书的概要。

Digest n.(篇幅较长的)摘要,文摘,是对原文的浓缩而不是简单解释,浓缩后仍保持原著的顺序、重点和风格。

Reader's Digest《读者文摘》

outline n.要点,大纲,概要。

She made an outline of ideas she wanted to present in her talk.她把要谈的观点列出个提纲。

summary n.总结,摘要,指用寥寥数语概括文章或讲话的要点,不考虑原文的风格。

责备;归咎

blame, condemn, reproach, scold这一组动词都有“责怪”的意思。

blame v.责怪,把……归咎于。

You can't blame anyone in case you fail the exam.万一你这次考试不及格,你谁都不能责怪。

condemn v.谴责,用于比较正式的、严肃的场合。

The wife condemned her husband for drinking too much.这位妻子因丈夫贪杯而责怪他。

reproach v.(书面语)责备,表示不满。

His teacher reproached him for not doing his homework.老师责备他不做家庭作业。

scold v.责骂,训斥。

revolve, evolve, involve

revolve v.旋转,转动。

The room began to revolve, then he fainted.屋子开始旋转,然后他就昏倒了。

evolve v.发展,演变。

Agriculture evolved slowly over thousands of years.几千年来,农业发展得很缓慢。

involve v.需要,包含;使卷入,牵涉。

Getting a driver's license involves learning how to drive, studying the rules of the road, and taking a test.拿到驾照需要学会开车,记住交规,并且通过考试。

(使)转向

deviate, distract, divert这一组词都有“转移”的意思。

deviate v.背离,偏离。多指脱离正轨或正题等。

He deviated from society by becoming a drug addict.他因吸毒成瘾而背离了社会。

distract v.使分心,分散(注意力、心理等)。常带有不能专心的意思。

Noise distracts him, so he can't study for exams.喧闹声分散了他的注意力,让他无法考前复习。

divert v.转移,使转向,着重改变后的结果,后常接介词from。

A loud noise diverted everyone's attention from their work.一声巨响转移了人们工作注意力。

2.2.2 复习名词和形容词

为了帮助考生在较短的时间内,有效地记忆名词和形容词,作者开发出“十全”记忆法,即按照英语26个字母顺序(A-Z),列出十个单元、每个单元十组高频名词、形容词,以及其同义词或反义词。若能顺利掌握,考试就将能达到十拿九稳的境地。

Unit 1

(1)abbreviation(n.)缩短;缩写

[同义词]brevity简洁

(2)absurd(adj.)荒谬的,可笑的(absurdity名词)

[同义词]ridiculous, ludicrous, insane(疯狂的)

(3)abundant(adj.)丰富的,盛产的(abundance名词)

abundant supplies of food丰富的食物供应

These flowers grow here inabundance.这里花卉长势繁茂。

[同义词]plenty足够,excess过度,过剩,sufficient足够的(形容词)

(4)access(n.)通路(have access to接近,达到)

[同义词]approach接近(have approach to接近,达到)

accessible易达到的(形容词)

(5)acquision(n.)获得,习得,(商务)收购

[同义词]take over收购;merger并购

acquisitive渴望得到的(形容词)

[同义词]greed贪婪,desire愿望,hunger, thirst, yearn, long渴望(have desire, hunger/thirst/yearn/long for...)

(6)addicted(adj.)上瘾的,沉溺的(be addicted to...)

He was addicted to heroin.他对海洛因上瘾了。

addiction上瘾(名词)(have addiction to sth; drug addiction毒品上瘾)

addict瘾君子(名词)

addictive上瘾的(形容词)

a highly addictive drug一种极易上瘾的药

addictive添加剂(名词)food addictive食品添加剂

(7)affordable(adj.)能够支付的,不贵的

afford to buy sth能负担起的

[同义词]cheap, inexpensive便宜的(reasonable price合理的价格)

[反义词]expensive, costly昂贵的(unreasonable price不合理的价格)

(8)aggressive(adj.)进取的,有侵略性的

Some people get aggressive after drinking alcohol.有些人喝酒后变得有攻击性。

an aggressive salesman一位咄咄逼人的销售人员。

[同义词]initiative有进取心的

(9)allegiance(n.)忠诚,拥护(have allegiance to...)

[同义词]loyalty, devotion, support支持,sustain支撑,持续

(10)ambiguous(adj.)含糊的(ambiguity名词)

[同义词]unclear, uncertain, vague不明确的

[反义词]clear, certain明确的

Unit 2

(11)ample(adj.)充足的,丰富的

[同义词]enough, adequate(adequate supply of water充足的淡水供应;The old computer is stillperfectly adequate for most tasks.那台老式计算机对大多数任务完全够用。)

sufficient(sufficient oil reserve充足的石油储备)

attendance/presence出席;existence存在

[反义词]inadequate, insufficient, deficient(deficiency名词:缺乏、匮乏,vitamin deficiency维生素缺乏症); absence缺席

(12)analogy(n.)相似

[同义词]analogue, resemblance(The boys bear no resemblance to their father.这些男孩子一点也不像各自的父亲。)

(13)appetite(n.)胃口

[同义词]hunger饥饿;thirst口渴;desire愿望

anxiety热望,焦虑;aspiration抱负,热望;ambition抱负

eager(adj.)渴望的;keen(adj.)(be keen to do sth热切希望做某事)

(14)appropriate(adj.)恰当的,得体的

[同义词]proper, fitting, suitable合适的

(15)arena(n.)竞技场:Roman gladiators fought in an arena.罗马角斗士在竞技场搏击。

[同义词]forum论坛;debate辩论;contest竞赛;competition竞争(competitive形容词)

competitor竞争者

(16)assault(n.)突袭

[同义词]attack攻击

(17)authentic(adj.)真正的

[同义词]genuine, real真的

authority(n.)权威(authoritative形容词)

dictator独裁者;tyranny独裁

autonamy(n.)自治,独立(autonomous region自治区)

(18)awe(n.)敬畏

[同义词]admiration, respect, reverence敬佩,敬仰

(19)badge(n.)徽章

[同义词]sign符号;symbol信号,象征;emblem象征;code代码

signify(v.)

(20)ban(n.)禁止(to impose a ban on sth下令禁止某事)

[同义词]inhibition

Unit 3

(21)bankrupt(adj.)破产的(bankruptcy名词)

go bankrupt破产

solvent(adj.)有偿还能力的;insolvent(adj.)无偿还能力的

(22)barrier(n.)障碍(trade barrier贸易壁垒)

[同义词]obstacle阻碍;fence篱笆;fortification城堡

(23)beverage(n.)饮料

[同义词]drink饮料;alcohol酒;liquor, spirits烈酒

alcoholic嗜酒如命的;workaholic工作狂;shopaholic购物狂

(24)bewildering(adj.)迷惑的

[同义词]puzzling, confusing迷惑的;baffling令人困惑的

(25)bilingual(adj.)双语的

[同义词]linguistics(n.)语言学;lingual(adj.)语言的

eloquent(adj.)能言善辩的(eloquence名词)

rhetorical(adj.)修辞的;rhetorics修辞学

narrate(v.)叙述;narration(n.)叙述;narrator叙述者

describe(v.)描述;description(n.)描述

(26)bibliography(n.)文献;参考书目录

[同义词]autobiography自传;reference参考

(27)bleak(adj.)荒凉的

[同义词]depressing抑郁的;destressful悲凉的;desperate绝望的

gloomy阴郁的;abandoned被抛弃的

(28)bondage(n.)奴役,束缚

[同义词]slave奴隶;slavery奴隶制;enslave(v.)奴役

captive(adj.)抓住的,逮捕的;captivity(n.)抓捕;capture(v.)抓捕

imprison(v.)投入监狱;imprisonment(n.)囚禁

tie(n.)联系;link(n.)关联;correlation(n.)关联

[反义词]emancipation, liberation解放;liberal(adj.)自由的

(29)brutal(adj.)残忍的,严酷的(brutality名词)

[同义词]violent, cruel, savage残忍的

barbarian(adj.)野蛮的;uncivilized(adj.)不文明的

impolite, rude, bad-mannered(adj.)不礼貌的

[反义词]civilized(adj.)文明的(civilization名词)

polite(adj.)礼貌的(politeness名词); well-mannered礼貌的(manners礼仪)

(30)buoyant(adj.)有浮力的;快乐的(buoyance名词)

[同义词]cheerful, merry, joyful(adj.)快乐的;enjoyable(adj.)享受的

positive(adj.)积极的;optimistic(adj.)乐观的;enthusiastic(adj.)有热情的

[反义词]negative(adj.)消极的;pessimistic(adj.)悲观的;unenthusiastic(adj.)没有热情的

Unit 4

(31)calorie(n.)(热)卡路里,热量

[同义词]fat脂肪;grease油脂

overweight(adj.)超重的;obese(adj.)肥胖的(obesity名词)

heavy(adj.)重的;thick(adj.)厚的;major(adj.)主要的(majority名词)

significant(adj.)意义重大的;considerable(adj.)大量的

[反义词]slim(adj.)瘦的;thin(adj.)薄的;light(adj.)轻的;slight(adj.)轻微的

minor(adj.)次要的(minority名词); trivial, insignificant(adj.)不重要的;diet(n.)节食

(32)canyon峡谷(the Great Canyon大峡谷)

[同义词]gorge峡谷;valley山谷;gap沟壑;crack裂缝

ridge山脊;peak山峰;climax(戏剧)高潮;summit顶峰;峰会

cape地角;strait海峡;peninsula半岛

coast海岸;shore海滨;beach海滩

(33)casual(adj.)随意的,休闲的

[同义词]informal非正式的;relaxed放松的

[反义词]formal正式的;serious严肃的;stressful, tense有压力的

(34)charisma(n.)魅力(charismatic形容词)

[同义词]charm, attraction, appeal, lure

(35)chronic(adj.)慢性的,长期的

[同义词]frequent, regular经常的;customary, harbitual习惯性的

(36)circulation(n.)循环(circulate动词)

[同义词]movement行动;exchange交换;transmission传输

(37)clarification(n.)澄清

(38)clinical(adj.)临床的

[同义词]medical(adj.)医学的,医疗的;experimental(adj.)试验的;trial(n.)试验

(39)collision(n.)碰撞,冲突

[同义词]clash, smash, conflict, impact

confrontation对抗;disagreement不同意;quarrel争吵;argument争论

contradiction反驳(contradict动词); opposition反对(oppose动词); challenge挑战

negation否定(negative形容词); denial否定(deny动词); rejection拒绝(reject动词)

(40)colony(n.)殖民地

[同义词]settlement(人的)居留地;habitat(动物的)栖息地

territory领土;region地区;district行政区

environment, surrounding环境;situation, circumstance情况

Unit 5

(41)color(n.)颜色

amber琥珀(色); orange橙色;jade玉(色); grey/gray灰色

brown褐色;blond(淡)金色;purple紫色

blanch(苍)白色;beige米白色;cream奶油色;pale浅色

tint(n.)色调;浅色thebrownishtintofanold photo旧照片的淡褐色

shade(n.)色度:a delicate/pale/rich/soft shade of red淡、浅、艳丽、柔和的红色

[同义词]fade(v.)退色、枯萎;wither(v.)凋谢

Because of the strong sun, the new sitting room curtains faded from dark blue to grey.由于阳光的强烈,客厅的新窗帘由深蓝色褪成灰色了。

The flowers are withering for lack of water.花朵由于缺水而在枯萎。

bleach(v.)漂白

(42)compensation(n.)补偿(compensate动词)

[同义词]return回报;reward奖赏;prize奖;payment酬金

expense支出;dispense分发;distribution分销

(43)competent(adj.)有能力的,有能力胜任的(competence名词)

[同义词]capable, proficient有能力的;talented, gifted有天赋的

skillful, skilled有技巧的;professional职业的;qualified合格的

knowledgeable有知识的;well-informed见多识广的,well-educated受过良好教育的

facility(n.)设施

(44)component(n.)部分,零部件

[同义词]section, part, piece

constituent, element成分;ingredient(营养)成分

(45)concession让步(concede动词)

compromise折中,让步(compromising形容词)

[同义词]allowance允许,consideration考虑;acknowledgement, recognition承认(recognize动词)

(46)confidential(adj.)保密的

[同义词]private, personal个人的;classified分类的,保密的(classify动词)

(47)consequence结果,后果

[同义词]result, outcome, upshot

ending结尾;conclusion结论(jump into a conclusion得出结论)

termination终结;extinction(动物)灭绝;elimination消灭;removal去掉(remove动词)

murder谋杀;assassination暗杀(assassin暗杀者)

execution执行(死刑thedeathsentence);slaughter屠杀;massacre大屠杀(massmurder)

(48)contamination(n.)污染,玷污

[同义词]pollution污染(pollute动词); corruption贪污(corruptive形容词)

bribery贿赂;dishonesty不诚实(dishonest形容词); fraud(n.)欺诈

deception/deceit(n.)欺骗(deceive动词); trick/trickery(n.)诡计,手段(tricky形容词)

(49)credit(n.)信任,信用(credible可信的;incredible令人难以置信的)

(50)criterion(n.)标准(criteria复数)

[同义词]norm, standard标准;measure测度,衡量;principle原则

Unit 6

(51)defense(n.)防御

[同义词]protection保护(protect动词); guard站岗(guard against sth预防某事)

resistance抵抗(resist动词); struggle争斗

[反义词]surrender投降(give up); defeat打败

(52)delegate(n.)代表

[同义词]representative代表;assignment委派;responsibility/obligation/duty责任

task, mission任务;operation运营

(53)delinquent(adj.)失职的;有过失的(deliquency名词)

[同义词]failure失败;neglection疏忽;ignorance忽视;unawareness没有意识

awareness, consciousness意识(be aware/conscious of sth意识到某事)

(54)dignity(n.)尊严(dignify动词)

[同义词]self-respect, self-esteem自尊

(55)diplomatic(adj.)外交的(diplomat外交官)

[同义词]political政治的;embassy大使馆;ambassador大使

(56)discipline(n.)纪律;学科

[同义词]regualtion/rule规则;order秩序

restraint克制;obedience顺从(obedient形容词)

(57)discreet(adj.)谨慎的

[同义词]cautious, careful小心的,谨慎的

(58)disposal(n.)处置,处理(dispose动词)

[同义词]throwing, dumping抛弃;removal除掉

(59)dynamic(adj.)有活力的

[同义词]energetic精力充沛的;vibrant/vigorous精力旺盛的

(60)eccentric(adj.)古怪的

odd, strange, weir, peculiar古怪的;unconventional(adj.)非传统的

Unit 7

(61)elusive(adj.)难懂的;(意思)难以捕捉的

[同义词]mysterious神秘的(mystify动词); obscure含糊不清的,没有名气的

indescribable难以描述的;doubtful疑惑的

fleeting转瞬即逝的;ephemeral短暂的;temporary临时的;transitory过渡的

[反义词] permanent, enduring, lasting(adj.)永恒的;continuing(adj.)持续的

lifetime, lifelong(adj.)终身的

(62)enormous(adj.)巨大的

[同义词]huge, vast, giant, gigantic, immense, substantial, massive, oversize, colossal非常大(extremely large)

(63)entrepreneur企业家

[同义词]businessman商人;capitalist资本家;industrialist实业家;consumer消费者

investor投资者;financier金融家;sponsor资助者

industrial(adj.)工业的,实业的;entrepreneurial企业家的;commercial商业的;financial金融的

(64)equivalent(adj.)等价的

[同义词]equal平等的(equality名词); identical同样的;indistinguishable难以分辨的

(65)essential基本的,本质的

[同义词]fundamental, primary基本的;crucial, vital关键的

(66)exaggerating(adj.)夸张地(exaggeration名词;exaggerate动词)

[同义词]overstatement(n.)夸张;maximum最大的

[反义词]understatement(n.)贬低;minimum最小的;limit(n.)限制

(67)extravagant(adj.)奢侈的,挥霍的

[同义词]luxury(n.), luxurious(adj.)奢侈的

comfortable(adj.), comfort(n.)舒适

(68)fatigue(n.)疲劳,劳累

[同义词]exhaustion(n.), exhaustive/exhausting(adj.), tired(adj.), tiredness(n.)疲劳

(69)generous(adj.)大方的

[同义词]charitable(adj.)慈善的;expensive, costly, pricey昂贵的;excessive过多的[反义词]tightfisted(adj.)小气的;cheap, inexpensive廉价的

(70)harbor(n.)港口,避难所

[同义词]shelter庇护,accomodation住所;refuge避难(seek refuge寻求避难;refugee难民)

Unit 8

(71)herd(n.)兽群

a herd of cattle一群牛

[同义词]cluster(n.)丛,束,群

[同义词]a crowd of people一伙人

Bob introduced her to some of the usual crowd, the bright young theatrical crowd.

鲍勃把她介绍给几位熟人——几个年轻聪明的戏剧演员。

a mass of; an amount of大量的

The sky was full of dark masses of clouds.天空一度乌云密布。

I struggled through the mass of people to the exit.我在人群中奋力挤到了出口。

(72)hermit(n.)隐士

heresy异端邪说

[反义词]orthodox doctrine正统教条

convention, tradition传统;dogma教条;doctrine教义

(73)hierarchy(n.)等级制(hierarchical形容词)

the social/political hierarchy社会/政治等级

[同义词]rank(She's much higher in rank than I am.她级别比我高得多;a high-ranking police officer一位高级警官)

(74)hormone(n.)荷尔蒙

[同义词]gene基因,genetically modified food(GM food)转基因食品

(75)homogeneous(adj.)同类的,相似的

[同义词]similar, identical类似的

(76)horizontal水平的

[反义词]vertical, plumb垂直的

(77)hostile(adj.)敌意的(hostility名词)

[同义词]unfriendly, antagonistic敌意的

[反义词]hospitable善意的(hospitability名词), friendly

(78)humble(adj.)卑微的,谦逊的

[同义词]modest卑微的,谦逊的;(humility名词)

[反义词]proud骄傲的(pride名词), arrogant傲慢的

(79)hurricane(n.)飓风

[同义词]灾难词汇总:

disaster灾难;accident意外,事故

destruction破坏(destroy动词), damage损坏(do damage to...)

earthquake地震;volcano火山;eruption喷发(erupt动词)

tornado龙卷风;crash碰撞;wreck残骸

misfortune不幸;tragedy悲剧;devastation灾难;catastrophe大灾难

drought干旱;flood水灾

wound(n.)伤害、损伤

[同义词]harm, damage, injury(n.); ruin(v.)毁坏

spoil(n.)宠爱,溺爱;mess up弄糟

(80)immune(adj.)免疫的(immunity名词)

[同义词]vulnerable(adj.)脆弱的;(vulnerability名词)

[反义词]invulnerable(adj.)难以攻破的;(invulnerability名词)

Unit 9

(81)indignant(adj.)愤怒的

[同义词]annoyed烦心的;resentful,愤恨的;offensive讨厌的,冒犯的

[反义词]dislike(n.)不喜欢;anger愤怒;hatred, resentment(n.)憎恨;offense(n.)冒犯

(82)intermediary(adj.)中间的

interval(n.)间隔

(83)justification(n.)证明……是对的(justify动词)

[同义词]defense辩护(defend动词)

(84)leak(n.)泄露

[同义词]escape(n.)逃跑;flee(v.)逃跑

reveal, expose, disclose(v.)揭露;exposure(n.)揭露

publicity(n.)公开;coverage(n.)报道

(85)license(n.)执照

[同义词]permission许可(证), allowance批准,允许(permit, allow动词)

guarantee保证;security安全,安保

certification认证;qualification资历;diploma文凭

(86)majestic(adj.)雄伟的,庄严的(majesty名词)

[同义词] grand, splendid, magnificent壮丽的;imposing, impressive印象深的

striking(adj.)引人注目的,明显的

obvious, remarkable, noticeable显著的

(87)manipulation(n.)操纵(manipulate动词,同义词:handle, deal with, cope with对付)

exploitation剥削,利用(exploit动词,同义词:take advantage of)

[同义词]utilization使用,利用(utilize动词)

harness利用,开发;employ雇用,聘用

employment就业;unemployment rate失业率;employed有工作的;unemployed失业的

occupation, profession(n.)职业

(88)marine(adj.)海洋的

Lobsters and dolphins are kinds of marine animals.龙虾和海豚是海洋动物。

[同义词]navy海军(naval形容词); submarine潜艇;ocean海洋(oceanic形容词)

offshore离岸的,近海的;deep sea深海;nautical航海的

navigation航海;navigator航海家(navigate动词); steer方向;steerwheel方向盘

astronaut宇航员;astronomy天文学

(89)maverick(想法)与众不同的人;独行侠

rebellion(n.), rebel(v.)叛逆,反抗;rebellious(adj.)叛逆的;riot(n.)暴乱

disturbance(n.)不安,打扰;disturb(v.); bother(v.)打扰;hassle(n.&v.)骚扰

harass(v.), harassment(n.)骚扰;sexual harassment性骚扰;harassed(adj.)因骚扰而焦虑的

[反义词]conformist, follower

(90)mentor(n.)大师,精神导师

[同义词]tutor私人教师;advisor, counselor, consultant顾问,咨询师

therapy(n.)理疗;therapist理疗师;remedy(n.)解药;medicine药品

Unit 10

(91)monotonous(adj.)单调的

[同义词]tedious, boring, dull单调的

(92)occurrence(n.)事件,发生的事情

[同义词]incidence, happening, affair事件;anecdote轶事

(93)paraphrase(n.&v.)释义,义译

translation(n.), translate(v.)翻译;interpretation(n.), interpretate(v.)口译

explanation(n.), explain(v.)解释;analysis(n.), analyze(v.)分析

exploration(n.), explore(v.)探索;discovery(n.), discover(v.)发现

examination(n.), examine考试,检查;scrutiny(n.), scrutinize(v.)(仔细)检查

inspection(n.), inspect检查;investigation(n.), investigate(v.)调查

search(n.)搜查;survey(n.)调查,普查

(94)paradox(n.)悖论,似非而是的理论

(定义:a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true与通常见解相反的观点却可能是对的。注:这个词属于标准考试的常考词,和西方流行的批判性思维契合。)

[同义词] contradiction矛盾;inconsistency不一致

[反义词]consistency一致;logic(n.), logical(adj.)逻辑;stability(n.), stable(adj.)稳定的

steadiness(n.), steady(adj.)平稳的;balance(n.)平衡;sense of balance平衡感

constant(adj.), constancy(n.)恒定;uniformity(n.)统一

(95)penetration(n.)穿透,渗透(penetrate动词)

[同义词] evacuation(n.)疏散(evacuate动词)

immigration(n.), immigrate(v.)移民;immigrant(n.)移民

emigration(n.), emigrate(v.)(往外)移民;migration(n.), migrate(v.)迁徙

trip, tour, journey(n.)旅行,出游;excursion(n.)出游;outing(n.)出游

expedition(n.)探险;voyage航海;picnic(n.)野餐;barbecue, grill(n.)烧烤

(96)preliminary(adj.)预备的,初步的

[同义词] groundwork(n.)基础工作;preface前言

[反义词]breakthrough(n.)突破;advance(n.&v.)推进;frontier(n.)前沿

(97)primary(adj.)主要的,首要的

[反义词]accessory附属的,次要的;additional额外的,supplementary补充的,subsidiary子公司(名词)

(98)recession(n.)衰退;economic recession经济衰退(recede动词)

downturn(n.)下滑;slump(n.)停滞;crisis(n.)危机;depression(n.)萧条;despair(n.&v.)绝望

(99)religion宗教(religious形容词)

monk修士;pilgrim香客;朝圣者;Bible圣经

abbey修道院;church教堂;cathedral大教堂;chapel小教堂

Catholic(adj.)天主教的Christian(adj.)基督教的(Christianity名词)

Muslim/Islamic(adj.)穆斯林的;mosque(n.)清真寺

Buddhist(adj.)佛教的(Buddhism佛教;Buddha佛); temple寺院

priest神父;pope主教;saint圣人

preach(v.)布道;pray(v.)祈祷

(100)syllabus(n.)教学大纲;curriculum(n.)(全部)课程

extra-curriculum activities课外活动;program(n.)项目;course课程

compulsory course必修课;optional course选修课