3.2　课后习题详解

一、翻译下列各段。注意翻译术语的适当运用，尤其是有关翻译技巧的定义

1．There are in the main eight techniques and principles in translation, either from English into Chinese or from Chinese into English. They are: diction, amplification, omission, conversion, inversion, negation, division and repetition.

【答案】不管是英译汉还是汉译英，主要有八条翻译技巧(和原则)，即选词用字法，增译法，减译法，词类转移法，词序调整法，正说反译法、反说正译法，分译法和重译法。

2．By “diction” we mean proper “choice of words” in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.

【答案】所谓“选词用字法”，就是在正确理解原文的基础上适当地选择词语。

3．Repetition is useful chiefly for clearness, which is of course the first quality to be acquired in a discourse. Secondly, words are repeated also for the sake of emphasis or force, which is another important quality in expression. Lastly, repetition will give life to the discourse and make it more attractive.

【答案】重译法之所以有用，第一是它可使译文明确(明确是衡量语言质量的第一个标准)；第二是为了强调，使语言有力(这是衡量语言质量的另一重要标准)；第三是为了使译文生动形象，引人人胜。

4．By amplification we mean supplying necessary words in our translation work to make the version correct and clear, to make it appear more like the language translated into. Words thus supplied must be indispensable either syntactically or semantically.

【答案】增译法意味着为使译文正确、清楚和更为地道而增用必要的词语，所增之词不论是在句法上或词义上都必不可少。

5．As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to or subtract any meaning from the original work. However, this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying the necessary words to make his version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the usage of the language to be translated into.

【答案】按原则，译者不能对原文的意思任意增减，但这不是说为了使译文忠实而地道不准译者增加必要的词语。

6．Nothing shows greater difference in syntax between English and Chinese than the omission of words in the sentence. What is considered necessary, indispensable, and even a characteristic feature in one language may be deemed useless, superfluous, and even a stumbling block in another.

【答案】英汉两种语言在句法上最大的差别莫过于各自在词语的省略上的不同：在一种语言里被认为是必要的、必不可少的，甚至是构成其语言特色的词语，对于另一种语言则可能是无用的、多余的，甚至会成为表达中的障碍。

7．By conversion we mean that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language. We cannot translate English mechanically word for word into Chinese. A good translator should try by all means to reproduce the thought of the author faithfully in another language, quite disregarding the parts of speech of individual words so used in his version. In practical translation work, words in the original, if necessary, may be turned into words identical in meaning but different in part of speech, and the word order may also be changed.

【答案】谈到词类转移法，我们是说在翻译中原文中的词类不一定要变成译文中的同一词类。我们不能字对字地把英语译成汉语。优秀的译者应想方设法使原文的意思不加改变，而译文的词类可以与原文的不同，词序也可改变。

8．By inversion in translation we mean that the constituent elements of a sentence are arranged in a way different from the general rules of word order of the language in question. Each language has its own peculiarities in word order. The natural order in English may mean the inverted order in Chinese. Put it more clearly, inversion, as one of the translation techniques, means the necessary or even inevitable change of word-order in a sentence according to the usage of the language to be translated into. This change of word-order is necessary because, first of all, each language has its own natural word order and its own peculiarities in word order, secondly, inversion, as a stylistic device, is often used for emphasis.

【答案】翻译中的词序调整法是指译文的词序可以不同于原文句子成分的安排。任何语言都有其词序特点。英语中的自然语序可能译成汉语的倒装语序。明确地说，词序调整法作为一种翻译技巧，是指根据语言习惯在翻译中对词序加以改变。这一改变之所以必要或必不可少，首先是因为每种语言都有其词序特点，其次是可以作为一种修辞手段，达到强调的目的。

9．There is another peculiar negative construction in English in which negation is applied to only a part of the persons or the things mentioned in the subject. The word order of partial negation in English is quite different from Chinese expression. A slight carelessness will cause some gross mistake in translation.

【答案】英语中另有一种特殊的否定结构：只部分地否定主语所表示的人物或事物，这和汉语的同一否定的表达方法很不相同。翻译时稍有不慎就会出现重大差错。

10．A double negative in English does not always make a positive. Some English grammarians take this kind of negation for vulgar speech. Even some contemporary grammarians regard it as substandard English. At any rate, it is the speech of the native speakers of English, particularly that of the working people in England and the United States. And it presents itself in English literary works, too. In this regard, difference in the ways of thinking does exist between Chinese and English. Otto Jespersen holds that in repeating these negatives, the speaker is only taking pains to make his negative meaning clear and unmistakable, for fear that one negative alone might not be heard.

【答案】英语中的双重否定并不总是意味着肯定。一些语法家将此种否定称作粗俗语言，甚至当代一些语法家仍视之为亚标准英语。不管怎么说吧，反正它是英语民族的人所用的语言，特别是英、美一些劳动人民所用的语言，也出现在英语文学作品中。在这一点上，存在着使用这两种语言的人的思路的差别。奥托·叶斯柏森认为：说话人之所以把这种否定重复一次，是想竭力使其否定意思明确和避免任何误解，生怕只说一次使人听不懂他的话。

11．A careful study of any of the five volumes of the Selected Works of Mao Tsetung (Eng. ed.) would enable us to see that the technique of “division” has been aptly employed on many occasions in Chinese-English translation. And this contributes greatly to dialectical unity of “faithfulness” and “smoothness” in the English version of the Selected Works.

【答案】只要认真学习一下五卷《毛泽东选集》英译本中的任何一本，都可以看出分译法在汉译英中的大量运用，这就是此选集的英译本达到了忠实与通顺的辩证统一的主要原因。

12．Division, as a translation technique, means the necessary splitting of a long sentence into shorter sentences. To split a sentence at will is definitely a mistake in translation. For this is bound to mar the style, or even the meaning of the original. But that does not mean “splitting the sentence” is absolutely impermissible. On the principle of “subordinating the part to the whole”, a translator may, through a careful analysis of the context, split a long and involved sentence properly in translation, so as to convey faithfully the thought of the original in a readable way.

【答案】分译法作为翻译技巧之一，是指把一句较长的原文分成几句较短的译文的方法。随便分译一个句子肯定是错误的，因为它不可避免地有伤原文的风格与意思。但这不等于说“分译句子”是绝对不能允许的。根据“部分服从整体”的原则，译者可以通过对上下文的仔细分析，对长句、难句进行分译，使译文忠实而易懂。

二、翻译下列各句。注意理解原文

1．She is no fool.

【答案】她很聪明。

2．He is not incapable.

【答案】他很能干。

3．She never comes without bringing some candy for the children.

【答案】她每次来都给孩子们带些糖果。

4．His pronunciation is not better than mine.

【答案】他的发音不比我的好。

5．His success is out of the question.

His success is out of question.

【答案】他决不可能成功。他的成功毫无问题。

6．We cannot exaggerate its importance.

【答案】它的重要性我们无论怎样夸大都不会过分。

7．I can't help thinking that he is still alive.

【答案】我不能不认为他还活着。

8．It is a long lane that has no turning.

【答案】世界上没有一条不转弯的路。(亦译：瓦片也有翻身日。)

9．It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.

【答案】哪怕是歪风吹也有人觉得舒服。(人疾医生喜。)

10．They sent him to Coventry.

【答案】他们拒绝和他来往。

三、翻译下列句子。注意时态的变换

1．After the outbreak of the war, the whole country was armed in a few days.

【答案】战争爆发后，几天之内举国武装了起来。

2．The sense of superiority that boy from a senior cadre's family acquired in his childhood has never been totally eradicated.

【答案】那个出身高干家庭的小伙子童年时染上的优越感至今还没完全消除。

3．Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily, only a few of secondary importance remain to be discussed.

【答案】大部分问题已圆满解决，只剩下个别几个次要问题有待讨论。

4．During the war years before the Liberation lots of children were saved by Comrade Sung Chingling and the China Welfare Institute led by her.

【答案】在解放前的战争年代宋庆龄同志和她所领导的中国福利会拯救了很多儿童。

5．At that meeting an agreement was very soon arrived at.

【答案】在那次会上很快达成了一项协议。

6．I'm afraid I shall be laughed at.

【答案】我想人家会笑我。

7．My first twenty years were spent in a poverty-stricken countryside.

【答案】我的前20年是在贫穷的农村度过的。

8．It was hoped that the Party organization of the school would solve Comrade Ke Jinglong's problem without delay.

【答案】希望该校党组织迅速解决柯景龙同志的问题。

9．It is universally acknowledged that a single man of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

【答案】凡是有钱的单身汉，总要娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。

10．Hitler was also washed away by the storms of history.

【答案】希特勒也被历史的风暴冲掉了。

11．Smedley’s father was dismissed by the boss of the factory.

【答案】史沫特莱的父亲给那工厂的老板解雇了。

12．They were given a hearty welcome.

【答案】他们受到热烈欢迎。

13．Last year that region was hit by the worst drought in 50 years.

【答案】去年那个地区遭到50年来最严重的旱灾。

14．All those hills had been controlled by our army within a few days.

【答案】短短几天内所有那些山头都已为被我军所控制。

15．Rivers are controlled by dams.

【答案】拦河坝把河流控制住了。

16．The city was practically destroyed by the strong earthquake.

【答案】那次强烈地震使这座城市几乎完全毁掉。

四、对照下列原文及其译文。指出斜(或黑)体部分的翻译中所用的技巧

1．There was no haste or restlessness in his manner but a poised friendliness.

他从容不迫，和蔼可亲。

【答案】词类转换(移)法(名一形)

2．Bright, very bright were the stars over the wild, dark Yah’an hills.

在延安的荒凉的漆黑的群山上空。闪烁着明亮洁白的星星。

【答案】词序调整法

3．All of his purchases of recent years had to be liquidated at a great sacrifice both to his health and his pocketbook.

近年来他所购买的全部东西都不得不用来清偿债务。这对他的健康和经济都是个很大的损失。

【答案】分译法(一句分成两句)

4．Koppel entered and was flabbergasted when his patient took his pineapple juice without a whimper.

柯柏走了进来，看见他的病人毫无怨言地喝下菠萝汁，惊奇得目瞪口呆。

【答案】词序调整法

5．The lifetime dream of every mature artist in the United States was a Lath-top Prize.

在美国，每个有成就的艺术家一生的梦想，便是得一次拉索普奖金。

【答案】增译法

6．It gives the Lathrop Gallery pleasure to announce that the First Landscape Prize of$1000 has been awarded to Collis P. Ellsworth for his painting, “Trees Dressed in White”.

兹将风景画一等奖美金1000元授予“穿白衣的树”的作者柯利斯·波·艾斯沃斯先生。拉索普画廊宣布此项决定，深感荣幸。

【答案】词序调整法

7．She wondered at the magnitude of ①this life and at the importance of ③knowing much in order ②to do anything in it at all.

她对①这种生活景象的伟大很是吃惊，也想到在这样的地方②做事。必需③有丰富的知识。

【答案】①增译法②减译法③词类转移法

8．She felt the need of a breath of fresh air and a drink of water，but did not venture to stir.

她感到需要吸些新鲜空气，喝些水，但是她不敢动。

【答案】词类转移法

9．She was concentrating herself too thoroughly—what she did really required less mental and physical strain.

她的注意力集中得过分了—她做这工作，精神上肉体上都用不着那样紧张的。

【答案】词类转移法

10．In the Red Square, where Lenin spoke so often to his comrades, teaching, explaining, leading them forward to new battles against difficulties, his coffin is laid on the raised platform.

列宁的灵柩停放在红场上的一个高台上—在红场上他曾经多次地向他的同志们讲过话. 他教导他们，给他们阐述革命道理，率领他们迈向克服困难的新战斗。

【答案】分译法

五、翻译下列各段，注意使用旬后括号内所给的翻译技巧

1．Crowding down to the water are rows of low houses, dirty and dark, inhabited by countless thousands of poor folk, whose days are spent in unending toil and the struggle to keep alive. (分译成多个分句)

【答案】沿河挤满了一排排又暗又脏的矮房子，不计其数的穷苦百姓居住在这里，他们经年累月永无休止地辛苦干活，挣扎着活下去。

2．The memory of the great men who have lived in London and the poets and dramatists and novelists who wrote their works there lend the place a romance and charm that every visitor cannot but feel. (对 the memory 等词进行词类转移)

【答案】每当想起曾在伦敦住过的伟人以及曾在这里从事写作的诗人、剧作家、小说家,来访者不能不感到他们给这里带来的浪漫色彩和迷人魅力。

3．A canting, lie-loving, fact-hating, scribbling, chattering, wealth-hunting, pleasure-hunting, celebrity-hunting mob, that, having lost the fear of hell, and not replaced it by the love of justice, cares for nothing but the lion's share of the wealth wrung by threat of starvation from the hands of the classes that create it. (用重译、增译和分译等方法)

【答案】一伙冒充善良、爱撒谎、不顾事实瞎写瞎说、追求金钱、追求快乐、追求名誉的人，一伙既失去对地狱的畏惧，又没有代之以对正义的热爱的人，这一伙人，硁硁在意的，只是分到最大部分的财富，这笔财富是从创造它的那些阶级的手里以饥饿相威胁而榨取来的。

4．So cowed was their condition, and so long and so hard their experience of what such a man could do to them, within the law and beyond it, that not a voice, or a hand, or even an eye was raised. (用语态变化、分译和增译等技巧）

【答案】人群受惯了欺压恐吓，也有过长期的痛苦经验。他们知道这样一个人能用合法的和非法的手段给他们带来多么大的痛苦，因此没作声回答。没有一只手动一动，甚至也没有抬一抬眼睛。

5．The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics, had been groping in the dark. (将定语从句译成一个等立分句。)

【答案】由于剩余价值的发现，这里就豁然开朗了，而先前无论资产阶级经济学家或者社会主义批评家所做的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。

6．And of course the country is so ①lovely now that it would be just ②grand for her to have a lovely morning, driving for miles and miles. (①用增译法，②用词类转移法。)

【答案】当然，如今乡下正是风光明媚的时节，要是让她驱车游逛几十里，度过一个美好的早晨，这对她来说可真会是莫大的享受。

7．Dimitrov knew German quite well, and saw at once he must learn to know it even better in order to fight victoriously and So he studied, chains on his hands and feet, German grammars, the works of Goethe, German history, for he felt that this would also prove an excellent weapon. (对全句分译，对his一词减译。)

【答案】季米特洛夫的德文很好，可是他马上看清，为了使斗争的胜利更有把握，他应该学得更好。于是就带着手铐脚镣研究德文文法、歌德的著作和德国历史，因为他觉得这也是一种很好的武器。

8．He read Shakespeare, to help his English, because he felt something in the poet, some mastery of life, that made his mind work quicker, strengthened the grip on life of his own will. (对something一词用增译法。)

【答案】他读莎士比亚的作品来提高他的英语水平，因为他觉得在这位诗人身上有可取法的东西——对于人生的掌握，这使得他的心灵更加敏锐，也加强了他对生活意志的理解。

9．“I am defending myself, an accused communist；I am defending my political honour, my honour as a revolutionary；I am defending my communist ideology, my ideals, the content and significance of my whole life.”(一Dimitrov)(重译法)

【答案】我正在保卫自己,一个被控告的共产党员；我正在保卫我的政治荣誉，一个革命家的荣誉；我正在保卫我的共产主义观点、我的理想、我全部生命的内容和意义。

10．Early I discovered enthusiasm，ambition，and ideals；and to satisfy these become the problem of my childlife。(用增译法和减译法。)

【答案】小时候我就觉得热情奔放，雄心勃勃，壮志凌云；而要满足这些欲望和理想却成了我童年生活的一个难题。

11．I fled from work, I became a tramp, begging my way from door to door, wandering over the United States and sweating bloody sweats in slums and prisons. (用减译法。)

【答案】于是我逃之天天，成了流浪汉，挨门乞讨，在美国各地漂泊流浪，在贫民窟和监狱里流着血和汗。

12．“The stairway of time is ever echoing with the wooden shoe going up, the polished boot descending.”(先译状语。)

【答案】“时间的楼梯从来都是随着木鞋上升、亮皮靴下行发出回响。”

13．She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. (把斜体部分译成形容词，作前置定语，修饰woman的汉语。)

【答案】她是个智力贫乏、不学无术、喜怒无常的女人。

14．Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed as light does. (主谓结构译成偏正结构。)

【答案】电磁波的传播速度和光速相同。

15．It was not until l949 that the first commercial product, the Model A Copier. came off the line. (用正说反译，反说正译法。)

【答案】直到1949年才诞生了第一台商品产品——A型复印机。