中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)经典型骨肉瘤诊疗指南 2018.V1
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(二)影像学诊断

骨肉瘤影像学检查策略
【注释】
1.所有疑似骨肉瘤的患者标准诊断步骤应包括:体检、原发病灶的影像学检查(X线平片,局部增强CT扫描,局部增强MRI)、全身骨扫描、胸部CT;然后进行活检(首选穿刺活检)获得组织学诊断,完成骨肉瘤分期诊断。条件允许可应用PET/CT对肿瘤进行分期,为化疗后疗效评估提供基线值 [1-6]
2.原发肿瘤的影像学诊断:X线检查包括病灶部位的正侧位平片,一般可表现为骨质破坏、不规则新生骨。在长管状骨,多于干骺端发病。增强CT检查包括病灶部位骨窗、软组织窗和软组织增强窗,可显示骨破坏状况、显示肿瘤内部矿化程度、强化后可显示肿瘤的血运状况、肿瘤与血管的关系、在骨与软组织中的范围。MRI对软组织显示清楚,便于术前计划、可显示肿瘤在软组织内侵及范围、清晰显示骨髓腔内侵及范围、发现跳跃病灶、提供计划截骨长度的依据。增强CT和MRI确定的肿瘤范围的精确性已被手术切除标本所证实,因此增强CT和MRI是骨肉瘤影像学检查的必要手段。增强CT可以较好地显示皮质破坏的界限以及三维的解剖情况 [4,5,7]。与 CT相比,MRI在显示肿瘤的软组织侵犯方面更具优势,能精确显示肿瘤的反应区范围、与邻近肌肉、皮下脂肪、关节以及主要神经血管束的关系。另外,MRI可以很好地显示病变远近端的髓腔情况,以及发现有无跳跃转移灶 [8-11]。骨扫描(ECT Tc-99m)和PET/CT(FDG)作为功能成像检查,可反映肿瘤部位的代谢活跃程度,对于判断化疗效果也有指导意义,如骨扫描可以显示肿瘤部位的浓聚程度变化 [12],PET/CT可以显示肿瘤部位的SUVmax值变化 [13]。骨扫描和PET/CT均为化疗后评估提供基线值。
3.远处病灶的影像学诊断:肺转移是骨肉瘤最常见的转移部位,也是影响患者预后的重要因素,因此胸部CT是必需的影像学检查。全身骨扫描可以显示全身其他部位骨骼的病灶,有助于诊断多中心骨肉瘤或跳跃转移病灶,为化疗后评估提供基线值。有条件者可行PET/CT检查全身其他部位病灶情况 [14]。虽然骨肉瘤的区域淋巴结转移很少见,但淋巴结也可受到骨肉瘤的侵犯,因此区域淋巴结B超和MRI检查是诊断区域淋巴结转移的可选策略 [15-16]
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