2.2 基本训练：明度/纯度/色相
Basic Training：Grey Scales/Chroma/Color Wheel

2.2.1 色彩基础理论要点Basic Theory

1.颜色术语 Color Terminology

●色相：一般情况下，给定颜色/波长的光的名称包括：红色、橙色、黄色、蓝色、绿色、紫色等。

●饱和度/纯度：即色彩的强度。离灰色越远，色彩饱和度越高；越接近灰色，色彩饱和度越低。降低色彩饱和度的方法是将任何一种颜色添加到另一种颜色中进行调和，特别是黑色、白色和互补色调和，可以降低饱和度。

●明度：指颜色之间的明暗差异。在色彩最饱和的状态下，黄色/紫色明度差异最大，红色/绿色是差异最小。可以通过改变色调/色调/阴影（添加白色/灰色/黑色）的方法更改色彩的明度。

●Hue: Basically, the name for a given color/wavelength of light:Red, Orange, Yellow, Blue, Green, Violet, etc.

●Saturation/Chroma: The intensity of a given hue. The further from grey, the more saturated the hue. The closer to grey, the more desaturate the hue. In subtractive mixing such as paint mixing, saturation is lessened by the adding of ANY one color to another, especially black, white and complements.

●Value: Light/dark differences between colors. In their most saturated state, Yellow/Purple is the extreme difference, Red/Green is the minimum difference. Also can be changed by Tint/Tone/Shade (adding White/Gray/Black)

2.三原色/间色/复色 Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Colors

●绘画三原色包括黄、红、蓝，三原色自身不能被其他色彩混合出来。伊顿色相环是最简洁的色环，适用于颜料色彩的调配。

●间色：绿色、橙色、紫色，由三原色之间混合得到的颜色。

●复色：黄橙、红橙、紫红、蓝紫、蓝绿、黄绿，色相环上三个或三个以上颜色混合的结果。

●不同的色彩体系有不同的色谱和色彩混合方式，蒙塞尔色彩系统是较为著名的色彩体系之一。

●Three Primaries: Yellow, Red, Blue. These three primary colors can’t be mixed by others. The Itten color wheel is the simplest and works well for pigment based color.

●Three secondaries: Green, Orange, Purple-mixtures of each of the primaries with one another.

●Six Tertiaries: Yellow/orange, red/orange, red/purple, blue/purple, blue-green, yellow/green are the mixture of three (or more) primaries in the color wheel.

●Mixtures of colors with their analogous neighbors on the color wheel. Other color systems have different approaches, like the Munsell System.

3.平面构图法则 Composition Principle

●放射：是自然界常见的构成规律，有离心式、向心式、同心式等多种类型。放射型的构图一般具有强烈的视觉冲击效果。

●对称：具有对称轴线的构图方式，对称轴两侧部分的形态完全相等。可以分为点对称、轴线对称、发射对称等多种具体形式。

●均衡：指的是非对称图形之间形成的视觉上的平衡状态，富于变化。

●重复：基本形按照一定的规律多次出现，形成统一的构图效果。

●特异：根据一定的规律进行变化，产生对比的视觉效果。

●Radiation: It is a common constitutional law in nature. There are many types of radiation, such as centrifugal, centripetal and concentric. Radial composition generally has a strong visual impact effect.

●Symmetry: The configuration of the symmetrical axis, the two sides of the symmetrical axis are identical in shape. It can be divided into many specific forms, such as point symmetry, axis symmetry and emission symmetry.

●Balance: Refer to the visual balance between asymmetric graphics, rich in change.

●Duplication: Basic shapes appear many times according to certain rules, forming a unified composition effect.

●Distinctive: Deliberately mutate according to rules, which produces contrast visual effect.

4.格式塔视觉理论 Gestalt Visual Principles

●视觉机能具有内在的规律，例如人的眼睛对处于上部的信息感知能力强，对直线轮廓比曲线轮廓感知能力强，视线水平移动优于纵向移动的识别速度等，中央视区与周边视区共同作用；在同一时间内，人们只能选择知觉一个对象，对象与背景的对比差别越大越利于选择。

●人的感知会受到主观因素的影响，例如，主观预想、过往的经验等。人们总是先进行整体感知，而后才进行局部感知。人的感知过程并不是被动接受的状态，而是一个调动头脑中过往经验与事实进行比较和修正认识的过程。

●Visual function has inherent rules, such as the ability of human eyes would get information easier from the upper part. The ability to recognize straight lines is better than curve lines. The recognition speed of horizontal movement is better than vertical movement. Central visual area and peripheral visual area act together. People can only choose to recognize one object at the same time. The greater the contrast between the object and the background, the better for people’s choice.

●People’s perception would be influenced by subjective factors, such as personal expectation, past experience and so on. People always see things holistically before they notice the parts. The process of human perception is not a passive state of acceptance, but a process of comparing and correcting the previous experience and facts in the mind.

5.色彩的对比 About Contrast

●色调对比：三原色、间色、复色之间的对比。黄色/红色/蓝色是最典型的例子，也是色彩范围内具有最大差异性的色彩。未稀释的颜色具有最强烈的饱和度，对比的强度会随着色彩从原色向间色、复色的调配而降低。

●明度对比：灰色之间的对比就是最好的例子，有彩色可以通过改变明度和色相创建对比。颜色在纯度最饱和的状态下具有本身的明度值。色环内黄色（饱和时为浅色）和紫色（饱和时为深色）之间的值差最大，因此也是最强的色彩对比。

●冷暖对比：两个最极端的冷暖对比是红橙色（最热）和蓝绿色（最冷）。在色相环上，黄色到红色/紫色是暖色，而紫色到黄色/绿色为冷色。不过，和灰度色阶一样，冷暖是相对的概念。

●补色对比：任何色相环上彼此相对（相隔180度）的颜色之间的对比。

●饱和度/纯度对比：白色、灰色和黑色能够改变所调色彩的饱和度。补色之间进行调和也能够降低色彩的饱和度。

●结合环境背景考虑色彩：一般情况下，人的所有感知都是同时在起作用的。颜色的色调、饱和度等状态的感知是根据色彩所处的环境而改变的。将相同的灰色放入四种不同饱和度的颜色中，似乎在每种颜色中能够看到四种不同的灰色，原因是人的眼睛在灰色中会主动寻找彩色的补色。因此，放在蓝色块上的灰色显得更亮且偏向橙色，放在黄色块上的灰色显得更暗且偏向紫色，放在黄绿色块上的灰色呈现出洋红色的色调，而放在红橙色块上的灰色则呈现蓝色。

●Hue Contrast: Contrast between primaries, secondaries and tertiaries. Yellow/red/blue is the strongest example of this, as the primaries exhibit the strongest difference in range. Undiluted colors are in their most intense saturation. The intensity of the contrast is reduced as the hues move further away from the primary colors into secondary and tertiary.

●Value Contrast: The grey scale is the best example of this, but colors can be tinted, toned and shaded to create similar contrasts. Colors themselves have naturally light, medium or dark values in their most saturated states. The strongest value contrast within the color wheel is the value difference between yellow (light value when saturated) and purple (dark value when saturated).

●Cold-Warm Contrast: The two poles of this contrast are red-orange (warmest) and blue-green (coolest). Yellow through red/purple are warm, while purple through yellow/green are cool. Like the grey scale though, warm and cool are all relative.

●Complementary Contrast: Colors that are opposite one another (separated by 180 degrees) on any color wheel.

●Saturation/Chroma Contrast: Tinting with white, toning with gray, and shading with black alters saturation of the chosen hue. Also adding the complement will decrease the saturation.

●COLOR IS CONTEXTUAL: Basically all perception is simultaneous contrast. A color’s perceived hue, saturation and value would alter depending on its context. In the assignment, if we placed the same gray inside 4 different highly saturated colors, the same gray appears to be 4 different grays in each of the colors, because human eyes seek out the complement of the color in the gray. Therefore the gray against the blue appears lighter and orange, the gray against the yellow appears darker and violet, and the gray against the yellow green takes on a magenta hue and the gray against the red orange appears bluish.

2.2.2 课程作业Basic Project

1.明度 Grey Scales

作业一 灰度色卡

要求：绘制100张灰度色卡，粘贴在15×20英寸卡纸上。

Project I Gray Swatches

Requirement: Draw 100 Gray Scales Swatches and past on 15×20 inch board.

作业二 灰度图案设计

要求：设计7.5英寸正方形灰度图案，绘制在8.5×11英寸卡纸上，使用黑白水粉颜料绘图。

Project II Grey Graphic Design

Requirement: Design 7.5 inch square gray scale image. Draw images on 8.5×11 inch paper. Use black and white gouache.

2.色相Hue

作业三 色相环

●绘画要求：从黄色开始，按照顺时针顺序进行调色。调色方法是向黄色中添加橙色，直到颜色完全变为橙色。然后停止使用黄色，在纯橙色中加入红色，直到颜色完全变成纯红色，然后在纯红色中开始添加玫瑰紫，直到颜色完全变成玫瑰紫色，以此类推顺时针完成整个色环，直到再次回到纯黄色。色相环从最初的暖色逐渐过渡到最后的冷色。不要一次混合两种以上的颜色，可以从颜料管中取出每种颜色作为参考，并贴上标签以供参考。理想情况下，需要画出50～60个彩色卡。

●编辑要求：教师帮助学生在完成的色样中选择原色和间色，学生自己负责选择第三级复色。色相环将由以下色彩组成：

纯色：红色=>纯红色+<玫瑰紫/蓝色=钴蓝色+深蓝/黄色=黄色

间色：绿色=>钴绿色+<原色黄色/橙色=橙色+原黄色/紫罗兰色=>紫罗兰色+<深蓝绿色

●复色：红紫=玫瑰紫+紫/蓝紫色=<紫罗兰+>深蓝绿色/蓝绿色=>绿松石蓝+<钴绿黄绿色=<钴绿+>原生黄黄色橙色=<橙色+>原生黄红色橙色=纯红色+橙色

●组合要求：教师做演示展示如何将色卡剪切并用胶带粘到一块黑色的纸板上。学生可以自由地提出自己的设计方案或者使用教师提供的基本色相环模板。

Project III Color Wheel

●Painting: Start with Primary Yellow and gradually work the way around the color wheel clockwise, adding Orange to the yellow until we get to Orange out of the tube. Then stop using Primary Yellow and add Pure Red to the Orange until they get to Pure Red out of the tube. Then stop using Orange and start adding Rose Violet to the Pure Red until they get to Rose Violet out of the tube and so on through the entire color wheel, until they return to Pure Yellow again. This took students gradually from the warm colors at the beginning through the cool colors at the end. Never mix more than two colors at a time and paint one swatch of each color out of the tube with no mixing and label it for reference. This should make 50-60 swatches ideally.

●Editing: The teacher could help students select the Primaries and Secondaries from the color swatches they have painted, students are responsible for selecting the Tertiaries. The color wheel swatches are made of these mixtures:

Primaries: Red=>Pure Red+<Rose Violet/Blue=Cobalt Blue+Ultramarine Deep/Yellow=Primary Yellow

Secondaries: Green=>Cobalt Green+<Primary Yellow/Orange=Orange+Primary Yellow/Violet=>Violet+<Ultramarine Deep

Tertiaries: Red Violet=Rose Violet+Violet/Blue Violet=<Violet+>Ultramarine Deep/Blue Green=>Turquoise Blue+<Cobalt Green Yellow Green=<Cobalt Green+>Primary Yellow/Orange=<Orange+>Primary Yellow Red Orange=Pure Red+Orange

●Assembly: The teacher handed out a template and do a demo showing students how to cut and tape down swatches to a black mat board. Students were free to come up with their own design or use a basic design that teacher provide.

3.对比色图案设计

作业四 纯度图案设计

要求：设计图案绘制在8.5×11英寸纸上；使用水粉颜料涂色；用补色调制中性色，用黑色和白色控制中性色的明度和纯度。

Project IV Complementary Contrast Graphic Design

Requirements: Design images on 8.5×11 inch paper. Use gouache. Use complements to create neutrals and add black and white.